[pt] O rosto do migrante nos fala, eloquentemente, a respeito da incrível desigualdade existente na sociedade humana e seus respectivos desdobramentos. Por outro lado, a maneira como notamos, percebemos e acolhemos esse rosto também fala, eloquentemente, a respeito de nós mesmos: o com que lidamos com a demanda, fragilidade e vulnerabilidade do órfão, da viúva e do forasteiro; daquele que está nu e faminto. Em outras palavras, pessoas pobres e desassistidas, caminhantes, migrantes, imigrantes, refugiados, expatriados, apátridas, requerentes de asilo, todos deslocadas à força. O exuberante e crescente fluxo migratório contemporâneo é formado por pessoas refugiadas da bestialidade das guerras e de governos despóticos, oriundas de territórios em conflito em busca de paz e segurança e, pelos assim chamados, imigrantes econômicos, que se refugiam em busca de melhores perspectivas de vida. Enquanto a disparidade de renda entre países pobres e ricos se mantiver como abissal e o processo de crescimento global se mantiver absolutamente desigual, o detonador migratório continuará fomentando os efeitos danosos do desequilíbrio da migração internacional com proporções épicas. Como consequência, a chegada de uma massa de imigrantes sem teto, privados de direitos humanos e não amparados adequadamente pela lei local, agudiza ainda mais os movimentos de caráter xenofóbico, racistas e nacionalistas. As incessantes ondas de novos imigrantes são percebidas com mal estar e temor provocando animosidade e hostilidade em relação à boa parte das comunidades e países que os recebem. O século XXI, marcado pelas novas eras da informação, da comunicação e da tecnologia; marcado pelos efeitos assimétricos de uma globalização perversa que promove o acesso não equitativo aos meios produtivos e financeiros; marcado pela formação e expansão de novos governos totalitários e pela configuração de uma nova ordem geopolítica multipolar; marcado pela persistência da pobreza e a perpetuação de desigualdades estruturais elementares, exarceba um fenômeno antigo, mas que se manifesta agora em proporções alarmantes: a crise dos refugiados e dos imigrantes pobres. Por tal razão utilizamos a perspectiva da filosofia de base ética do filósofo Emmanuel Lévinas. Suas categorias como rosto humano, visitação do rosto, rosto como revelação, rosto do estrangeiro, da viúva e do órfão como transcendência, cultura como rosto de outrem, perspectiva inter-humana, alteridade e próximo nos ajudam a lançar luz sobre a situação dos refugiados e imigrantes pobres da atualidade. De igual forma, também nos pareceu fundamental utilizar a perspectiva adotada por Papa Francisco durante todo o seu magistério. Desde o início de seu pontificado o Sumo Pontífice chamou a atenção para os novos desafios relativos ao drama dos refugiados e imigrantes da atualidade. Nos alertou de que a humanidade está em crise e que precisamos dar uma resposta efetiva às atuais mazelas humanas através de uma postura solidária e rejeitando as traiçoeiras tentações da separação e do individualismo. O Pontífice insiste na necessidade de se favorecer uma cultura do encontro que nos permita, de fato, cuidar e proteger o que Deus criou com dignidade, responsabilidade e amor fraterno. / [en] The migrant s face speaks eloquently about the incredible inequality that exists in human society and of its consequences. On the other hand, the way we notice, perceive and welcome this face also speaks eloquently about ourselves: the way we deal with the needs, the fragility and the vulnerability of the orphan, the widow and the outsider, of him who is naked and hungry. In other words, poor and underserved people, vagabonds, migrants, immigrants, refugees, expatriates, stateless persons, asylum seekers, all forcibly displaced. The already massive and still growing contemporary migratory flow consists of people who seek refuge from the bestiality of wars and despotic governments, coming from conflicted territories in search of peace and security, as well as by the so-called economic immigrants, who search for better lives. As long as the income disparity between rich and poor countries remains abysmal and the process of global growth stays absolutely uneven, the migration trigger will continue to fuel the harmful effects of imbalanced international migration in epic proportions. As consequence, the arrival of a mass of homeless immigrants, deprived of human rights and not adequately supported by local law, further exacerbates xenophobic, racist and nationalist movements. The incessant waves of new immigrants are thus perceived with unease and fear, provoking animosity and hostility towards a considerable part of the communities and countries that receive them. The 21st century, marked by new eras of information, communication and technology, marked by the asymmetric effects of a perverse globalization that promotes inequitable access to productive and financial means, marked by the formation and expansion of new totalitarian governments and the configuration of a new multipolar geopolitical order, marked by the persistence of poverty and the perpetuation of elementary structural inequalities exacerbates an old phenomenon, but which is now manifesting itself in alarming proportions: the crisis of refugees and poor immigrants. For this reason we use the perspective of the philosophy of ethical foundation of the philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas. Its categories as human face, visitation of the face, face as revelation, face of the foreigner, the widow and the orphan as transcendence, culture as the face of another, inter-human perspective, otherness and proximity help us shed light on the situation of refugees and poor immigrants today. Likewise, it also seemed fundamental to us to use the perspective adopted by Pope Francis throughout his teachings. Since the beginning of his pontificate, the Supreme Pontiff has drawn attention to the new challenges related to the drama of the refugees and immigrants of today. He warned us that humanity is experiencing a crisis and that we need to give an effective response to current human ills through a solidary posture and by rejecting the treacherous temptations of separation and individualism. The Pontiff insists on the need to promote a culture of the encounter that allows us, in fact, to care for and to protect what God created with dignity, responsibility and fraternal love.

