This thesis examines and explains how the three Scandinavian populist radical right parties, the Sweden Democrats, the Danish People’s Party and the Progress Party approaches the climate issue in their latest manifesto, and how it has changed over a period of ten years. By means of a content analysis and categorisations of climate scepticism, climate omission and climate measures, this thesis finds explicit evidence of climate scepticism in the Progress Party whereas there is no such evidence for the Sweden Democrats and the Danish People’s Party completely omits the issue. On the other hand, there is evidence of measures to fight climate change in the Progress Party, and the same goes for the Sweden Democrats. However, the only relevant difference when comparing the manifestos over a ten-year period is a decreased usage of statement connected to both climate scepticism and climate action in the Progress Party’s manifestos.

The topic of this dissertation is to elaborate the building-technical part of a project documentation for a realization of a new building „old people’s home“ in Trutnov. This building will be used for old people who have various health problems or who have to rely on other people’s help. From the top view the building is divided into two parts – part A and part B that have a different functionand are connected with a linking passage. There are two floors in the building. The roof construction is designed flat withoutside and inside drain pipesfor the draining off water. The architectural concept of the building fits in the nearby built-up area. Traditional building materials are thought to be used. The whole building is designed as barrier-free.

The purpose of this thesis aimed at trying to find out why the Sweden Democrats have increased their support, to become the second largest party in the Swedish parliament, while, the Danish People’s Party, has lost the majority of their support after being the second largest party in the Danish parliament to almost falling out a few years later. Is it possible for the Sweden Democrats to share the same fate? To find this out, we’ve decided to conduct this study using a qualitative comparative method, with a Most Similar System Design. The analysis mainly consists of two concepts to explain this phenomenon which are “Cordon Sanitaire” and “Normalization”.  The results of the analysis show that in Denmark, the Danish People’s Party’s views and policies on migration, have gotten normalized across the political spectrum. As such, they can no longer argue that they are anti-establishment, but instead, they have become a part of the establishment themselves. In Sweden, the Sweden Democrats have been kept out of power, with a “cordon sanitaire”, and thus their view and policies have not gotten normalized and adopted by other parties, and therefore they have continued to grow. An interesting aspect of this is that recently, the Sweden Democrats have gotten normalized and they are now a support party for a right-wing government, which we argue might lead to a similar situation as in Denmark, meaning that the Sweden Democrats might lose support in the future.

教廷與中華民國之外交關係 （一九四二年至二○一二年）: 歷史、挑戰與前景 / Diplomatic relations between the Republic of China (ROC) and the Holy See were established in 1942. However, after a devastating civil war, the Chinese Communists gained control of Mainland China in 1949 and established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. As a consequence, the Nationalist government of the ROC was forced to move from Nanking to Taipei, Taiwan. The Papal representative continued to remain at his post but the Communist government expelled him in 1951. In the following year, the Holy See decided to relocate its Apostolic Nunciature to Taipei and maintain its ties with the ROC. The tensions in the Strait between the two Chinese governments have put the Sino-Vatican relations to several tests. Indeed, the Vatican desires to normalize its relations with the PRC but is also confronted with two major issues imposed by Beijing which requests the direction of the Catholic Church in China and the end of the Holy See’s recognition of Taipei. It would strike a serious blow to Taipei if the Supreme government of the Catholic Church decides to break off diplomatic relations. It will also create a fragile position for Taiwan on the international diplomatic stage since the Holy See, at present, is the only European ally to officially recognize the ROC government. The relations of the Holy See with Taiwan are characterized by a mutually productive and cooperative partnership, especially in the promotion of human rights, culture, world peace and advocacy of religious freedom and alleviation of global poverty. This thesis aims to clarify the triangular situation between the Vatican, the ROC and the PRC and to show the challenges as well as the dilemmas the Holy See is confronted with in order to normalize its relations with China. First, this study explains the international status of the Holy See and its specific mission. Then, through a diachronic analysis, this thesis traces the evolution of Sino-Vatican relations to later on identify the difficulties the Holy See has to face across the Taiwan Strait. Then, it will analyze the efforts of Pope Benedict XVI to initiate a rapprochement with China and all the issues that have to be solved before negotiating any diplomatic ties. Based on this analysis, this thesis will show that the PRC and the Holy See are still at a stalemate and that the Vatican won’t move its Nunciature from Taipei in the foreseeable future.

