Seit nunmehr 30 Jahren hat die Islamische Republik Iran Bestand, doch noch immer dauern Debatten über die Einordnung des politischen Systems an. Handelt es sich um ein autoritäres oder totalitäres Regime oder gar um eine neue Form islamischer Herrschaft? Die Beantwortung der Frage ist nicht nur für die Wissenschaft von Relevanz; sie ist von hoher politischer Aktualität. In zehn Beiträgen von deutschen und iranischen Autoren wird das politische System der Islamischen Republik anhand seiner Geschichte, seines Institutionengefüges, seiner gesellschaftlichen Kräfte sowie seiner Außenbeziehungen analysiert und in das regionale Gefüge eingeordnet. Ergänzt werden die Artikel durch Schaubilder und Statistiken sowie durch eine Zeittafel und ein Glossar mit den wichtigsten Begrifflichkeiten.

"Furthermore, the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) has been proposed as a key element of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The APRM is said to be the most remarkable innovation in the AU and the NEPAD framework designed to promote good governance and human rights. Its central purpose is to ensure the compliance of African states with the standards and practices of governance contained in the Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance (Durban Declaration). Although the APRM has been welcomed by a large number of development actors, there are also some doubts as to this mechanism working in the context of Africa. One of the main reasons for such reservations is that peer review on political governance has never been tested elsewhere before. ... The study is structured into five chapters. This first chapter serves as an introduction and has described the context of this paper by giving the background and general structure of the paper. Chapter two will briefly define the notion of peer review, highligting the founding context and the process of the APRM itself. This summary is necessary for a proper understanding of the paper. Chapter three will endeavor to point out the human rights aspects in the APRM, that is, the substance and potential of the mechanism for human rights protection and promotion, including references to international human rights instruments. Chapter four is a proposal for giving the APRM the best prospect for success; this will include adopting a 'population-based approach', meaning that the citizens are central part and owners of the process of the evaluation of government policies. Such ownership should produce a more realistic evaluation of the outcomes of public policies. Finally, chapter five will conclude this study by providing some recommendations as to how to ensure that APRM is a tool that guarantees human rights." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / Prepared under the supervision of Doctor Enid Hill, Chair of the Department of Political Science, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This descriptive case study builds on Johnsson’s (2017) The Strategic Colonels. It aims to further the understanding of the military as a political actor by studying the discretion of naval commanders. It mainly contributes by adding a naval perspective to the research on policy implementation.The study is based on Lipsky’s (2010) theory of policy implementation and supplemented with Adler’s (2001) theory of governance, which is used to include the moral dimension of discretion emphasised by Burk (2009). The study uses public documents and in-depth interviews to examine the discretion of Swedish naval commanders during the ongoing national sea surveillance operation and the contributionsto the UNIFIL and the EUNAVFOR-S.The study partly confirms the result of Johnsson (2017) by showing that naval commanders had greater discretion during international operations than during national operations. Nationally, however, naval commanders had greater discretion than expected. In addition, the study shows that moral factors limit discretion both nationally and internationally, which implies that there are previously underestimated obstacles and opportunities for policy implementation.

The aim of the thesis is to find how far the curriculum, used as a tool for political governance, reaches, in particular the preschool teachers and the preschool principal. The authors of this thesis aim to investigate if a certain identity of a teacheris considered desirablein the curriculum. With the curriculum ́s concept of teaching set as a starting platform, in relation to the teacher’s perception of the concept teaching, investigations are made to find out about the attitude towards the concept. The issue of the thesis is: How is the concept teaching described in the proposal for the new curriculum for preschools? What kind of attributes to a teacher is considered desirable, with the new curriculum? What notions and attitudes do the teachers have, towards the new concept of teachingin preschools? This thesis was made, using a qualitative method. Interviews have been made with the preschool principal and the preschool teachers, for the purpose of understanding and interpret their beliefs regarding the concept teaching. Analyses and interpretations have been undertaken about how the concept teaching is described in the new curriculum, for this purpose an idea analysis was used. The theoretical terms used in this thesis are Wahlström ́s definition of reform and makt (reform and power). Lidensjö and Lundgren ́s definition of styrbarhet and ostyrbarhet (ability to perform political governance and inability to perform political governance). Jan Morawskis definition of kontroll and frihet (control and freedom). These definitions give an enhanced understanding for the efficiency of the new reform in terms of reaching the targeted audience; the teachers. The result of the thesis indicates that the new curriculum is unclear when showing how the aim of the teaching will be achieved. Neither is it stated, what kind of conditions the teacher can claim to fulfill the mission of teaching, or how the task can be distributed within teacher work groups. The perception of the ideal teacher identity, when considering the curriculum includes, a flexible, subject knowledgeable and democratic leader. The descriptions of the concept teaching, taken from the interviews were not consistent. The concept was thought of as elevating the status of the profession but was at the same time considered firmly connected to school. The concept seemed lacking accuracy in the curriculum of both the preschool principal and the teachers, to affect the daily teaching.