[pt] A cristologia existencial de Karl Rahner e de Teresa de Calcutá é uma pesquisa cujo objetivo é apresentar, de modo comparativo, esses dois grandes místicos do século sem Deus (XX). O trabalho se estrutura em cinco momentos. Primeiro, é apresentada a vida do teólogo alemão que dá a tônica para o trabalho. Em seguida, a cristologia de Karl Rahner, a partir da qual descrevemos a proposta de uma nova reflexão cristológica para a atualidade, segundo o próprio teólogo. Da mesma forma, explicitamos as duas vertentes cristológicas, pensadas desde a relação com a pessoa de Jesus Cristo e tratadas por Karl Rahner, tanto a descendente, quanto a vertente ascendente. No terceiro momento, é apresentada a vida de Teresa de Calcutá – como foi a de Rahner – a partir da sua experiência espiritual. Em seguida, a cristologia de Madre Teresa é descrita e orientada com base em alguns teólogos, que oferecem luzes para a compreensão do pensamento dessa mulher que pode e será considerada uma teóloga. O último momento da pesquisa será estruturado numa perspectiva comparativa. Rahner e Teresa de Calcutá serão vistos a partir das consequências da chamada cristologia existencial, que afetam a reflexão teológica. Como via de aplicação, o pensamento do Papa Francisco será usado, de modo que se perceba o quanto a reflexão dos místicos pode contribuir para a renovação da teologia e, por consequência, da vida eclesial, nos dias atuais. Dessa maneira, a cristologia existencial de Karl Rahner e de Teresa de Calcutá oferecerá luzes para o ser cristão no século XXI. / [en] The existential Christology of Karl Rahner and of Therese of Calcutta is a research which objective is to present, in a comparative way, these both great mystics of the century without God (XX). This work is structured in five moments. First, It is presented the life of the German theologian which gives the tonic to the work. Then, the Christology of Karl Rahner from which we describe the proposal of a new Christological reflection for the present days, according to this theologian. At the same way, we explained the two Christological strands thought from the relation with the person of Jesus and treated by Karl Rahner which are both the descendant and the ascendant strand. In the third moment, It is presented the life of Therese of Calcutta – as we did with Rahner – from her spiritual experience. Then, the Christology of Mother Therese is described and oriented based on some theologians, who offer lights for the comprehension of this woman s thought who can and will be consider as a theologian. The last research moment is going to be structured in a comparative way. Rahner and Therese will be seen from the inconsequences of the called existential Christology, which affect the theological reflection. As a way of application, Pope Francis thought will be used, in order of realizing how much the reflections of the mystics can contribute with the renewal of theology and, as a consequence, the ecclesial life, in the present day. This manner, the existential Christology of Karl Rahner and of Therese of Calcutta will offer lights for the being a Christian in the XXI century.