中共自1979年推行「改革開放」政策，其社會主義市場經濟進入快速成長軌道，隨著綜合國力的日漸崛起，牽動著亞太區域乃至國際地緣政治的變化，並引發周邊國家對其國家戰略及軍事意圖產生疑慮，即使中共一再闡述「和平發展」及透過對話方式，以期化解各國對其崛起發展的疑懼，但由於開放資訊程度的不透明，在短期內迭起的「中國威脅論」難以改觀。 盱衡當今全球局勢，「中」美關係的發展確是重要考量因素。美國當前全球戰略與其國家安全利益，即是防止區域霸權崛起，威脅美國的區域安全利益。面對中共的崛起，美國己展開「重返亞洲」再平衡策略等一系列的遏制舉措，中共則展現企圖掌控亞太霸權的動機極其明顯。中共與美國戰略利益衝突勢難避免，可見未來的「中」美關係將更為嚴峻，這是中共第五代領導人習近平上台後及美國總統歐巴馬第二任期內的極大挑戰。從區域政治、經濟、安全的視角，無論是亞太區域權力競合、經濟資源開發或軍事策略運作、東海及南海主權爭議等，在在影響「中」美戰略競逐與形勢消長。 美國自2008年全球金融風暴之後，經濟頹勢與財政困頓，而中共的市場經濟持續發展，對於美國恢復經濟動能十分重要。由於經濟的互賴日漸加深，雙方處於一種既競爭又合作的關係。在此種競合交錯的複雜環境下，美國重返亞洲的策略布局，已然被中共視為遏制其崛起的一大挑戰。因此，全力在經濟、外交與軍事上採取各種反制的作為。在「中」美戰略競逐的新形勢下，中共應可體認自身實力與限制因素，在國際戰略情勢中，尋求對自己最有利的位置。 / Since the People’s Republic of China (PRC) released the “Chinese Economic Reform” in 1979, its socialism-oriented market economy has gone into a fast-growing orbit. With the rise of comprehensive national power, PRC has influenced the shape of Asia-Pacific region, even the global geopolitics, and resulted in the neighboring countries’ doubt on its national strategies and military intentions. Although PRC seeks to dissolve other countries’ doubt and fear through expounding on its peaceful development and dialogue, the opacity of information makes it difficult to change their views in a short time. The development of China-United States relations is indeed a major consideration in current global situation. The global strategies and national security interests of United States are to prevent the rise of regional hegemony from threatening its regional security interests. Facing the rise of PRC, United States has implemented rebalancing strategy “Pivot to Asia” as one of the containment measures. On the other hand, the motivations which China is competing for the leadership in Asia-Pacific are obvious. The conflict of strategic interests between PRC and United States is inevitable, and their relations will be more difficult in the foreseeable future. It will be a great challenge for Xi Jinping’s administration, the PRC fifth leadership generation, and United Sates President Obama’s second term. In the perspective of regional politics, economics and security, whether the power competition in Asia-Pacific, development of economic resources, implementation of military strategies, or the sovereignty disputes in the East and South China Sea, they are all influencing the increase and decrease of the strategic competition and situation between China and United States. Since the global financial crisis in 2008, the economy and finance of United States have suffered from recession. However, the market economy of PRC is continuing to grow and plays an important role to provide momentum for United States’ economy to recover. Due to the deepening economic interdependence, the relations of both sides can be competitive and cooperative. PRC has regarded Unites States’ “Pivot to Asia ”strategy as a challenge to contain it’s rise and therefore implemented economic, diplomatic, and military countermeasures. In the new situation of China-United States strategic competition, the PRC shall be aware of its strength and limitations to find its most strategic position in the international strategic circumstances.

