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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Sincronismo em redes mestre-escravo de via-única: estrela simples, cadeia simples e mista. / One-way master-slave synchronization networks: single star, single chain and mixed.

Marmo, Carlos Nehemy 31 July 2003 (has links)
Neste trabalho, são estudados os problemas de sincronismo de fase nas redes mestre-escravo de via única (OWMS), nas topologias Estrela Simples, Cadeia Simples e mista, através da Teoria Qualitativa de Equações Diferenciais, com ênfase no Teorema da Variedade Central. Através da Teoria das Bifurcações, analisa-se o comportamento dinâmico das malhas de sincronismo de fase (PLL) de segunda ordem que compõem cada rede, frente às variações nos seus parâmetros constitutivos. São utilizadas duas funções de excitação muito comuns na prática: o degrau e a rampa de fase, aplicadas pelo nó mestre. Em cada caso, discute-se a existência e a estabilidade do estado síncrono. A existência de pontos de equilíbrio não-hiperbólicos, não permite uma aproximação linear, e nesses casos é aplicado o Teorema da Variedade Central. Através dessa rigorosa técnica de simplificação de sistemas dinâmicos é possível fazer uma aproximação homeomórfica em torno desses pontos, preservando a orientação no espaço de fases. Desse modo, é possível determinar, localmente, suas estabilidades. / This work presents stability analysis of the syncronous state for three types of one-way master-slave time distribution network topologies: single star, single chain and both of them, mixed. Using bifurcation theory, the dynamical behavior of second-order phase-locked loops employed to extract the syncronous state in each node is analyzed in function of the constitutive parameters. Two usual inputs, the step and the ramp phase pertubations, are supposed to appear in the master node and, in each case, the existence and stability of the syncronous state are studied. For parameter combinations resulting in non hyperbolic synchronous states, the linear approximation does not provide any information, even about the local behaviour of the system. In this case, the center manifold theorem permits the construction of an equivalent vector field representing the asymptotic behaviour of the original system in the neighborhood of these points. Thus, the local stability can be determined.
102

Projeto de filtros tipo \"só-pólo\" para malhas de sincronismo de fase de alta frequência. / Design of all-pole filters for high frequency phase locked loops.

