This thesis aims to study both French and Swedish return migration policies with a practical perspective. The paper constitutes an attempt to understand how governmental institutions (such as migration authorities) deal with return migration and to clarify significant issues related to migrants’ needs for determining a successful return. Through analyzing competent literature and secondary material as starting point,the conducted study gives an interesting approach on the problematic gap between voluntary return policies in theory and in practice.

The purpose of this study is to compare and investigate how three nationwide sports media report on the same Allsvenskan football matches through push notifications, headlines and pull downs. In the study, the analyzed media included Sportbladet, Expressen and SVT Sport. By comparing and analyzing the media coverage of these pseudo events, the study aims to identify differences in news aspects, tonality and use of visual elements. The study further attempts to illustrate how different media convey and shape football news to their readers and how this can affect the interpretation and perception of events in Swedish football. We examined 69 headlines and 69 pull downs in total – 24 each from Expressen and Sportbladet and 21 from SVT Sport. 72 push notifications in total were also examined – 33 from Sportbladet, 31 from Expressen and eight from SVT Sport.  The study has been made with a qualitative and quantitative content analysis where the authors have been working with separate analyses with push notifications on one hand, and headlines and pull downs on the other hand. The qualitative analysis (critical discourse analysis) consisted of four different themes to cover the result. The quantitative analysis was made by six diagrams – all to shed light on the actual result. The theoretical framework is based on theories of framing, pseudo events and news evaluation, combined with previous research on headlines and push notifications, the medialization of elite sports, the commercialization of journalism, the meaning of Swedish sports journalism and the reporting on Allsvenskan. The study’s result shows that there are both differences and similarities in their strategy when it comes to headlines, pull downs and push notifications. The biggest difference, however, is between the commercial media (Sportbladet and Expressen) and publicly funded  SVT Sport. The commercial media is more keen on using sensational language and often hides information in the headlines. They also find different ways of making a headline rather than the result of the football game more often than SVT. The three media also like to represent big losers and winners and also scapegoats and heroes. Conceptual metaphors are also widely used. SVT Sport were also more informative in their headlines, but at the same time they also used a more varied language. Many of the headlines seem also to be written on pure routine. When it comes to push notifications the language and strategy was similar – but the commercial media sent out significantly more push notifications regarding Allsvenskan than SVT Sport.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Synthese und Charakterisierung von chromophoren Arylboronsäureestern mit besonderem Augenmerk auf einer breiten strukturellen Variation zum Inhalt. An dieser Verbindungsklasse wird die Wechselwirkung mit Lewis-Basen tiefgehend untersucht. Die Koordination von Lewis-Basen am Bor-Atom führt zu einer Beeinflussung der elektronischen Eigenschaften des borbasierten Substituenten, wobei der Charakter eines direkt am Bor-Atom gebundenen pi-Elektronensystems von pull zu push-pull geschaltet werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird beschrieben, wie geometrische und elektronische Strukturmerkmale von boronsäureesterfunktionalisierten Chromophoren durch die Lewis-Säure-Base-Wechselwirkung am Bor-Atom beeinflusst werden. Die Veränderung von molekularen Eigenschaften wird mit Hilfe der UV/vis-Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, 1H- und 11B-NMR-Spektroskopie sowie mit röntgendiffraktometrischen Methoden untersucht. Die experimentellen Daten werden durch quantenchemische Berechnungen auf DFT-Niveau unterstützt.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Synthese und Charakterisierung von chromophoren Arylboronsäureestern mit besonderem Augenmerk auf einer breiten strukturellen Variation zum Inhalt. An dieser Verbindungsklasse wird die Wechselwirkung mit Lewis-Basen tiefgehend untersucht. Die Koordination von Lewis-Basen am Bor-Atom führt zu einer Beeinflussung der elektronischen Eigenschaften des borbasierten Substituenten, wobei der Charakter eines direkt am Bor-Atom gebundenen pi-Elektronensystems von pull zu push-pull geschaltet werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird beschrieben, wie geometrische und elektronische Strukturmerkmale von boronsäureesterfunktionalisierten Chromophoren durch die Lewis-Säure-Base-Wechselwirkung am Bor-Atom beeinflusst werden. Die Veränderung von molekularen Eigenschaften wird mit Hilfe der UV/vis-Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, 1H- und 11B-NMR-Spektroskopie sowie mit röntgendiffraktometrischen Methoden untersucht. Die experimentellen Daten werden durch quantenchemische Berechnungen auf DFT-Niveau unterstützt.