La presente ricerca si concentra sul gruppo dei santi martiri nell’affresco del Giudizio Universale dipinto da Michelangelo Buonarroti per la parete d’altare della Cappella Sistina. Il gruppo riveste un ruolo importante nella composizione sia per quanto concerne l’inedita iconografia e rilevanza nel contesto dell’Ultimo Giudizio sia per ciò che riguarda i significati dell’affresco. La presente indagine si propone attraverso una ricostruzione della committenza papale dell’opera, divisa tra Clemente VII e Paolo III, di contestualizzare la presenza dei martiri nell’iconografia del Giudizio ponendola a confronto con la tradizione figurativa precedente e relazionando, infine, il tema del martirio ai protagonisti di questa commissione, nel più ampio quadro della Chiesa del XVI secolo. / This research focuses on the martyrs’ group depicted by Michelangelo Buonarroti in the Sistine Chapel’s Last Judgment. This group has an important role in the composition thanks to its new iconography in the Last Judgment subject and to its significance in the meaning of the fresco. This thesis, reconsidering the papal patronage of pope Clement VII and Paul III, wants to underline martyrs’ role in Last Judgment iconography, comparing it with the previous figurative tradition and to relate the theme of martyrdom with the protagonists of this artistic commission into the wider context of sixteenth century Church.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-13T13:06:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Albertus Sleutjes.pdf: 1364866 bytes, checksum: 2d925068a38b0bae73c681e94b144fbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Albertus Sleutjes.pdf: 1364866 bytes, checksum: 2d925068a38b0bae73c681e94b144fbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-15 / Pope Francis, in the Encyclical Laudato Si, assumes a position of those who want to promote dialogue with all those who struggle and engage in caring for Mother Earth, one of the signs of the times, in order to solve the challenges of both social order and of ecological order. Thus, to rethink the theology of creation in its entirety is intended to combat an excluding model acquired by nations over time, especially in the last three decades. This exclusion generates more and more hostility in the common house. Starting from these presuppositions, this work aims to establish a theological reflection on the christian practice and at the same time to offer a theological-ethical collaboration, starting from the dialogue with other knowledge; therefore, it is a question of presenting the coordinates of an ecology that integrates efforts in the political, philosophical and economic field, in the light of the signs of the times. The problematic of this work is based on the following question: What are the theological and pastoral ramifications of Laudato Si in relation to ecclesial conversion and its contribution in the elaboration of ethical proposals to society? To this end, the assumed hypothesis is based on the assumption that the Encyclical Laudato Si contributes both to ecclesiological conversion and to the presentation of ethical principles and attitudes that promote social justice. These proposals go beyond those put forward by the UN, at the conclusion of the Climate Conferences or also called Conferences between the Parties (COPs). Therefore, the research is in the line of theological reflection on Christian practice, moral theology, from an eco-theology. The general objective of this work is to present the limits and possibilities of the dialogue between the integral ecology of Laudato Si and the aspirations of contemporary society in COPs 20 and 21. As specific objectives are: to contemplate reality in its challenges and impulses. In a second moment, discern how society is organized: politics; how one thinks this question: philosophy and the way in which things are produced and consumed: the economy. Finally, propose some reactions that aim to promote the integrality, care and cultivation of life: a celebration to change the look, a prayer for conversion. This research assumes as methodology the bibliographic research coming from different authors, (final considerations) in order to think the reality in the light of the interdependence of the knowledge with a view to finding solutions that are collective. Sustaining the life of everything and everyone depends on reviewing the conduct of this generation to care for and guard the common home in a healthy way and deliver it to the next generations / O papa Francisco, na Encíclica Laudato Si, assume uma postura de quem quer promover o diálogo com todos aqueles que lutam e se engajam pelo cuidado com a mãe Terra, um dos sinais dos tempos, a fim de resolver os desafios tanto de ordem social quanto de ordem ecológica. Assim, repensar a teologia da criação em sua integralidade tem como intenção combater um modelo excludente adquirido pelas nações ao longo do tempo, sobretudo nas três últimas décadas. Essa exclusão gera cada vez mais hostilidade na casa comum. Partindo desses pressupostos, este trabalho visa estabelecer uma reflexão teológica a respeito da prática cristã e ao mesmo tempo oferecer uma colaboração de cunho ético-teológico, a partir do diálogo com outros