Ricardo Bressan Pinheiro 29 September 2010 (has links)
Apresenta-se a evolução dos sitemas de comunicação, com ênfase especial nos sistemas com tecnologia óptica. Discute-se a necessidade contínua do aumento de capacidade de tais sistemas de comunicação, e a consequente repercussão sobre os futuros sistemas ópticos. Em vista da necessidade do aumento de capacidade dos futuros sistemas de comunicação óptica, apresentam-se em seguida duas propostas recentes da literatura, sendo uma referente à realização de um gerador de pulsos ópticos estreitos, e a outra referente à implementação de um extrator de relógio realizado com técnicas ópticas. Apresenta-se um breve resumo da teoria das malhas de sincronismo de fase, ou PLLs, mostrando como as duas propostas discutidas realizam funções típicas desses sistemas. Ressalta-se a necessidade dos PLLs de sistemas ópticos possuirem ganhos de malha (parâmetro K) elevados. Após a caracterização dos requisitos necessários para PLLs de futuros sistemas ópticos, e após um resumo de alguns conceitos necessários da teoria de redes e filtros elétricos, apresentam-se dois tipos de projeto de filtros para aqueles PLLs. As duas formas de projeto tem como objetivo viabilizar o uso de filtros de tipo e ordem arbitrários. Um tipo de projeto visa a realização da função de transferência do PLL com a curva de resposta igual à de um filtro escolhido. O outro tipo de projeto parte da realização do filtro de loop do PLL com as características de um tipo de filtro escolhido, e define métodos para ajustar a função de transferência resultante para esse PLL. Apresentam-se algoritmos para o cálculo de parâmetros importantes nos dois procedimentos. Após a discussão dos dois pontos de vista de projeto, apresentam-se exemplos de realização de PLLs de acordo com as técnicas apresentadas. Para cada exemplo, mostram-se as curvas de resposta em frequência tanto do PLL como do correspondente filtro de loop, bem como o lugar das raízes e a resposta de captura do PLL obtido. O processo de captura foi estudado por simulações que procuram reproduzir o mais fielmente possível as condições reais de implementação, sem entretanto considerar efeitos de ruído. Finalmente, mencionam-se brevemente possíveis linhas de pesquisa futuras, sendo o foco principal o uso de filtros com pólos e zeros finitos. / The evolution of communication systems is discussed, with emphasis on optical technology. Special consideration is given to the continuous need for increasing the capacity of such systems, and the impact over future optical communication. In view of the great demands imposed over the capacity of future optical systems, an overview is presented of two recent proposals found in the literature, one of such proposals being the implementation of a generator of short optical pulses, and the other being a clock extractor device realized through the use of optical techniques. A brief review is made of phase-locked loop (or PLL) theory, to show how the discussed proposals could be used to realize tipical functions found in these systems. The very high loop gains (the so-called parameter K) that must be used in PLLs of optical communication systems are emphasized. After discussion of the necessary characteristics for PLLs of future optical systems, and also after a review of some concepts of the theory of electrical networks and filters, two design procedures for filters to be used in such PLLs are presented. Both designs have the goal of allowing the use of loop filters with any type and order. The first type of design has the objective to realize a PLL transfer function that has a frequency response identical to the response of a chosen type of filter. The other design starts with a chosen type of filter for a PLL loop filter, arriving to an suitable PLL transfer function. Some algorithms for determination of important design parameters are also presented. After the discussion of the two types of design, some examples of PLLs obtained by such methods are presented. For each example, frequency response curves are presented for the PLL and the respective loop filter, as well as the root locus and the capture response for the PLL so obtained. The capture process was studied through the use of simulations with parameters intended to approximate real implementation conditions, although noise effects are not considered. Finally, some possible research lines are discussed, whose main focus is on filters with finite poles and zeros.
103

Controle de caos em PLL de terceira ordem. / Control of chaos in third-order PLL.

Lisboa, Alexandre Coutinho 31 July 2009 (has links)
Inicialmente, apresentam-se características de dispositivos eletrônicos conhecidos como PLLs (phase-locked loops). PLLs são amplamente empregados para se extrair sinais de tempo em canais de comunicação e em aplicações nas quais se deseja controle automático de freqüência. O objeto principal é estudar PLLs analógicos descritos por uma equação diferencial ordinária de terceira ordem. Assim, deduzem-se condições de estabilidade assintótica e identifica-se um regime de caos conservativo, que ocorre sob certas combinações de valores de parâmetros. Três métodos de controle não-linear/caótico são então apresentados e aplicados. Os métodos são os seguintes: o Método de Pyragas via realimentação de variável de estado; o Método de Pyragas com atraso temporal na realimentação; e o Método de Sinha, o qual efetua o controle perturbando um parâmetro do sistema. Simulações numéricas são levadas a cabo a fim de ilustrar o comportamento dinâmico do sistema quando sujeito à ação desses métodos. Este trabalho termina com um estudo de uma rede formada por uma cadeia de PLLs. Condições para soluções síncronas, periódicas e caóticas (dissipativas e conservativas) são deduzidas para tal rede. / Firstly, features of electronic devices known as PLLs (Phase-Locked Loops) are presented. PLLs are widely employed to extract time signals in communication channels and in applications where automatic control of frequency is desired. The main goal is to study analog PLLs described by a third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Thus, conditions for asymptotic stability are derived and a regime of conservative chaos occurring under certain combinations of parameter values is identified. Then, three methods of control of nonlinear/ chaotic dynamics are presented and applied. The methods are the following: the Pyragas method via feedback of state variable; the Pyragas method with time delay in the feedback; and the Sinhas method, which performs the control by disturbing a parameter of the system. Numerical simulations are accomplished in order to illustrate the dynamical behavior of the system when subjected to the action of these methods. This work ends with a study of a single-chain PLL network. Conditions for synchronous, periodic and chaotic (dissipative and conservative) solutions are derived for such a network.
104