La présente étude examine comment les organisations de lutte pour les droits civiques que sont la Rainbow Push Coalition, la NAACP et la National Urban League ont contribué à l’élection du 44e président des États-Unis, Barack Obama. Elle établit dans un premier temps comment la participation du Révérend Jesse Jackson aux élections de 1984 et 1988 a contribué à l’émergence du processus démocratique à l’origine de l’élection de Barack Obama, premier président américain issu de la communauté africaine américaine. Dans un second temps, elle met en évidence comment l’action transformative du mouvement des droits civiques ayant conduit à la promulgation du Voting Rights Act de 1965 par le président Lyndon B. Johnson, sous l’impulsion du Dr Martin Luther King, mais aussi de Roy Wilkins et Whitney Young contribua à l’élection de Barack Obama en 2008. En analysant la participation de Jesse Jackson aux élections présidentielles américaines, notre objectif est de montrer comment il est parvenu à faire changer les règles de nomination des candidats issus des minorités au sein du parti démocrate. Elle a permis de montrer comment Obama en fut le bénéficiaire en devenant d’abord le nominé du parti démocrate, puis le président des États-Unis. D’où notre analyse du processus électoral de 2008. L’étude fait ainsi un tour d’horizon des désaccords qui ont surgi lors de l’élection présidentielle de 2008, entre Hillary Clinton et Barack Obama d’une part, puis entre ce dernier et John McCain d’autre part. Elle examine, par ailleurs, dans une perspective sociologique, les conflits qui se sont succédés au sein de la communauté africaine américaine, notamment entre certains dirigeants africains américains et Obama avant et pendant l’élection présidentielle de 2008, relatifs aux valeurs familiales, à l’incident racial des “Six de Jena” ou encore à la participation de Barack Obama à l’élection présidentielle. La question relative à la notion d’une Amérique post-raciale qui se présenta suite à l’élection d’Obama sera également abordée. Elle démontre comment son élection n’a malheureusement pas pu changer les mentalités des Américains au sujet de la question raciale de manière radicale et combien le racisme demeure une question fondamentale, majeure aux États-Unis au 21e siècle. Enfin, l’étude examine la collaboration post-électorale entre les organisations de lutte pour les droits civiques et l’administration Obama. / This dissertation discusses how Black Civil Rights Organizations such as the NAACP, the National Urban League and the Rainbow Push Coalition paved the way for the election of the 44th US President, Barack Obama. It specifically establishes a direct link connecting the 1965 Voting Rights Act victory won under the leadership of Dr Martin Luther King, Roy Wilkins, and Whitney Young along with the Reverend Jesse Jackson’s 1984 and 1988 presidential bids, showing from a historical approach how the Civil Rights Movement contributed to the election of the first African-American US President. By examining Reverend Jesse Jackson’s two presidential bids, this dissertation aims at demonstrating how he made it easier and more accessible for Barack Obama to become the Democratic Party nominee ultimately elected to the US Presidency. The dissertation further examines the electoral process through which Obama ascended to the Land’s Highest Office. In that regard, it revisits crucial hostilities that occurred during the 2008 presidential election within the Democratic Party between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. By the same token, it looks back on upheavals that broke out between Obama and Senator John McCain during the general election. The dissertation discusses from a sociological viewpoint disputes over leadership within the black community among African-American leaders and Barack Obama prior to, and during the 2008 presidential election. These clashes were notably related to family values, Obama’s 2008 presidential bid, and the Jena Six racial incident. This dissertation, further, addresses issues of America being a post-racial nation pointing out how the election of the first African-American President failed in fundamentally shifting Americans’ view on race relations and how racism is still a relevant issue in twenty-first century America while examining from another standpoint the relationship between the Obama Administration and the aforementioned Black Civil Rights Organizations

No description available.

