Purpose: There is a severe housing shortage in Sweden, with a deficiency of schools and preschools. At the same time, carbon dioxide emission is measuring higher than ever and the realization of environmental crisis is clear. The building sector is responsible a high percentage of carbon dioxide emissions. Calculation for the climate impact can be implemented through life cycle assessment (LCA), directives are requested on how to build through an LCA perspective. The study investigates modular buildings that constitute an efficient and flexible way of managing the building shortage. The aim of this research was to get answers from an ecologically sustainable perspective to what provides more advantageous to process modules when the time- limited building permit expires and a module is needed somewhere else, with or without extra isolation. Method: A quantitative methodology was used to accomplish the aim. The climate impact of four different types of lifecycles simulates by using the software Anavitor. Other methods used for data acquisition was document analysis, calculation of specific energy use and transmission loss.   Findings: The results present advantageous choices for stakeholders to pick after the time-limited building permits expire and a new module is demanded at another place. The study shows that less carbon dioxide emission is produced when reusing the module rather than demolish and produce a new module. Energy savings can be made which reduces the total climate impact of the module that are additionally insulated.  Implications: The conclusion the group could deduct was that the production and manufacturing stage has a significant impact on the total climate impact that a renovation and non-manufacturing scenario is always more advantageous. By adding additionell isolation savings on total carbon dioxide emission can be made despite increased material use.   Limitations: The results are limited to a life cycle assessment based on a module’s envelope as the interior and technical equipment is the same for all scenarios. The study was based on a standard module in which the equipment has no effect on the results. The result was initially specific, but with the help of calculation of the breakpoint for independent transport distances, a general validity could be given. / Syfte: I Sverige råder det brist på bostäder, skolor och förskolor, samtidigt uppmäter koldioxidutsläppen högre än någonsin och insikten om ett miljöhot är påtaglig. Byggnadssektorn ansvarar för en stor del av Sveriges koldioxidutsläpp. Beräkning av klimatpåverkan kan utföras genom livscykelanalyser (LCA), däremot efterfrågas direktiv på vad som bör göras vid byggnation kring ett LCA-perspektiv. Undersökningen har genomförts på en modulbyggnad som utgör ett effektivt och flexibelt sätt att hantera byggnadsbristen på. Målet med arbetet var att ur ett ekologiskt hållbart perspektiv få svar på vad som är mer fördelaktigt att behandla moduler på när det tidsbegränsade bygglovet löpt ut och en modul behövs på en annan plats, med eller utan en tilläggsisolering. Metod: För att uppnå målet med studien användes en kvantitativ undersökningsstrategi. Klimatpåverkan för fyra olika typer av livscykler simulerades i mjukvaruprogrammet Anavitor. Andra metoder som används för datainsamling var dokumentanalys, beräkningar av specifik energianvändning och transmissionsförluster genom vägg vid tilläggsisolering. Resultat: Det genererade resultatet presenterar vad som är fördelaktigt att välja efter att det tidsbegränsade bygglovet löpt ut och en ny modul behövs på en annan plats. Studien visar att det genererar mycket mindre koldioxidutsläpp att återanvända modulen än att kassera och bygga ny modul. En energibesparing kan ges som sänker den totala klimatpåverkan för modulerna som tilläggsisoleras. Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen av arbetet är att produktions och tillverkningsstadiet har så pass stor inverkan på den totala klimatpåverkan då utfallet att renovera och spara in på en tillverkningsfas är att föredra. För att göra valet av att tilläggsisolera eller inte krävs en LCA. Den koldioxidökningen som tillkommer på grund av volymökning av en tilläggsisolering får inte överskrida den minskning som genereras av energibesparing. Begränsningar: Studien är avgränsat till livscykelanalys gjord på modulens klimatskal då den invändiga och tekniska utrustningen är densamma för alla utfall, därför kan modulen även tillhöra en annan slags funktion. Resultatet blev till en början specifikt men med hjälp av beräkning av brytpunkt för oberoende transportsträckor kunde en generell giltighet ges.