Oscillation Control in CMOS Phase-Locked Loops

Terlemez, Bortecene 22 November 2004 (has links)
Recent advances in voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) design and the trend of CMOS processing indicate that the oscillator control is quickly becoming one of the forefront problems in high-frequency and low-phase-noise phase-locked loop (PLL) design. This control centric study explores the limitations and challenges in high-performance analog charge-pump PLLs when they are extended to multiple gigahertz applications. Several problems with performance enhancement and precise oscillator control using analog circuits in low-voltage submicron CMOS processes, coupled with the fact that analog (or semi-digital) oscillators having various advantages over their digitally controlled counterparts, prompted the proposal of the digitally-controlled phase-locked loop. This research, then, investigates a class of otherwise analog PLLs that use a digital control path for driving a current-controlled oscillator. For this purpose, a novel method for control digitization is described where trains of pulses code the phase/frequency comparison information rather than the duration of the pulses: Pulse-Stream Coded Phase-Locked Loop (psc-PLL). This work addresses issues significant to the design of future PLLs through a comparative study of the proposed digital control path topology and improved cutting-edge charge-pump PLLs.
105

Design of CMOS integrated phase-locked loops for multi-gigabits serial data links

Cheng, Shanfeng 25 April 2007 (has links)
High-speed serial data links are quickly gaining in popularity and replacing the conventional parallel data links in recent years when the data rate of communication exceeds one gigabits per second. Compared with parallel data links, serial data links are able to achieve higher data rate and longer transfer distance. This dissertation is focused on the design of CMOS integrated phase-locked loops (PLLs) and relevant building blocks used in multi-gigabits serial data link transceivers. Firstly, binary phase-locked loops (BPLLs, i.e., PLLs based on binary phase detectors) are modeled and analyzed. The steady-state behavior of BPLLs is derived with combined discrete-time and continuous-time analysis. The jitter performance characteristics of BPLLs are analyzed. Secondly, a 10 Gbps clock and data recovery (CDR) chip for SONET OC- 192, the mainstream standard for optical serial data links, is presented. The CDR is based on a novel referenceless dual-loop half-rate architecture. It includes a binary phase-locked loop based on a quad-level phase detector and a linear frequency-locked loop based on a linear frequency detector. The proposed architecture enables the CDR to achieve large locking range and small jitter generation at the same time. The prototype is implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS technology and consumes 250 mW under 1.8 V supply. The jitter generation is 0.5 ps-rms and 4.8 ps-pp. The jitter peaking and jitter tolerance performance exceeds the specifications defined by SONET OC-192 standard. Thirdly, a fully-differential divide-by-eight injection-locked frequency divider with low power dissipation is presented. The frequency divider consists of a four-stage ring of CML (current mode logic) latches. It has a maximum operating frequency of 18 GHz. The ratio of locking range over center frequency is up to 50%. The prototype chip is implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS technology and consumes 3.6 mW under 1.8 V supply. Lastly, the design and optimization techniques of fully differential charge pumps are discussed. Techniques are proposed to minimize the nonidealities associated with a fully differential charge pump, including differential mismatch, output current variation, low-speed glitches and high-speed glitches. The performance improvement brought by the techniques is verified with simulations of schematics designed in 0.35 μm CMOS technology.
106

Design of integrated frequency synthesizers and clock-data recovery for 60 GHz wireless communications