saberes; logo, trata-se de apresentar as coordenadas de uma ecologia que integre esforços no campo político, filosófico e econômico, à luz dos sinais dos tempos. A problemática deste trabalho parte da seguinte questão: Quais os desdobramentos teológicos pastorais da Laudato Si com relação à conversão eclesial e sua contribuição na elaboração de propostas éticas à sociedade? Para tanto, a hipótese assumida parte do pressuposto de que a Encíclica Laudato Si contribui tanto com a conversão eclesiológica quanto a apresentação de princípios e posturas éticas que promovam a justiça social. Essas propostas vão além das apresentadas pela ONU, na celebração das Conferências sobre o Clima ou também denominadas Conferências entre as partes (COPs). Por isso, a pesquisa se dá na linha da reflexão teológica sobre a prática cristã, a teologia moral, a partir de uma eco-teologia. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é apresentar os limites e as possibilidades do diálogo entre a ecologia integral da Laudato Si e as aspirações da sociedade contemporânea nas COPs 20 e 21. Como objetivos específicos têm-se: contemplar a realidade em seus desafios e impulsos. Num segundo momento, discernir como a sociedade está organizada: a política; como se pensa essa questão: a filosofia e o modo como nela as coisas são produzidas e consumidas: a economia. Por fim, propor algumas reações que visam promover a integralidade, o cuidado e o cultivo da vida: um celebrar para mudar o olhar, um orar para converte-se. Essa pesquisa assume como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica oriunda de diferentes autores, (considerações finais) a fim de pensar a realidade à luz da interdependência dos saberes com vistas a encontrar soluções que sejam coletivas. A sustentação da vida de tudo e de todos depende da revisão da conduta desta geração para cuidar e guardar a casa comum de maneira saudável e entregá-la às próximas gerações

Understanding and modeling microbial responses and feedbacks to climate change is hampered by a lack of a framework in the pelagic environment by which to link local mechanism to large scale patterns. Where terrestrial ecology draws from landscape theory and practice to address issues of scale, the pelagic seascape concept is still in its infancy. We have applied the patch mosaic paradigm of landscape ecology to the study of the seasonal and interannual variability of the North Pacific to facilitate comparative analysis between pelagic ecosystems and provide spatiotemporal context for eulerian time-series studies. Using multivariate, 13-year climatologies of sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and chlorophyll a derived from remote sensing observations, we classified hierarchical seascapes at monthly and interannual scales. These dynamic, objectively-determined seascapes offer improved hydrographic coherence relative to oceanic regions with subjectively defined and static boundaries (Chapter 2) and represent unique biogeochemical functioning (Chapter 2) and microbial communities (Chapter3). Furthermore they provide consilience between satellite studies and in situ observations (Chapter 4) and allow for objective comparison of ecosystem forcing (Chapters, 4 and 5). In Chapter 2, we rigorously tested the assumption that satellite-derived seascapes describe regions of biogeochemical coherence. The seasonal cycle of the North Pacific was characterized at three levels of spatiotemporal hierarchy and broader relevance of monthly ���resolved seascapes was assessed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses of nutrient, primary productivity, and pCO��� data. Distinct nutrient and primary productivity regimes were well-characterized in the coarsest two levels of hierarchy (ANOVA, R�� = 0.5-0.7). Finer scale partitioning was more relevant for pCO���. MLR analyses revealed differential forcing on pCO��� across seascapes and hierarchical levels and a 33 % reduction in mean model error with increased partitioning (from 18.5 ��atm to 12.0 ��atm pCO���). In Chapter 3 we verified the seascapes with in situ collections of microbial abundance and structure. Flow cytometry data was collected from two long term time series and several cruises spanning thousand kilometers of the NE Pacific; these data allowed us to quantify spatiotemporal patterns. In addition, multiple response permutation analysis revealed differences in community structure across discrete seascapes, in terms of both absolute and relative abundances. Principal component analysis of the assemblage supported seascape divisions and revealed structure along environmental gradients with strong associations with chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature and, to a lesser extent, with mixed layer depth and mean photosynthetically active radiation in the mixed layer. Differences of assemblage structure between seascapes and strength of environmental forcing were strong in the subarctic and transition zones, but less pronounced in the subtropics, suggesting satellite-detected changes in bulk properties that may be associated with local physiology or interannual shifts in seascape boundaries. Based on the work presented in Chapter 4, we discovered that interannual shifts in the