聽音樂是每個人不可或缺的習慣，四五年級生應該記得以前學生時代，每逢假日就往西門町跑，因為不管錢多錢少都可以在哪裡找到你要的音樂，不管是原版還是A版B版，都不會讓你失望，當然還有代客錄音等等。在那個時期Sony Walkman就像這幾年的iPod，名牌、優越、潮流、個人，也是年輕人最期望的禮物。當時很多人找的是國外的搖滾樂團音樂，聽的是台灣民歌，看的是餐廳駐唱的民歌演唱，而國外藝人的演唱會是遙不可及的事。經過這麼多年，聽到像「天堂之階」（Stairway to Heaven/Led Zeppelin IV 1971）或「加州旅店」（Hotel California/Eagles 1977）這樣的老歌內心還是一樣的感動，但曾幾何時，足不出門，只要有網路，只要想得到都聽的到，音樂也一樣的感動。 現在人手一機，到處都能聽音樂，縱然經濟衰退加上金融風暴，全球消費因此而恐慌，但是手機與隨身聽廠商，尤其蘋果更是異軍突起，毫不受景氣影響。 根據調查或從周遭的朋友觀察，應該不難發現，買CD的人變的非常少，但是如果再進一步問一下，很多人花更高的代價看演唱會或Live House現場表演，然而唱片業產值卻每況愈下。 最近看了幾個線上音樂經營者，發現像KKBOX其on demand的模式，在台灣已呈現飽和狀態，因此迫使他往其他硬體如Smart Phone以及海外發展，因此讓我好奇，在網路上除了on demand還有其他模式是可能有商機的嗎？如果有，應該是怎麼樣的型態？ 過去曾經涉獵過遊戲產業，遊戲歷經盜版到線上免費，產業越做越大，因此將兩個產業對比一下，發現如果唱片產業能夠接受創新模式，也許下一個機會就在電信，因為經過本研究，發覺電信可提供互補的機會。因此經由設計的產品實驗，並作一些調查與電訪，試著提供數位音樂經營的新模式與電信發展的關係。甚至建議電信應該跟唱片全面合作。 / In the good old time, almost the students of north Taiwan went to the Hsimenting of Taipei city. Everyone would find his/her loved music no matter local or foreign. There was a service that you could ask the record shop to record your dedicated songs into cassette tapes. In that time the SONY Walkman is the most favorite gift for the youth. In that period, it was impossible that the foreign rock bands held a concert in Taiwan. For Taiwanese, only they could do was going to a live house to enjoy local music. Even now whenever the radio comes out with the songs such as “Stairway to Heaven by Deep Purple” or “Hotel California by Eagles”, we are very excited as same as the good old time. And now the scene is no longer but you can easy to find your favorite from the internet wherever or whenever you are. Recently, I looked back to Taiwanese digital music service and learnt that there is only one business model in Taiwan. That is ‘on demand’ model, such as “KKBox” and “ezPeer”. Since they lunched these services, it has been four to five years already and went to peak. There is few growth of their subscription base. So I wonder is there any new model for digital music market in Taiwan? If yes, what it would like be? Based on my work experience in Electronic Arts for decades (a famous gaming company based in Red Wood City in USA of California), I try to compare the two industries between computer gaming and digital music. I found that in Taiwan Computer Games was not defeated by the illegal copy, but they come stronger and bigger than the digital music. Why not transfer the successful model? In this research, it shows that the next chance of digital music can be related to Telecom. And it suggests that both Telecom and Music can be co-worked for more closely.