Syftet med denna studie var att belysa enhetschefernas uppfattning av sitt ledarskap i rollen som enhetschef inom socialt arbete. För att besvara syftet har sju halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med enhetschefer verksamma inom hemtjänsten. Empirin har analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt ledarskapsteorier, rollteori och tidigare forskning kring ledarskap inom socialt arbete. Vår studie fann att enhetscheferna använder sig av ett anpassat ledarskap för att hantera en kravfylld verksamhet. De har en position som innebär krav och förväntningar från olika håll, de upplever sig ha många arbetsområden vilka präglar deras ledarskap. Informanterna var dock medvetna om sina förutsättningar inom organisationen och hur dessa spelar in sen när de hanterar sin roll. Utbildningen tycks vara en faktor som enligt enhetscheferna krävs för ett bra ledarskap då den bidrar till en trygghet och förståelse för processen. Resultatet indikerar också att enhetscheferna arbetar utefter vad som passar utifrån deras personlighet. / The aim of this study is to highlight the head of sections managers perception of their leadership as section director in social work. To come to these conclusions, seven interviews were conducted with section managers for the home care. Analyses and research were done on the interviews using leadership theories, role theory and previous research on leadership in social work. Our study found that the section managers have a customized leadership in a demanding occupation. Their position involve demands and expectations from different sources. All those interviewed experienced that they have multiple areas of work which characterized their leadership. They described the awareness of their prerequisites in organization and how it affects them in their role. Education is a factor to considered necessary for good leadership because it contributes to security and understanding of the process. The results also indicated that the managers work according to their personality

Der Umstieg auf erneuerbare Energien und die damit notwendigerweise verbundenen Veränderungen der bestehenden ökonomischen, technischen und sozialen Systeme wird immer wieder als Generationenaufgabe beschrieben – einer Aufgabe, die langfristiges Handeln und Entscheiden verlangt. Allerdings sind weder das politische noch das wirtschaftliche System bisher auf ein derart komplex langfristiges Handeln ausgelegt. Während zu den handlungszwingenden Erfordernissen in der Politik schnelle, die Legitimation wie auch die Wiederwahlchancen steigernde Erfolge zählen, ist die Wirtschaft vor allem an Effizienz und Gewinn orientiert. Das führt dazu, dass die im Grundsatz technisch realisierbare Energiewende vor allem an kurz- bis mittelfristigen politischen wie wirtschaftlichen Erfolgskriterien ausgerichtet ist und langfristige Belange wie bspw. Fragen der Ökologie und der Nachhaltigkeit eine nur nachgeordnete Bedeutung besitzen. Die Arbeit geht deshalb der Frage nach, wie und in welcher Form Langfristigkeit in Bezug auf Politik und politisches Steuerungshandeln erzeugt, sichergestellt und/oder aufrechterhalten werden kann. Dabei wird eine institutionalistische Perspektive eingenommen. Die gesamt Untersuchung stützt sich auf einen fokussierten Paarvergleich differenzanalytischer Art von qualitativen Fallstudien zur energiepolitischen Steuerung in Deutschland und Großbritannien im Zeitraum von 1989 bis 2017.