Barale, Francesco 26 August 2010 (has links)
In this dissertation, the development of the first 60 GHz-standard compatible fully integrated 4-channel phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer has been presented. The frequency synthesizer features third-order single loop architecture with completely integrated passive loop filter that does not require any additional external passive component. Two possible realizations of fully integrated clock and data recovery (CDR) circuits suitable for 60 GHz-standard compliant base band signal processing have been presented for the first time as well. The two CDRs have been optimized for either high data rate (3.456 Gb/s) or very low power consumption (5 mW) and they both work with a single 1 V supply. The frequency synthesizer is intended to generate a variable LO frequency in a fixed-IF heterodyne transceiver architecture. In such configuration the channel selection is implemented by changing the LO frequency by the required frequency step. This method avoids quadrature 50 GHz up/down-conversion thereby lowering the LO mixer design complexity and simplifying the LO distribution network. The measurement results show the PLL locking correctly on each of the four channels while consuming 60 mW from a 1 V power supply. The worst case phase noise is measured to be -80.1 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from the highest frequency carrier (56.16 GHz). The output spectrum shows a reference spur attenuation of -32 dBc. The high data rate CDR features a maximum operating data rate in excess of 3.456 Gb/s while consuming 30 mW of power. The low power CDR consumes only 5 mW and operates at a maximum data rate of 1.728 Gb/s. Over a 1.5 m 60 GHz wireless link, both CDRs allow 95% reduction of the pulse shaping generated input peak-to-peak jitter from 450 ps down to 50 ps.
107

Controle de caos em PLL de terceira ordem. / Control of chaos in third-order PLL.

Alexandre Coutinho Lisboa 31 July 2009 (has links)
Inicialmente, apresentam-se características de dispositivos eletrônicos conhecidos como PLLs (phase-locked loops). PLLs são amplamente empregados para se extrair sinais de tempo em canais de comunicação e em aplicações nas quais se deseja controle automático de freqüência. O objeto principal é estudar PLLs analógicos descritos por uma equação diferencial ordinária de terceira ordem. Assim, deduzem-se condições de estabilidade assintótica e identifica-se um regime de caos conservativo, que ocorre sob certas combinações de valores de parâmetros. Três métodos de controle não-linear/caótico são então apresentados e aplicados. Os métodos são os seguintes: o Método de Pyragas via realimentação de variável de estado; o Método de Pyragas com atraso temporal na realimentação; e o Método de Sinha, o qual efetua o controle perturbando um parâmetro do sistema. Simulações numéricas são levadas a cabo a fim de ilustrar o comportamento dinâmico do sistema quando sujeito à ação desses métodos. Este trabalho termina com um estudo de uma rede formada por uma cadeia de PLLs. Condições para soluções síncronas, periódicas e caóticas (dissipativas e conservativas) são deduzidas para tal rede. / Firstly, features of electronic devices known as PLLs (Phase-Locked Loops) are presented. PLLs are widely employed to extract time signals in communication channels and in applications where automatic control of frequency is desired. The main goal is to study analog PLLs described by a third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Thus, conditions for asymptotic stability are derived and a regime of conservative chaos occurring under certain combinations of parameter values is identified. Then, three methods of control of nonlinear/ chaotic dynamics are presented and applied. The methods are the following: the Pyragas method via feedback of state variable; the Pyragas method with time delay in the feedback; and the Sinhas method, which performs the control by disturbing a parameter of the system. Numerical simulations are accomplished in order to illustrate the dynamical behavior of the system when subjected to the action of these methods. This work ends with a study of a single-chain PLL network. Conditions for synchronous, periodic and chaotic (dissipative and conservative) solutions are derived for such a network.
108

Sincronismo em redes mestre-escravo de via-única: estrela simples, cadeia simples e mista. / One-way master-slave synchronization networks: single star, single chain and mixed.