L'objectif de cette étude est de développer un modèle d'information pour représenter les besoins des personnes dans les organismes de bienfaisance de l'Arabie Saoudite. La population cible sont les organismes de bienfaisance qui s'intéressent à la collecte et à la distribution des dons à leurs électeurs.Le but de cette étude est atteint par trois objectifs ; Le premier objectif est d'identifier l'état actuel de l'utilisation des systèmes d'information dans le secteur des organismes de bienfaisance. Le deuxième objectif est d'identifier les besoins d'information de ces organismes de charité à l'égard de leurs bénéficiaires.. En utilisant la théorie des sens et son ensemble de méthodes, nous avons pu comprendre les besoins informatiques du point de vue des utilisateurs eux-mêmes. Le troisième objectif est de faire correspondre les besoins résultant des besoins d'information des organismes de charité avec les dimensions des besoins de développement humain par Narayan et al., (2000) qui a été étudié pour informer le rapport sur le Développement Mondial de la Pauvreté et du Développement. Cette étude est significative parce qu'elle n'a pas été menée dans cette échelle ou cette portée avant, et elle fournit une image claire de l'état actuel de l'utilisation des systèmes d'information dans le secteur, elle fournit également un modèle de recherche éclairé qui aidera à mieux répondre aux besoins des personnes pauvres inscrites dans ces organismes de bienfaisance. Le modèle de besoins d'information résultant de cette étude fournit un élément précieux pour un système d'information futur, basé sur des données de recherche visant à améliorer l'efficacité, la fiabilité et la responsabilité dans la gestion des dons pour le bien-être du constituant.Les données de cette recherche ont été recueillies au moyen de deux études, la première étude a porté sur l'ensemble de la population d'organismes de bienfaisance par le biais d'un sondage électronique et le nombre de cas au final était de 83 organismes de bienfaisance. Cette étude visait à étudier l'état actuel de l'utilisation des systèmes d'information dans les organismes de bienfaisance, les interrogés ont répondu à 18 questions divisées en quatre sections. La première section portait sur le profil de l'organisation. La deuxième concerne les systèmes d'information pour les bénéficiaires. et les dons. La troisième concerne les bénéficiaires. Le quatrième, était une information supplémentaire sur l'adaptation des SI futurs. La deuxième étude a été une entrevue avec 15 organismes de bienfaisance de la région de Riyad. Ils comprenaient des organismes de bienfaisance masculins et féminins, et des organismes de bienfaisance de différentes localités comme le village et la petite ville. Cette étude a utilisé la théorie des sens de Brenda Dervin pour étudier les besoins d'information duPage 2 sur 2point de vue de l'utilisateur à l'organisme de bienfaisance en ce qui concerne les bénéficiaires. et les dons. Les entrevues ont été menées face à face avec chaque cas dans la deuxième étude.Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que l'utilisation des systèmes d'information dans les organismes de bienfaisance est répandue, avec 89,2% des organismes de bienfaisance utilisant un SI dans certains ou tous les processus de travail. Il a également révélé la diversité des processus dans lesquels les organismes de bienfaisance employés SI, comprenant 4 thèmes majeurs et 22 processus de travail distincts. Il a également révélé que les besoins d'information des organismes de charité ont sept ensembles distincts, et chaque ensemble comprend entre 2 et 19 lacunes en matière d'information. Les résultats montrent également que les besoins d'information des organismes de bienfaisance ont une grande couverture des dimensions de bien-être du rapport sur le développement mondial de 2000/2001, couvrant une couverture de 50% à 100%. / The