<p>Under 2000-talet har begrepp som E-Government och 24-timmarsmyndighet kommit att förändra offentliga myndigheters sätt att erbjuda tjänster och interagera med medborgare. Att genom e-tjänster erbjuda medborgare alternativ till de traditionella kanalerna är något som de flesta svenska myndigheter och kommuner strävar mot. Skellefteå Kommun tog redan i början av 2000-talet initiativ att erbjuda service inom ramen för begreppet 24- timmarsmyndighet och erbjuder i nuläget en rad e-tjänster riktade mot kommunens medborgare. Syftet med vår undersökning är att ta reda på vilka hinder, identifierade i tidigare forskning, som kan komma att påverka användningsfrekvensen av en nyutvecklad e- tjänst för Bygglov som under sommaren 2010 skall lanseras. Utifrån en litteraturstudie har vi identifierat en rad hinder som i tidigare forskning anses påverka användningen av offentliga e-tjänster. En kategorisering av identifierade hinder har legat till grund för en fallstudie bestående av ett användbarhetstest och intervjuer. Resultatet av vår undersökning bekräftar att ett antal av de hinder som identifierats i den tidigare forskningen kan komma att påverka användningen av e-tjänsten för Bygglov. Undersökningens resultat indikerar att hinder främst finns att finna i sådant som rör användbarhet och Skellefteå Kommuns tillgängliggörande och marknadsföring av e-tjänsterna.</p> / <p>In the 2000’s, concepts such as E-Government and 24-hour government have changed the way public authorities provide services and interact with citizens. Through e-services public authorities offer an alternative to the traditional channels. This is something that most of the Swedish authorities and municipalities nowadays are striving for. In the early 2000’s Skellefteå Kommun took initiative to provide services under the concept of 24-hour government and currently offers a range of e-service to the citizens of Skellefteå Kommun. The aim of our study is to determine what barriers, identified in previous research, which may affect the frequency of use of a newly developed e-service for building permits, which is being launched during the summer of 2010. Based on a literature review, we have identified a number of barriers in previous research that claims to be affecting the use of public e- services. A categorization of identified barriers has been our basis for a case study consisting of a usability test and interviews. The results of our study confirm that a number of barriers identified by earlier conducted research may affect the use of the e-service for building permits. The survey results indicate that the main barriers concerns usability and the municipality strategies in making e-services available as well as the marketing of these.</p>

This thesis consists of four essays within the field of environmental economics. Computable General Equilibrium models have been used to assess the economic consequences of greenhouse gas policies. The focus is mainly on the Swedish economy, but the EU economies and the global economies are also analyzed in one essay each. The costs and effects of a unilateral Swedish decision to reduce carbon dioxide emissions are analyzed in essay I. The results of a unilateral reduction are compared to the results of an implementation of an EU multilateral agreement. The results indicate that if Sweden unilaterally decides to increase its CO2 tax, total EU CO2 emissions will increase, i.e. there will be a “carbon leakage effect”. Furthermore, an EU multilateral implementation of a CO2 tax will induce lower welfare (excluding environmental benefits) in Sweden, as compared to the situation where the same tax is unilaterally introduced.In the second essay we analyze the Swedish environmental goals conforming to the Kyoto Protocol, when simultaneously meeting national goals to alleviate acidification and eutrofication effects by reducing SO2 and NOx pollutants. We have found that when secondary benefits of measures aiming at reducing CO2 are taken into account, it may still be in the government’s interest to nationally decrease CO2, instead of engaging in seemingly low-cost trading. The principles for allocation emission permits are many, and in the third essay I focus on principles based on economic welfare theory. My main conclusion from these simulation exercises is that the distribution rule based on the different assumptions on social welfare function and some other more ad hoc distribution rules offers quite large changes in welfare, distributions of emission rights and contrary to earlier literature, I find that the initial distribution not only gives second-order effects but affects equilibrium prices and therefore, income.In the fourth essay I focus on how households’ demand for transport services can be improved in CGE-models. A differentiation between trip purposes and trip length, a complementary relationship between work journeys and labor supply, and a subdivision of households by density of population and income, influences the numerical results in a direction increasing the negative welfare effect of a carbon target, as compared to the non-extended model. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004

This article deals with main aspects of a novel technique for carbon dioxide capture and storage released by large combustion plants. Since this novel technique has become essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it has been regulated by the European Union through the Directive number 2009/31. Therefore, acknowledging relevant legal aspects for regulation, suchas: mandatory, exploration permits, storage among others, the focus has been pointed out on responsibilities and guarantees regime. / El presente artículo desarrolla las principales aristas de la captura y almacenamiento del dióxido de carbono emanado de las grandes instalaciones de combustión, novedosa técnica que al tornarse imprescindible para la reducción de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero ha sido regulada porla Unión Europea (UE) a través de la directiva 2009/31. Así, tras reconocerlos aspectos jurídicos relevantes de su regulación —obligatoriedad, permisos de exploración y almacenamiento, entre otros— se incide en el régimen de responsabilidad y garantías.