boundaries of a transition seascape and two distinct oligotrophic subtropical seascapes affect the variability observed at benchmark time series Station ALOHA; the latter two seascapes oscillate in their contributions to the expansion of the entire subtropics. On interannual scales, in situ phytoplankton abundance (as measured by chl-a), net primary productivity (NPP), and the relative abundance of eukaryotic phytoplankton and Synechococcus sp. increased during periods of encroachment by the transition seascape. Conversely, the relative abundance of Prochlorococcus increased and chl ���a and NPP decreased when the highly oligotrophic seascape encroached on Station ALOHA. The dynamic range (~6 million km��) of subtropical expansion is born almost entirely by the transition zone - resulting in a transfer of ~1.2 Pg of total primary C production between a system primed for export production and one dominated by the microbial loop. In Chapter 5, we investigated multiple factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the biological pump in the transition seascape. Near-continuous measurements of net primary production (NPP), net community production (NCP) and several ecophysiological variables were collected in across subarctic, transition, and subtropical seascapes of the Northeast Pacific during August and September of 2008. Mesoscale processes and shifts in community structure contributed to high export efficiency in the subtropical seascape; the convergence of assemblage structure, high biomass, moderate NPP: NCP and high NCP contributed to biologically mediated air-sea exchange in the transition seascape. Furthermore, NPP and NCP were strongly spatially coupled in both the transition (r[subscript 1, 39]=0.70; p<0.0001) and subtropical seascapes (r[subscript 1, 45]= 0.68, p<0.0001), suggesting the possibility for empirical modeling efforts. This dissertation provides a first step to characterize the seascape variability in the NE Pacific and to understand the modulation of primary and export production in a critical transition region. The multivariate seascape approach described here provides spatiotemporal context for in situ studies and allows objective comparisons of systems' responses to climatic forcing. An integrated ocean observing system will require insight from in situ observations and experiments, ecosystem models, and satellite remote sensing. The results highlighted in this dissertation suggest that the pelagic seascape framework, through its capacity to scale both context and mechanism, may serve as an important and unifying component of such an observing system. / Graduation date: 2013

Native potatoes are an important element of food security both as a direct food source and as a cash crop for peasant producers in the Andes of Peru. Production is basically for self-consumption and the shift to commercialization is a challenge. As a response, the Papa Andina Initiative (COGEPAN) was initiated to promote market innovation and pro-vide relative advantage to producers to respond to emerging markets. Research is limited on the integration, information and communication in relation to social relations. Old and new nonreciprocal relations and roles among stakeholders, consequences of customary practices, undermine the ability of female peasant producers. Any process requires an un-derstanding of culture, traditions and the gendered practices of agricultural production. As the research was premised on a feminist perspective, a sequential explanatory and mixed design was utilized for obtaining background and contextual data in a way that coupled collecting sex-disaggregated data with iterative planning activities readjusting the research to sharpen its focus on women. The situation of Andean peasant women within modern-day agricultural innovation systems is influenced by traditions and cus-tomary laws embedded in the specific lifeworlds of peasant communities. In COGEPAN, gender relations and roles are changing from the macro to the individual levels. Each change opens up new opportunities to shape innovation and benefit women. The partici-patory nature of market chains unfolds spaces for women to reveal leadership abilities. Gender relations and innovation have shifted in their own areas of interest or spheres. However, other gender issues are still embedded in peasant farming systems and the na-tive market chain. Results allow the researcher to recommend further policy analysis. The full range of women’s and men’s activities, resources, and benefits has to be reflected in the assessment of the innovation system and continuing activities. Gendered socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of proposed technological or institutional innova-tions need to be considered. Structural obstacles have to be addressed by implementing policies that facilitate peasant women’s advancement. The design and implementation of policy and legislation have to acknowledge that communities are not homogeneous and mechanisms have to be context-specific to achieve equitable representation of women and men. / Government of Ontario, IDRC/AUCC - LACREG, University of Guelph