aim of this study is to develop an information model for representing people’s needs in charity organizations of Saudi Arabia. The target population are the charity organizations that are concerned with donations gathering and distribution to their constituents.The aim of this study is achieved through three objectives; the first objective is to identify the current state of information systems use in the sector of charity organizations. The second objective is to identify the information needs of those charity organizations with regard to their constituents. By using the sense-making theory and its set of methods, we were able to understand the informational needs from the perspective of the users themselves. The third objective is to match the resulting sets of informational needs of charity organizations with the dimensions of human development needs by Narayan et al., (2000) which was researched to inform the World Development report on Poverty and Development. This study is significant because it was not conducted in that scale or scope before, and it provides a clear picture of the current state of information systems use in the sector, it also provides a research informed model, which will help better fulfill the needs of the poor people registered at those charities. The information needs model resulting from this study provides a valuable building block for a future information system, which is based on research data to improve efficiency, reliability and accountability in donations management for the wellbeing of the constituent.The data for this research was collected through two studies, the first study was targeted at the whole population of charity organizations through an electronic survey, and the final case number was 83 charities. This study aimed at investigating the current state of information systems use at charity organizations, respondents answered 18 questions divided in four sections. The first section was about the organization’s profile. The second was about information systems for constituents and donations. The third was about the constituents. The fourth, was additional information about adaptation of future IS. The second study was an interview with 15 charity organizations from Riyadh region. They included masculine and feminine charities, and charities of different localities such as village and small-city. This study used the sense-making theory byPage 2 of 2Brenda Dervin to investigate the information needs from the user’s perspective at the charity with regard to constituents and donations. The interviews were conducted face-to-face with each single case in the second study.The results of this research show that the use of information systems at charities is widespread, with 89.2% of charities using an IS in some or all work processes. It also revealed the diversity of processes in which charities employee IS, comprising 4 major themes and 22 distinct work processes. It also revealed that the information needs of charity organizations has seven distinct sets, and each set included between 2 and 19 information gaps. The results also show that the information needs of charities has a great coverage of the wellbeing dimensions of the World Development report of 2000/2001, spanning from 50% to 100% coverage. It also revealed that the number of all information sources, which could bridge the information gaps, are 18 sources spread across five sectors in the country.The information needs model for representing people’s needs was a result of the combination and analysis of all research findings to develop that model. It has nine dimensions of information and its corresponding data inputs, leading to the desired knowledge about the constituent. The model covers all aspects of the life of the constituent and can be modified by individual charities to satisfy their own objectives and to lead to new and relevant knowledge.