När äldre plan- och bygglagen, ÄPBL ersattes år 2011 av dagens plan- och bygglag, PBL fick paragrafen gällande bygglovsbefriade åtgärder några språkliga uppdateringar. Ändringarna var avsedda att förenkla och uppdatera tolkningen. Några ändringar i hur bygglovsbefrielsen på glesbygden ska bedömas var ej avsedda. Denna studie granskar ett flertal av Sveriges kommuners tolkning av bygglovsbefrielsen enligt 9 kap. 6 § PBL. Granskningen gjordes via en enkätundersökning, resultaten jämfördes och sammanställdes. För att kunna avgöra huruvida kommunerna gjort en korrekt bedömning har studien även gjort en grundlig juridisk granskning av lagtext och förarbeten. 9 kap. 6 § PBL är en komplicerad paragraf och kan inte tolkas utan att läsa förarbetena. Tyvärr räcker det inte med att läsa propositionerna till PBL. Även de förarbeten som finns till ÄPBL måste läsas för att förstå innebörden. Paragrafen har sedan 1987 genomgått flertalet uppdateringar, därav är informationen utspridd. Bygglovsbefrielsen i denna paragraf riktar sig till fastighetsägare till en- och tvåbostadshus på glesbygden som vill uppföra en liten tillbyggnad eller komplementbyggnad i omedelbar närhet till bostadshuset. Kravet är att det på fastigheten finns ett bostadshus och att byggnaderna ska vara ett komplement som inte dominerar över bostadshuset. Fastighetsägaren behöver inte anmäla eller rådfråga byggnadsnämnden utan ska själv kunna bedöma om reglerna går att tillämpa. Att gemene man, utan juridiska förkunskaper ska kunna tolka en komplicerad paragraf är bekymmersamt. Konsekvenserna av en felbedömning är kostsamma. Tyvärr finns inte mycket till vägledning att få av kommunerna, då resultatet av enkätundersökningen visat att nästan alla byggnadsnämnder gör en felaktig bedömning av paragrafen. Studien belyser problematiken med att överlåta tolkningen av en komplicerad paragraf till fastighetsägarna. Att kommunerna sätter egna bestämmelser kring tolkningen av paragrafen utan uppsikt från överordnad myndighet gör inte problemen färre. Slutsatsen för denna studie resulterar i att bättre vägledning och hårdare krav på kommunerna måste införas för att inte lägga över för stort ansvar på de enskilda. / When the older planning and building act was replaced in 2011 by todays planning and building act, the paragraph regulating permits exempt buildings actions received some linguistic updates. The updates where intended to simplify and update the interpretation. Any changes in the countryside in how this was supposed to be interpreted was not intended. This thesis examines how multiple Swedish municipalities interpret the permits exempt buildings according to 9 chap. 6 § planning and building act. The examination was done with a survey sent to all Swedish municipalities, which was then put together and the results where compared. To be able to decide if the municipalities have been making correct interpretations this thesis have also made a thorough legal examination of the law and preliminary work. 9 chap. 6 § planning and building act is a complicated paragraph and cannot be interpreted without reading the preparatory work. Unfortunately, just reading the propositions to the planning and building act is not enough. The preparatory work for older planning and building act must also be read to fully grasp the meaning of the law. The paragraph has gone through multiple updates since 1987, therefor the information has been spread out. The permits exempt buildings in this paragraph is aimed at property owners owning houses with one or two families in the countryside that want to erect a small extension for the house or a complimentary building adjacent to the main building. The condition is that there is a house on the property and that the building is of a complementary nature to not dominate over the actual main house. The property owner does not need to report to or consult with the municipality but is rather supposed to judge if the rules are applicable for them self.T hat the average citizen, without basic legal education, is supposed to be able to interpret a complicated paragraph like this is troublesome. The consequence of a misjudgement is expensive. Unfortunately, there is not a lot of guidance to be had from the municipalities since our survey shows that almost all Building Department are making incorrect decisions based on interpreting the paragraph incorrectly. This thesis shines a light on the problem with assigning a complicated paragraph to be interpreted by the property owners. Furthermore, allowing the municipalities to make their own regulations regarding the interpretation of the law, without accountability to superior government agencies does not make the problems fewer. Our conclusion with this thesis results in that better guidance and stricter demands on the municipalities must be enacted to not place too big of a responsibility on the individual citizen.