[pt] O tema da misericórdia é estudado a partir do que é apresentado no Livro de Walter Kasper A Misericórdia – Condição fundamental do Evangelho e chave da vida Cristã , com elementos para o aprofundamento do conhecimento da misericórdia de Deus, nas Escrituras, no ensinamento e na vida da Igreja, e sua ação dentro da Igreja e no mundo. Juntamente com o estudo de Kasper, a dissertação procura verificar o ensinamento do Papa Francisco no ano do Jubileu Extraordinário da Misericórdia. A dissertação destaca elementos do livro de Kasper e ênfases do ensinamento do Papa Francisco, em principais documentos pontífícios no ano jubilar, como a Bula Misericordiae Vultus que abre o ano da misericórdia e a carta apostólica Mirecordie et Misera fechando o ano e em audiências. Em Kasper e em Francisco apresentam-se questões importantes para o agir do cristão no mundo. A Escritura mostra a misericórdia de Deus. A misericórdia está na obra salvífica de Deus. A misericórdia deve estar na fé e na vida dos cristãos. O diálogo da misericórdia será necessário para levar a ação da misericórdia de Deus para uma cultura da misericórdia e para a evangelização do mundo. A Igreja deve receber a misericórdia de Deus e anunciar com palavras e obras da misericórdia e nos sacramentos. É necessário ter atenção com o sacramento da reconciliação onde a pessoa se encontra com o perdão e a misericórdia de Deus. / [en] The theme of mercy is studied from what is presented in Walter Kasper s book Mercy-The essential condition of the Gospel and the Key to the Christian Life with elements for deepening the knowledge to God s mercy in the Scriptures, in the teaching and in the life at Church, and its action within the Church and in the world. Together with Kasper s study, the thesis seeks to verify the teaching of Pope Francis by year during Jubilee extraordinary of Mercy. See the deepening of mercy in the main section of the Pope s hearings in this jubilee. The dissertation highlights elements of Kasper s book and emphases of the teaching of Pope Francis with pontifical texts in the jubilee year, as in the Bull Misericordiae Vultus that the year of mercy was opened and the apostolic letter Misericordia and Misera closing the jubilee year. In Kasper and Francis are presented important questions for the action of the Christian in the world. Scripture shows the mercy of God. Mercy is in the saving work of God. Mercy must be in the faith and life of Christians. The dialogue of mercy will be necessary to bring the action of God s mercy to a culture of mercy and to the evangelization of the world. The Church must receive the mercy of God and proclaim with words and works of mercy and the sacraments. Within this framework, attention will need to be paid, among other things, the sacrament of reconciliation where one encounters the forgiveness and the mercy of God.

[pt] Propomo-nos investigar o Novo sujeito apostólico, social e eclesial a partir dos documentos pontifícios do Papa Francisco, numa dimensão transformadora. A pesquisa procurou mostrar a importância do contexto econômico, social e cultural na proposta teológica e pastoral desenvolvida pelo Papa. Uma condição intrínseca à renovação missionária e ao novo perfil evangélico que Francisco considera imprescindível à Igreja dos pobres, configurada como Igreja em saída. Um processo que demarca a superação do dualismo entre fé e vida, que nos conduz a um caminho dialogante e formativo do sujeito apostólico. O Papa Francisco nos remete à ação transformadora da evangelização, o retorno às fontes do Evangelho, à práxis de Jesus Cristo. Lugar de fecundidade do anúncio do Reino de Deus, revelação concreta do amor de Deus pela criação. A partir da práxis de Jesus Cristo, tratamos de diferentes dimensões da evangelização na proposta do pontificado de Francisco: a evangelização inculturada, o ser humano na perspectiva integrada de sua existência histórica e de fé, a espiritualidade encarnada que emana diferentes expressões de fé, a humanização desenvolvida a partir da subjetividade aberta e, fundamentalmente, a perspectiva de desenvolver uma ecologia integrada às dimensões sociais, culturais e econômicas. O trabalho mostra que, a partir da chave do Evangelho de Jesus Cristo, o Papa provoca a Igreja à atualização de sua missão, o que expressa o comprometimento com a continuidade do Concílio Vaticano II. Mostramos, também, a espiritualidade inaciana como fonte de compromisso e discernimento presentes em Francisco, à luz do Evangelho, e a recepção do Concílio no continente latino-americano, que fundamentou uma teologia libertadora, revisitada à luz da práxis histórica e de Jesus. O trabalho expressa o dinamismo da ação do Espírito Santo na evangelização encarnada, que Francisco traz intrínseca à sua ação pastoral. Revela-nos, dessa forma, a exigência constante da conversão da mentalidade e das atitudes, essencial ao processo transformador da evangelização. Destacamos, como eixo central do desenvolvimento do trabalho, o protagonismo social que o Papa reconhece nos movimentos populares e nos sujeitos apostólicos. É no interior desse processo que o Papa destaca o caminho do diálogo, da sinodalidade, como formativo do novo sujeito, social e eclesial. / [fr] Nous nous proposons dans ce travail de mener une recherche, basée sur des documents pontificaux, sur un nouveau sujet apostolique, social