Carlos Nehemy Marmo 31 July 2003 (has links)
Neste trabalho, são estudados os problemas de sincronismo de fase nas redes mestre-escravo de via única (OWMS), nas topologias Estrela Simples, Cadeia Simples e mista, através da Teoria Qualitativa de Equações Diferenciais, com ênfase no Teorema da Variedade Central. Através da Teoria das Bifurcações, analisa-se o comportamento dinâmico das malhas de sincronismo de fase (PLL) de segunda ordem que compõem cada rede, frente às variações nos seus parâmetros constitutivos. São utilizadas duas funções de excitação muito comuns na prática: o degrau e a rampa de fase, aplicadas pelo nó mestre. Em cada caso, discute-se a existência e a estabilidade do estado síncrono. A existência de pontos de equilíbrio não-hiperbólicos, não permite uma aproximação linear, e nesses casos é aplicado o Teorema da Variedade Central. Através dessa rigorosa técnica de simplificação de sistemas dinâmicos é possível fazer uma aproximação homeomórfica em torno desses pontos, preservando a orientação no espaço de fases. Desse modo, é possível determinar, localmente, suas estabilidades. / This work presents stability analysis of the syncronous state for three types of one-way master-slave time distribution network topologies: single star, single chain and both of them, mixed. Using bifurcation theory, the dynamical behavior of second-order phase-locked loops employed to extract the syncronous state in each node is analyzed in function of the constitutive parameters. Two usual inputs, the step and the ramp phase pertubations, are supposed to appear in the master node and, in each case, the existence and stability of the syncronous state are studied. For parameter combinations resulting in non hyperbolic synchronous states, the linear approximation does not provide any information, even about the local behaviour of the system. In this case, the center manifold theorem permits the construction of an equivalent vector field representing the asymptotic behaviour of the original system in the neighborhood of these points. Thus, the local stability can be determined.
109

Método para determinação dos pesos sinápticos em uma rede de PLLs reconhecedora de imagens

Kunyosi, Marcos Kleber Soares 11 September 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Kleber Soares Kunyosi.pdf: 2418852 bytes, checksum: ab6795f8d39445430da1eca23e865c56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-11 / Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie / Recognition of patterns can be performed by using neural networks built with oscillators, like phase-locked loops (PLLs). These networks are modeled with differential equation systems and can be studied by using Dynamical System Theory, which is used in this work in order to investigate the dynamical behavior related to a synaptic configuration of a neural network. As a result of such an investigation, two methods (Brute Force and Algebric) that help to build neural networks formed by PLLs are presented. These methods aim to relate the synaptic configuration of the network to the corresponding basin of attraction of fixed points, which represent the stored patterns on the network. Also general properties of synaptic configuration are presented in order to generate other useful configurations. Then a model of an image recognition machine able to store in its memory a monochromatic image and able to determine if other image is similar to the memorized one is proposed. / Reconhecimento de padrões pode ser feito usando redes neurais construídas com osciladores, como malhas de sincronismo de fase (PLLs). Essas redes são modeladas por sistemas de equações diferenciais e podem ser estudas pela Teoria de Sistemas Dinâmicos, que é usada neste trabalho para investigar o comportamento dinâmico associado a uma configuração sináptica de uma rede neural. Como resultado dessa investigação, são apresentados dois métodos (Força Bruta e Algébrico) que auxiliam na construção de redes neurais formadas por PLLs. Esses métodos têm como objetivo relacionar a configuração sináptica da rede às respectivas bacias de atração de pontos atratores, os quais representam os padrões memorizados na rede. Também são apresentadas propriedades gerais da configuração sináptica que podem ser usadas para compor outras configurações de interesse. Por fim, é proposto um modelo de máquina reconhecedora de imagem capaz de armazenar em sua memória uma figura monocromática e determinar se uma imagem qualquer apresentada a ela é semelhante à memorizada.
110

Design and Optimization of Components in a 45nm CMOS Phase Locked Loop

Sarivisetti, Gayathri 12 1900 (has links)
A novel scheme of optimizing the individual components of a phase locked loop (PLL) which is used for stable clock generation and synchronization of signals is considered in this work. Verilog-A is used for the high level system design of the main components of the PLL, followed by the individual component wise optimization. The design of experiments (DOE) approach to optimize the analog, 45nm voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is presented. Also a mixed signal analysis using the analog and digital Verilog behavior of components is studied. Overall a high level system design of a PLL, a systematic optimization of each of its components, and an analog and mixed signal behavioral design approach have been implemented using cadence custom IC design tools.

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