In this diploma thesis about the trading of permits CO2 to focus on the issue of release of carbon dioxide in a European context and its control through a system of tradable CO2 - EU ETS. I focus on the first two trading period of the EU ETS, in terms of allocated permits, price trends, and number of permits traded in the two periods in selected EU countries and the Czech Republic. The aim is to determine how appears a system of tradable CO2 permits in selected EU countries and the Czech Republic in the context of fulfillment obligations to reduce CO2 emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. The work compare the situation in the Czech Republic with selected EU countries in selected indicators of specific emissions trading and CO2. The work seeks to determine to what extent the ETS helps in improving the situation of individual countries in absolute production of CO2. The first chapter introduces the issue of climate change. It explains what are greenhouse gases, greenhouse effect and how this effect works. It acquaints readers with one greenhouse gas and that is carbon dioxide. Then the work explains how climate change takes place and there is also described climate history of the Earth, which is necessary to closer understanding of the issue. Then follows the description of international organizations, which deal with climate protection and have international influence. The second chapter focuses on ways to solution climate change. The bigger attention is devoted to the trading with carbon dioxide, than the work explaines the functioning of the European ETS, its development and global influence on the production and reduction of CO2. Than is the chapter devoted to notes and obligations that are promised in the Kyoto Protocol and closer specified the position of the Czech Republic in this Convention. In the third chapter compares the work selected countries of the European Union, which are the largest issuers of the Union's carbon dioxide. If it is possible to compare states in terms of their commitments and reduce CO2 implementation of these commitments. It appears that a large part of the EU Member States fulfill their obligations only partially, and some states it does not meet at all. For some selected countries we can see even an absolute increase in these emissions. Production of CO2 emissions is expressed in the comparison of selected countries in various indicators such as a production of CO2 per GDP or per inhabitant or per hectare of forest. It seems that not all states have aligned their emissions, which are important for sustainable development in that states. The last part compares selected countries in terms of allocated permits in the first and second ETS trading period and describes the evolution of both periods. Finally we performed a detailed analysis of price trends of permits especially in the first ETS period.

Orientador: Hildebrando Herrmann / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:09:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_JoaoHenriqueCastanhode_M.pdf: 5819490 bytes, checksum: 05d8f4e5c70551d129195452b6501628 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho é focado no Estado de São Paulo, que possui uma grande quantidade de bens minerais utilizados principalmente na construção civil. Aborda aspectos desde a falta de regras legais que estabeleçam a devida capacitação aos agentes públicos para desenvolver seus trabalhos junto às empresas que exploram os recursos naturais, com seus reflexos nas decisões sobre o licenciamento ambiental, bem como a procura de uma melhor alternativa para o desenvolvimento de trabalhos junto às atividades minerarias para a minimização dos impactos ambientais. De início, as atividades desenvolvidas no Estado de São Paulo são caracterizadas conforme os bens produzidos, métodos de explotação e beneficiamento, impactos ambientais causados e propostas de medidas mitigadoras e um controle efetivo desses impactos. Depois disso, são estudados os deveres do empreendedor, bem como a obrigação de recuperação da área minerada e obtenção das autorizações necessárias para sua instalação e operação, onde é analisado o procedimento desenvolvido bem como seus aspectos legais, impactos ambientais e padrões de lançamento de poluentes no ambiente e manutenção da qualidade ambiental. Após, é discutido o encerramento da atividade, onde novos conflitos surgem, destacando-se as propostas de planos de fechamento, e casos de sucesso nesse sentido, abordados durante o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos, incluindo-se, também, a reabilitação e o uso futuro da área. Por fim, é proposto um novo procedimento para a análise dos pedidos de licenças ambientais, sua renovação, fechamento e recuperação de área degradada, cujos objetivos são os de evitar conflitos entre os órgãos responsáveis pela análise e concessão das licenças ambientais para o desenvolvimento das atividades minerais. As tarefas seriam desenvolvidas por um colegiado composto de agentes dos órgãos envolvidos, sendo que as decisões seriam tomadas em reunião agendada já na data da solicitação, onde os casos seriam discutidos e analisados. Este tipo de procedimento já é adotado para o licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos habitacionais, onde o grupo se reúne e deve tomar as decisões e elaborar exigências em um curto espaço de tempo. Neste caso, observou-se que o tempo decorrido para a tomada de decisões foi menor, e que o procedimento na análise e elaboração de exigências foi mais eficiente / Abstract: This study is focused on the mining activities in São Paulo State, which has a great amount of minerai goods used mainly in buildings. Since the lack of iegal rules that establish abilities for the public agents to develop their job joint the enterprises that explore natural resources, then its reflects in the decisions about giving permits and the search for the best alternative to develop works related to the mining activities and minimizations of environmental impacts. At this way, the start is given with the characterization of the activities with the goods that are produced, methods of extraction and processing, environmental impacts caused by them and proposals for the effective environmental impacts control. After that, the duties for the entrepreneur are studied, as well as the obligation in recover the mine area and obtain the legal permits for installation and operation, where is analyzed the procedure developed, the agencies involved as well as the legal aspects, environmental impacts and standards concerning to the discharge of the pollutants and environmental quality to be accomplished. Afterwards, the mine closure is discussed, where new conflicts are highlighted and new proposals of mine closure plans and success cases concerning these issues are studied, including rehabilitation and new uses for that places. At least, is proposed a new procedure which targets are avoid the conflicts between the agencies responsible for analyzing and giving the environmental permits to the mine extracting activities. The tasks would be developed by one group composed by agents from all the agencies involved, and the decisions would be make by all them at the same time, in a meeting where the cases would be discussed. This kind of procedure is already adopted when environmental permits for household undertakings are analyzed, and the group has to make a decision in a short period of time. Thus, the time for analysis and the achieve a decision in giving them an environmental permit, or not, is shorter than in the past, and the procedure became more efficient / Mestrado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Mestre em Geociências

Under 2000-talet har begrepp som E-Government och 24-timmarsmyndighet kommit att förändra offentliga myndigheters sätt att erbjuda tjänster och interagera med medborgare. Att genom e-tjänster erbjuda medborgare alternativ till de traditionella kanalerna är något som de flesta svenska myndigheter och kommuner strävar mot. Skellefteå Kommun tog redan i början av 2000-talet initiativ att erbjuda service inom ramen för begreppet 24- timmarsmyndighet och erbjuder i nuläget en rad e-tjänster riktade mot kommunens medborgare. Syftet med vår undersökning är att ta reda på vilka hinder, identifierade i tidigare forskning, som kan komma att påverka användningsfrekvensen av en nyutvecklad e- tjänst för Bygglov som under sommaren 2010 skall lanseras. Utifrån en litteraturstudie har vi identifierat en rad hinder som i tidigare forskning anses påverka användningen av offentliga e-tjänster. En kategorisering av identifierade hinder har legat till grund för en fallstudie bestående av ett användbarhetstest och intervjuer. Resultatet av vår undersökning bekräftar att ett antal av de hinder som identifierats i den tidigare forskningen kan komma att påverka användningen av e-tjänsten för Bygglov. Undersökningens resultat indikerar att hinder främst finns att finna i sådant som rör användbarhet och Skellefteå Kommuns tillgängliggörande och marknadsföring av e-tjänsterna. / In the 2000’s, concepts such as E-Government and 24-hour government have changed the way public authorities provide services and interact with citizens. Through e-services public authorities offer an alternative to the traditional channels. This is something that most of the Swedish authorities and municipalities nowadays are striving for. In the early 2000’s Skellefteå Kommun took initiative to provide services under the concept of 24-hour government and currently offers a range of e-service to the citizens of Skellefteå Kommun. The aim of our study is to determine what barriers, identified in previous research, which may affect the frequency of use of a newly developed e-service for building permits, which is being launched during the summer of 2010. Based on a literature review, we have identified a number of barriers in previous research that claims to be affecting the use of public e- services. A categorization of identified barriers has been our basis for a case study consisting of a usability test and interviews. The results of our study confirm that a number of barriers identified by earlier conducted research may affect the use of the e-service for building permits. The survey results indicate that the main barriers concerns usability and the municipality strategies in making e-services available as well as the marketing of these.