et ecclésial, dans une dimension transformatrice. La recherche a pour objectif de mettre en lumière l importance du co ntexte économique, social et culturel de la perspective théologique et pastorale présentée par le pape. Une condition intrinsèque au renouvellement missionnaire de la nouvelle approche évangélique que François estime indispensable pour l Eglise des pauvres qualifiée d Eglise « en sortie ». Un processus qui demande de dépasser le dualisme foi vie pour nous amener vers un chemin de dialogue, et partant, conduire à la formation d un sujet apostolique. Le Pape François nous invite à une action transformatrice d e l évangélisation, à un retour aux sources de l Evangile, à la praxis de Jésus Christ. Lieu de fécondité de l annonce du règne de Jésus, révélation concrète de l amour de Dieu pour la création. Par le biais de la praxis de Jésus Christ, nous nous intéress ons aux différentes dimensions de l évangélisation en lien avec la proposition du pontificat de François: l évangélisation inculturée, l être humain dans la perspective ajustée à son existence historique et de foi, la spiritualité incarnée qui traduit le s diverses expressions de la foi, une humanisation conçue à l aune d une subjectivité ouverte et, prioritairement, la perspective de l essor d une écologie adaptée aux dimensions sociales, culturelles et économiques. Ce travail enseigne que, sur la base de l évangile de Jésus Christ, le pape pousse l Eglise à mettre sa mission à jour, ce qui dénote son engagement à la suite du Concile Vatican II. Nous soulignons également que la spiritualité ignacienne d engagement et de discernement présente chez le Pape François, à la lumière de l Evangile, ainsi que l accueil du Concile sur le continent latino américain ont favorisé une théologie de la libération, revisitée à la lumière de la praxis historique et de Jésus. L étude met en avant le dynamisme de l action de l Esprit Saint dans l évangélisation incarnée que François juge intrinsèque à son action pastorale. Il en ressort une exigence constante de changement des mentalités et des attitudes, essentielle au processus transformateur de l évangélisation. Nous nous a xons, dans le développement de l étude, sur l impact du social dont le pape reconnaît la traduction dans les mouvements populaires et chez les sujets apostoliques. C est à l intérieur de ce processus que le pape met en avant un chemin de dialogue, de syn odalité, permettant l éclosion d un nouveau sujet social et ecclésial.

[pt] A pesquisa é realizada sobre a Igreja em saída com aproximação de implicações da teologia kenótica de von Balthasar e a proposta de pensar o avanço e a contribuição teológica para a Igreja nos dias atuais, marcados pela mudança de época e pelas situações críticas principalmente consideradas nas periferias existenciais. Esta tese tem como questão: a proposta do papa Francisco de Igreja em saída a realizar-se mediante a kenosis eclesial, com inspiração na teologia de von Balthasar. Assim, compreende aplicar a dinâmica irreversível do Concílio Vaticano II. A tese mostra o primeirear como movimento kenótico, impulsionado pelo Espírito Santo, pois o Deus Trino na sua comunicação e atuação kenótica propõe a abertura ao outro. A pesquisa tem metodologia bibliográfica, tendo como ponto de partida o magistério do papa Francisco, singularmente a Evangelii Gaudium n. 24, e outros vários pronunciamentos do pontificado e estudos da teologia balthasariana, especialmente sobre a kenosis e modelos kenóticos da Igreja. A proposta de Igreja em saída através da kenosis proporciona um caminho para a renovação da Igreja, que envolve a formação de pequenas comunidades, dimensão sinodal, missão kenótica, práxis de misericórdia, em direção às fronteiras humanas, primeireando com o diálogo humanizador e frutificando novas formas de vivência comunitária. / [en] The research carried out on the Church which goes forth, impacted by Von Balthasar s kenotic theology, proposes a reflection on the theological contribution and advancement of the Church in our present day, marked by the change of time and the critical situations mainly contemplated in the existential peripheries. This thesis questions: Pope Francis proposal of the Church which goes forth to be made through ecclesial kenosis, inspired by the theology of von Balthasar. Thus comprising of the irreversible dynamics of the Vatican II Council. The thesis aims to show the first step (primeirear) as a kenotic movement, driven by the Holy Spirit, given that, the Triune God whom through his communication and kenotic action proposes openness to the other. The research has bibliographic methodology, of Pope Francis magisterium, particularly Evangelii Gaudium 24, and other various pronouncements of the pontificate, as well as expanded the studies of Balthasarian theology with its rich theological foundation from kenosis and kenotic form of the Church. The proposal of the Church which goes forth through kenosis offers a path to the renovation of the Church, which involves the formation of small communities, synodal dimension, kenotic mission, praxis of mercy, towards the human fronteers, with humanizing dialogue as the the first step (primeirear) and blossoming of new forms of comunal experience.