Over the past 30 years South Africa has lost valuable human capital due to high volumes of emigration. South Africa has also seen numerous changes in its political, economic and social structure specifically in these decades, but little investigation has been done into the possibility of an association between political, economic and social, as well as personal factors, and the decision to leave South Africa. This study refers to Lee’s Migration Model (1966) that was used as a broad theory for migration. The model involves four sets of factors: factors associated with the area of origin, factors associated with the area of destination, intervening obstacles and personal factors. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory also explains the personal motivational theory for migration. Lee’s Model of Migration is used to investigate which political, economic, social and personal factors in the area of origin (South Africa) pushed South African emigrants to leave the country. It also investigates which political, economic, social and personal factors in the area of destination (Australia and New Zealand) pulled South African emigrants toward these countries. This study involved mixed-methods research (Creswell, 2009), thus the data collection methods were both qualitative and quantitative. The study followed a sequential exploratory strategy in two stages with the qualitative data collection occurring first, followed by a quantitative study – ‘QUALquan’ study. The data are mixed between analysis of the qualitative data and the quantitative data collection (Creswell, 2009:211). The qualitative data collection instruments used in the first stage of the study in 2009, were face-to-face interviews consisting of one focus group and six personal interviews in New Zealand, as well as twelve personal interviews in Australia. In the second stage of the study in 2015, namely the quantitative research, respondents were selected by contacting 17 closed (secured) Facebook groups that were formed for South Africans living either in Australia or New Zealand. There is no alternative sampling frame available since emigrants do not need to declare themselves as migrants on a work visa, furthermore, official documentation is not accessible to the public. A quantitative data collection instrument was administered with an online questionnaire. In the Australian Facebook groups, 137 respondents completed the questionnaire, and in New Zealand Facebook groups, 118 respondents, which adds up to a total of 255 respondents who completed the questionnaire. The results concluded that South Africa’s governance framework, its infrastructure and legislation acted as political push factors motivating South Africans to emigrate, while an uncertain economy contributed as an economic push factor. Socially, a perception of a limited future and a narcissistic society is what pushed South Africans to emigrate. Personal push factors that drove the emigration decision included, unmet physical, safety, belonging and esteem needs. The political factors that pulled South African emigrants to Australia and New Zealand involved effective government services and governmental aid. Economic pull factors included economic certainty and a lower cost of living. Social pull factors proved to be familiar circumstances and a better future. Personal pull factors were safety, belonging and self-actualisation needs. This mixed-method approach focussed on the gap to a followup study that was identified in previous individual qualitative and quantitative studies. These results may assist the South African government to take measures that ensures the retention of highly skilled citizens. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The objective of this research was to identify and analyze what were the internationalization strategies adopted by the agricultural cooperatives of coffee in the Região do Cerrado Mineiro. The paradigm adopted for this research was functionalist, with a qualitative approach and, to access the data, was used case studies, consisting of five agricultural cooperatives that sell coffee, affiliated to the Federação dos Cafeicultores do Cerrado (Federation of the Cerrado Coffee Growers), which is the owner of the brand Região do Cerrado Mineiro, and also the data of the federation itself. Among the five first cases, two of them are cooperatives that became internationalized, one of them ended its activities during the research and, the other three, are not internationalized. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews with managers of internationalized cooperatives, non-internationalized ones and the Federation of the Cerrado Coffee Growers and with cooperative associates from the internationalized cooperatives, which resulted in 16 interviews, besides the documents. The content analysis technique served to the analysis of the collected data, which enabled the identification of five categories, consisting of push, delaying or limiting factors to internationalization, also, for hybrid factors, that influenced the internationalization strategies of agricultural cooperatives of coffee in the Região do Cerrado Mineiro, which are: 1) add value; 2) relationship with business partners and competitors; 3) structure of the cooperative; 4) being part of the Região do Cerrado Mineiro; 5) being located in the Cerrado Mineiro. While theoretical contribution, two were presented. The first is the joint use of internationalization theories, Theory of Dynamic Capabilities and studies on agricultural cooperatives in the internationalization process of agricultural coffee cooperatives. The second, was the standardization of the names used to refer to the types of coffee, they are: a) commodities or undifferentiated; b) differentiated, higher, certificates or second-line; c) special, fine, first-rate, very fine or extra-thin. As a result of these theoretical contributions, practical contributions were recognized. Firstly, it was drafted the steps adopted by the internationalized cooperatives in order to meet the international market expectations and, in sequence, was presented nineteen specific internationalization strategies. Finally, the originality of this research comes from the use of theories of internationalization and the Theory of Dynamic Capabilities to understand the movement of agricultural coffee cooperatives internationalization. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar quais foram as estratégias de internacionalização adotadas pelas cooperativas agropecuárias de café da Região do Cerrado Mineiro. O paradigma de pesquisa adotado foi funcionalista, com abordagem qualitativa e, para acessar os dados, valeu-se de estudos de casos, de cinco cooperativas agropecuárias que comercializam café, filiadas à Federação dos Cafeicultores do Cerrado, que é a controladora da denominação de origem e marca Região do Cerrado Mineiro, além dos dados obtidos da própria federação. Dentre os cinco primeiros casos, dois deles são de cooperativas que se internacionalizaram, sendo que uma delas encerrou suas atividades no decorrer da pesquisa, e as outras três não se internacionalizaram. A coleta de dados foi conduzida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores das cooperativas internacionalizadas, não internacionalizadas e da Federação dos Cafeicultores do Cerrado e com cooperados associados às cooperativas internacionalizadas, o que resultou em 16 entrevistas, além de documentos. A técnica de análise de conteúdo serviu à análise dos dados coletados, a qual possibilitou identificar cinco categorias, constituídas por fatores impulsionadores, retardadores ou limitantes à internacionalização, ainda, por fatores híbridos, que influenciaram as estratégias de internacionalização das cooperativas agropecuárias de café da Região do Cerrado Mineiro, que são: 1) agregar valor; 2) relação com parceiros comerciais e concorrência; 3) estrutura da cooperativa; 4) fazer parte da Região do Cerrado Mineiro; 5) estar localizado no Cerrado Mineiro. Enquanto contribuição teórica, emergiram duas. A primeira é o uso conjunto das teorias de internacionalização, Teoria das Capacidades Dinâmicas e estudos sobre cooperativas agropecuárias no processo de internacionalização das cooperativas agropecuárias de café. A segunda, foi a padronização dos nomes utilizados para se referir aos tipos de cafés, são eles: a) commodities ou indiferenciados; b) diferenciados, superiores, certificados ou de segunda linha; c) especiais, finos, de primeira linha, finíssimos ou extrafinos. Em decorrência das contribuições teóricas, sobrevieram as contribuições práticas. Primeiramente, esboçou-se os passos adotados pelas cooperativas internacionalizadas ao atenderem o mercado internacional e, em sequência, apresentou-se dezenove estratégias de internacionalização específicas. Por último, a originalidade da pesquisa adveio do uso de teorias de internacionalização e da Teoria das Capacidades Dinâmicas, em conjunto, para compreender o movimento de internacionalização de cooperativas agropecuárias de café. / Mestre em Administração

Youth unemployment is one of the key global challenges facing the world today. Statistically, the global youth unemployment rate is 13.1%. Youth entrepreneurship is viewed as a possible solution to youth unemployment. Interestingly, the world has adopted entrepreneurship as a strategic approach to facilitate economic participation among the youth. Youth entrepreneurship has gained importance in recent years in many countries, as a way of fostering employment opportunities, boosting economic competitiveness, and promoting local and regional development. Youth involvement in entrepreneurship assists in boosting their confidence, achieving economic independence, and alleviating poverty. Some researchers describe entrepreneurial orientation as innovativeness, pro-activeness, risk taking, and competitive aggressiveness. Other researchers see entrepreneurial orientation as being pushed or pulled into entrepreneurship. In this study, push and pull factors to become entrepreneurs were used to determine the entrepreneurial orientation of the respondents. The objectives of the study were to investigate whether there is a relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and the business performance of youth entrepreneurs in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. A descriptive research design within a quantitative research approach was adopted using online surveys and physical administration of questionnaires. The study used a census method to sample 555 youth entrepreneurs in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. A low response rate was achieved as only 96 respondents fully completed the questionnaires, which were used in the analysis. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings of this study revealed that push factors had a significant influence on the business performance of youth businesses in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality; whereas there was no statistical evidence to suggest that pull factors predicted the business performance of youth businesses in the study area. The research found that entrepreneurship among young individuals is essential to enhancing young people’s economic development. The study discovered that most TMM youths were pulled in to starting their own businesses. The research also suggested that, EO could encourage TMM youth entrepreneurs to continue to become innovative, take- risk, be pro-active and competive aggressive in the businesses. / Business Management / M.A (Business Management)