This study makes the assumption that community participation in the governance of mineral resources is a requirement of sustainable development and that through a fundamental rights-based approach, it can be made effective. The concern is that an affected community should not only be involved in the decision-making process, but its view must also influence the outcome in respect of whether or not a mineral project should take place and how it should address development issues at local level. It is assumed that this legal approach will improve mineral governance by bringing more transparency and accountability. In many African resource-rich countries, community participation has until now been practiced with more of a soft approach, with the consequence that it has been unable to eradicate the opacity existing in the management of revenues generated by mineral exploitation and also deal efficiently with the recurrence of fundamental rights violations in the mineral sector. Obviously, the success of the fundamental rights based-approach is not absolutely guaranteed because there are preconditions that must be fulfilled. The synergy between community participation and some relevant concepts like democracy, decentarlisation, accountability, (good) governance and sustainable development must be well balanced for the participation process to bring positive outcomes. Also, because the fundamental rights based-approach is conceived here within the framework of the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights, its normative and institutional components, despite the potential to make participation effective and successful, require that some critical challenges be addressed in practice. The study ends with the conclusion that the fundamental rights based-approach is appropriate to make community participation effective in the mineral-led development process taking place at local level, provided that its implementation is kept reasonable. / Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law / D.Law

This study focused on the ‘silence of the prophets’ in the post-apartheid era. It sought to understand why the prophets, who spoke out so vehemently against the injustices of apartheid, did not speak out against the injustices of the government after 1994 even when it became blatantly apparent that corruption was beginning to unfold on various levels, especially with the introduction of the so-called Arms Deal. Accordingly, the study singles out Drs Allan Boesak and Frank Chikane who were among the fiercest opponents of the apartheid regime before 1994. The study traced the impact of the ideological forces that influenced Boesak and Chikane’s ideological thinking from the early Slave Religion, Black Theology in the USA and Liberation Theology in Latin America. Black Theology and Black Consciousness first made their appearance in South Africa in the 1970s, with Boesak and Chikane, among others, as early advocates of these movements. In 1983, Boesak and Chikane took part in the launch of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in Mitchells Plain, Cape Town. This movement became the voice of the voiceless in an era when the members of the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan African Congress (PAC) had been sent into exile. It also signalled a more inclusive and reconciliatory shift in Boesak and Chikane’s Ideological thinking. Whereas Black Consciousness sought to exclude white people from participating in the struggle for liberation, the UDF united all under one banner without consideration for colour, race, religion or creed. After the advent of liberation in South Africa in 1994, it became increasingly obvious that corruption was infiltrating many levels of the new government. But the prophets were silent. Why were they silent? The study presents an analysis of the possible reasons for this silence based on interviews with Boesak and Chikane as role players and draws conclusions based on their writings both before and after 1994. Overall, the study concluded that they were silent because they had become part of the new political structures that had taken over power. To sum up, the study demonstrates the irony of prophetic oscillation and concludes that no prophet is a prophet for all times. Thus, as a new democracy unfolds in South Africa, the situation demands new prophets with a new message. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Phil. (Theology)

This study makes the assumption that community participation in the governance of mineral resources is a requirement of sustainable development and that through a fundamental rights-based approach, it can be made effective. The concern is that an affected community should not only be involved in the decision-making process, but its view must also influence the outcome in respect of whether or not a mineral project should take place and how it should address development issues at local level. It is assumed that this legal approach will improve mineral governance by bringing more transparency and accountability. In many African resource-rich countries, community participation has until now been practiced with more of a soft approach, with the consequence that it has been unable to eradicate the opacity existing in the management of revenues generated by mineral exploitation and also deal efficiently with the recurrence of fundamental rights violations in the mineral sector. Obviously, the success of the fundamental rights based-approach is not absolutely guaranteed because there are preconditions that must be fulfilled. The synergy between community participation and some relevant concepts like democracy, decentarlisation, accountability, (good) governance and sustainable development must be well balanced for the participation process to bring positive outcomes. Also, because the fundamental rights based-approach is conceived here within the framework of the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights, its normative and institutional components, despite the potential to make participation effective and successful, require that some critical challenges be addressed in practice. The study ends with the conclusion that the fundamental rights based-approach is appropriate to make community participation effective in the mineral-led development process taking place at local level, provided that its implementation is kept reasonable. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL. D.

Introducción. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si existe correlación entre los conocimientos sobre las consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física de las personas. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico durante los años 2013 y 2014. Participaron 215 alumnos de pregrado seleccionados por conveniencia no relacionados a carreras del campo de la salud en una universidad de Lima, Perú. Se evaluó el grado de actividad física utilizando el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y el nivel de conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad utilizando la escala Obesity Risk Knowledge-10 (ORK-10). También, se consignó las fuentes de información de donde obtuvieron el conocimiento para responder dicho cuestionario. Resultados. La mediana de edad fue 20 (rango intercuartílico=4) y 63% eran mujeres. De acuerdo al IPAQ, 53,9% realizaban actividad física alta, 35,4%, moderada y 10,7%, leve. Se encontró una correlación muy baja (rs=0,06) entre el puntaje del ORK-10 y la cantidad de equivalentes metabólicos/minuto consumidos por semana, pero no era significativa (p=0,38). Las personas informadas por medios de comunicación y por personal de salud obtuvieron mayores puntajes en el ORK- 10 que quienes se informaron por otras vías (p<0,05). Conclusiones. La correlación entre los conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física es muy baja. Es necesario utilizar enfoques multidisciplinarios que incluyan todos los determinantes de la realización de actividad física para poder lograr cambios en la conducta de la población.