Les enquêtes préférences déclarées (EPD) reposent sur des mises en situation hypothétiques. Face à une situation de choix construite de toute pièce par l’analyste, chaque répondant doit déclarer le choix qu’il ferait s’il y était confronté en réalité. Chaque situation se présente comme la combinaison de plusieurs paramètres. Face à chacune des diverses situations qui lui sont présentées successivement, l’enquêté va devoir faire le choix de celles lui convenant le mieux. Au fil du questionnaire, ses réponses révèleront l’importance qu’il donne à chaque paramètre et contribueront à une meilleure appréhension de ses préférences et de ses choix. Ce travail s’articule autour de trois études de cas mises en œuvre dans le cadre d’études menées par des opérateurs de transport (SNCF – thème : réforme de tarification sociale), des gestionnaires d’infrastructure (RFF – thème : effets du cadencement sur l’attractivité du train) ou des organismes de recherche (LET et PREDIT – thème : impact de politiques de rationnement du carburant sur la mobilité automobile). L’objet de ces études nécessitait la mise en œuvre d’enquêtes préférences déclarées. La conception, la mise en œuvre et l’analyse des EPD ont été réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèse avec un soucis permanent de contrôle de chacun des paramètres en vue de garantir la qualité des résultats obtenus.Selon les objectifs de l’étude, des traitements économétriques divers ont été utilisés pour analyser les données récoltées.Finalement, chacune de ces mises en place a contribué à renforcer notre conviction que les EPD constituent un outil complet. Ce travail contribue finalement, à son échelle, à crédibiliser un peu plus les méthodes de préférences déclarées et invite à repositionner cet outil d’analyse comme pivot de toute réflexion complexe dont le protocole est à réinventer lors de chaque construction, plutôt que tel qu’un procédé connu, livré clé en main, dont l’application suit une logique mécanique. / Stated preference surveys are based on choice sets composed by the analyst and proposed to some respondents. Each situation of the choice set is the combination of pre-determined attributes. While declaring the choice they would make if they were confronted to the same situation in reality, respondents reveal their preferences and their perceptions of the attributes.This Phd work presents the results of three stated preference surveys applied in the camp of public transportation. All surveys form a part of more general research programs handled for the sake: of the French railway operator, known as the SNCF (2006/2007) ; of the French railway network administrator, called RFF (2008) ; and of the French research, experimentation and innovation program in land transport, named PREDIT (2010). The use of stated preference methodology was required in order to deal efficiently with the issues of each of those research programs (respectively treating of social pricing ; train supply policy ; fuel rationing policies). The conception, the implementation and the analysis of the surveys have all been carried out during this Phd work in order to warranty control of each parameter and thus high quality results.In accordance with program research objectives, different econometrics treatments have been implemented.This Phd work shows how stated preference surveys may deal with different complex issues and therefore promote the use of this method. Each of these studies have finally strengthened the conviction that stated preferences constitute an efficient and complete tool.