Landwirtschaftliche Systeme müssen sich immerfort an Druckfaktoren wie Klimawandel und Bevölkerungswachstum anpassen. Hierbei spielt die genetische Vielfalt von Pflanzen eine wichtige Rolle, da diese für die Sicherung der Ernährung und des Einkommens von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Dennoch wird der wirtschaftliche Wert pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen selten untersucht. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, werden in dieser Arbeit drei Bewertungen vorgestellt, welche die wirtschaftlichen Werte pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen untersuchen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden zwei verschiedene Agrarsystemen analysiert. Diese unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich des Klimas, der agrarökologischen Bedingungen, der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis, der politischen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie der soziokulturellen Verankerung der Kulturart. Die ersten beiden Analysen befassen sich mit der Züchtung und Produktion von Winterweizen in Deutschland. Charakterisiert sind diese durch ein gemäßigtes Klima und intensive Anbaubedingungen. In diesem System überwiegen moderne Sorten, die in einem formalisierten Züchtungsprozess entstanden sind. Es werden die folgenden Forschungsfragen beantwortet: 1) Was ist der ökonomische Wert, der durch den Austausch von Zuchtmaterial entsteht? und 2) Wie hoch ist der mikroökonomische Wert von Resistenzzüchtung? In der dritten Analyse wird ein weiteres Agrarsystem vorgestellt: Die Andenlandwirtschaft, wo im Hochland unter extensiven Bedingungen eine Vielzahl von Kartoffellandrassen angebaut wird. Dort wird folgende Frage analysiert: 3) Welche Mehrwerte wurden durch die Repatriierung oder Neuverteilung von Kartoffellandrassen erzielt? Diese Analysen zeigen, dass die Verfügbarkeit, der Austausch und die Nutzung von pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen die Agrarproduktion verbessern; es entstehen sowohl sektorale, mikroökonomische als auch ernährungsbezogene und kulturelle Mehrwerte. / Agricultural systems must constantly adapt to pressuring events such as climate change and population growth to maintain and improve production processes in a sustainable manner. Thereby the genetic diversity of plants used in agriculture constitute a strategic asset. Nevertheless, their economic value is often overlooked. To fill this research gap, this thesis presents three assessments that produce more evidence on the economic value of plant genetic resources. Two very distinct agricultural systems are discussed. These differ greatly in terms of climate, agroecological conditions, farming practices, seed systems, political and economic frameworks, and the socio-cultural embeddedness of the crop in question. The first two assessments are concerned with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) breeding and production in the temperate climate and intensive growing conditions in Germany. Modern cultivars created in a formalized breeding process prevail in this system. The following two research questions are elaborated: 1) What is the economic value of exchanging breeding material? and 2) What is the microeconomic value of resistance breeding? The third assessment presents a different agricultural system: Andean agriculture, where a wide variety of potato landraces (Solanum spp.) are grown extensively in the Peruvian highlands. In this case, the research question I investigated is: 3) What are the benefits of repatriating (i.e., redistributing) potato landraces to Andean farmers? These studies demonstrate that the availability, exchange, and adoption of plant genetic resources, which are well adapted to and culturally embedded in specific agricultural systems, improve the overall quantity and sustainability of agricultural production. These improvements can be translated into sectoral, microeconomic as well as nutritional and cultural benefits.