Varje kommun ska ha en byggnadsnämnd. Byggnadsnämnden består av förtroendevalda poli-tiker som bland annat ansvarar för lovärendeprocessen. Tjänstemännen som jobbar med lovä-rendeprocessen är anställda av byggnadsnämnden. Tjänstemännens huvuduppgift är att ta be-slut i lovärenden via delegation från byggnadsnämnden. I lovärenden där delegation saknas ska tjänstemännen bereda lovärendet och skriva ett förslag till beslut. Förslaget ska sedan redovisas inför byggnadsnämnden, som därefter tar det slutliga beslutet. I denna uppsats har enbart lovä-renden där byggnadsnämnden och tjänstemännen har haft olika bedömningar granskats. Det har även granskats vilken laghänvisning och bedömning som ligger till grund för deras förslag eller beslut. Kommunen ska ge berörda grannar och sakägare tillfälle att yttra sig när det är en avvikelse från en detaljplan, områdesbestämmelser eller utanför detaljplan. Vid ett positivt lovbeslut ska kommunerna kungöra lovärendet i Post och Inrikes Tidningar. Båda dessa uppgifter måste ge-nomföras på rätt sätt för att hanteringen ska vara rättssäker och kvalitetssäker samt för att lo-värendet ska vinna laga kraft. Detta arbete ska undersöka hur kommunerna hanterar rättssäkerheten och kvalitetssäkerheten i lovprocessen för att ett lovärende ska vinna laga kraft. För att få vidare rådgivning, kunskap och information angående lagtolkning gällande granne-hörande och kungörelse togs kontakt med Ulrika Nolåker, Byggutbildarna, Ulf Jensen, profes-sor på Högskolan Väst och Eidar Lindgren universitetsadjunkt på Kungliga Tekniska Högsko-lan. I undersökningen studerades fyra kommuner i Västra Götalands län. Undersökningen delades upp i tre delar som bestod av intervju dels av tjänstemän och sakkunniga samt granskning av lovärenden. I kommunerna var det 1386 lovärenden som kom in och togs beslut under 2015. Av dessa var det 23 lovärenden där byggnadsnämnden inte tog beslut i enlighet med tjänste-männens förslag. Kommunernas lovärendeprocess saknar regelbundet arbetssätt både när det gäller grannehöran och kungörelse av lovärenden. Kommunerna använder en så kallad "tyst accept" vid granne-höran, vilket innebär att grannarna förlorar sin demokratiska rättighet att påverka åtgärden. Genom att hänvisa lagparagraf i ett beslut kvalitetssäkras beslutsunderlag. Att hänvisa till en lagparagraf är något som varken byggnadsnämnden eller tjänstemännen gör regelbundet. Kungörelsen i Post- och Inrikes Tidning gjordes mellan 12-28 dagar efter beslutet togs samt att det förkom lovärenden som inte var kungjorda överhuvudtaget. Endast tre av de 23 grans-kade lovärendena anses ha vunnit laga kraft. / Each municipality in Sweden must have a local building committee. The committee consists of elected politicians responsible for managing the permit process related to construction, dem-olition and ground processing. The committee manages the permit process by delegating the entire task or parts of it to employed officials. If there is no delegation the officials will write a suggested decision to be reviewed and decided by the committee. This essay investigates construction-, demolition- and ground processing permit where the of-ficials and the local building committee differ in their decisions and the assessment which led to these decisions. The examination included studies of four municipalities in the county of Västra Götaland: two smaller, Färgelanda and Munkedal municipalities, and two larger, Trollhättan and Uddevalla. The investigation consisted of two parts. One examination of the permit protocols, and a series of interviews with officials. During 2015 there were 1386 cases of permits within the four municipalities. 23 of these were cases of the committee not deciding in accordance with the proposition of the officials. A number of errors were also found, such as there not being a stated reason for the decision, or lack of any clear legal reference. This raises the question of whether or not the rule of law is followed during these circumstances. After consulting with Ulrika Nolåker from Byggutbildarna, the issues were expanded further when it was discovered that more errors occur during the municipal management of the con-cerned parties and the announcements of the cases. In order to receive further guidance, knowledge and information on how to interpret the laws handling concerned parties and an-nouncements, contact was made with Ulf Jensen and Eidar Lindgren, professor in real estate science at Högskolan Väst, and lecturer of real estate sciences at Kungliga Tekniska Högsko-lan, respectively. The conclusions of the examination is that the building committee puts a lot of responsibility on the officials through delegations. The cases when there is no delegation and the case is decided by the committee are few. The reasons why the proposition and the final decision not always matches is due to different factors such as different knowledge or different assessments. Neither the committee nor the officials are consistent with the law referencing in the decisions. The municipality cannot guarantee that every concerned party have been given the chance to give their opinion, when some of them use what’s called "silent agreement". Only three of the cases has the municipality received and opinion from every concerned party. None of the cases has been announced in the correct time and two has not been announced at all.