Introduktion: Valet av gymnasieskola, vilken skola och program en elev väljer att studera vid, är ett val alla i årskurs nio i Sverige måste ta. Ett av dessa val är om eleven ska studera vid en kommunal eller fristående skola. Idag verkar inte skillnaderna vara så stora som de var i början av 90-talet, så finns det ens några skillnader mellan en kommunal och en fristående gymnasieskola idag? Givetvis finns det många faktorer i skolans värld som går att jämföra, men vi har valt att fokusera på ekonomistyrning och ledarskap. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och öka förståelsen för vilka skillnader det finns inom ekonomistyrning och ledarskap på gymnasieskolor med olika huvudmän, samt att se om det finns något samband mellan ekonomistyrningen och ledarskapet. Metod: Vi använder oss av en deduktiv ansats i uppsatsen eftersom vi har utgått ifrån kända teorier och ett antal hypoteser som vi testat mot den insamlade empirin. Teorierna ledde till de observationer och resultat vi fått fram i studien. Vi har också använt oss av flermetodsforskning, huvudsakligen är detta en kvalitativ studie men den kompletteras av en kvantitativ metod. Studien utformas som en fallstudie och vi undersöker fyra fall. Insamling av data till denna studie gjordes genom intervjuer och enkäter. Slutsats: Gällande de fall vi har undersökt kan vi se att det inte finns några större skillnader mellan kommunala och fristående gymnasieskolor inom ekonomistyrning och ledarskap. Den största skillnaden är den politiska styrningen, annars kopplas variationerna mer till den enskilda individen och inte till huvudmän. Slutsatserna som vi har dragit i denna uppsats kan inte generaliseras eftersom studien gjordes på så få fall. En större och djupare studie behövs för att kunna generalisera resultaten.

Bakgrund: Till följd av en förändrad marknadssituation blir tidigare differentieringsverktyg snabbt till standardiserade normer och idag pressas företags vinstmarginaler hårt. Lean har länge applicerats i tillverkningsindustrin i syfte att uppnå en ökad effektivitet och samtidigt växer intresset för tjänstefiering, en omställning som ämnar skapa en värdeökning i företags kunderbjudanden. Respektive koncept antas kunna stärka ett tillverkningsföretags position på marknaden, men trots en ökad kombinerad tillämpning av koncepten i praktiken finns det få forskare som har studerat kombinationen. För företagsledare kan det tänkas viktigt att få svar på om koncepten går att samordna utan problem eller om en avvägning krävs. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utifrån ett verksamhetsstyrningsperspektiv beskriva kompatibiliteten mellan lean och tjänstefiering i tillverkningsindustrin, för att identifiera betydelsefulla aspekter att beakta vid en kombinerad tillämpning av lean och tjänstefiering. Metod: Med ett deskriptivt fenomenologiskt perspektiv samt en kvalitativ strategi har studien sökt att besvara syftet genom en enfallsstudie. Empirisk data har främst samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer som har genomförts med åtta anställda i ledande positioner, men även genom vissa dokumentstudier samt observationer. Genomgående är studien uppbyggd kring tolv beslutskategorier inom verksamhetsstyrning, vilka har styrt insamlingen av både teoretisk och empirisk data samt har fungerat som utgångspunkt för studiens analys. Slutsats: Studien redogör för en hög kompatibilitet mellan lean och tjänstefiering, vilket i synnerhet bygger på en gemensam utgångspunkt i kundvärde. Samtidigt presenteras flertalet motstridiga samt gynnsamma aspekter att ta hänsyn till vid en samordning av koncepten och dessutom identifieras aspekter som visar på potentiella samverkande effekter. Dessa resultat kan tänkas vara värdefulla för företag och företagsledare som står inför denna kombination av managementkoncept, men antas även bidra till den påbörjade forskningen inom området. / Introduction: When in ninth grade, students in Sweden must make choices of which upper secondary school and which study programme to attend. Included in these choices is whether the student is going to attend a public school or a private school. The differences between the two kinds of schools does not seem to be as big nowadays as they were in the early 1990s, so the question is: are there any differences left between public and private schools? There are of course many factors in the school environment that can be compared and analysed, but we have chosen to focus on management control and leadership. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate and increase the understanding of the differences there might be between public and private upper secondary schools regarding management control and leadership, as well as to see whether there are any relations between management control and leadership. Method: We used a deductive approach when working on this paper, since we used known theories and a number of hypotheses that we later tested against the collected empirics.The theories led to the observations and the results that we obtained in the study. We carried out a multimethod research. The main focus was on the qualitative approach that we complemented with the quantitative approach. The data collection for this paper was done through interviews and surveys. Conclusion: Regarding the cases we have investigated, we can see that there are no major differences between public and private upper secondary schools when it comes to management control and leadership. The biggest difference is the political governance. Other variations observed are more connected to individuals than to the responsible authority. However, the conclusions we have drawn in this paper cannot be generalised since the study was based on solely a few cases. A larger and deeper study is required to generalise the results.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3881.pdf: 1267997 bytes, checksum: 65ebb6411824036431ba308e3701910f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / This thesis analyses the political nature inherent to the development work done by Sebrae s working system. The research establishes a dialogue between philosophy and political sociology, resulting in the creating a political development definition, from the concepts of Political governance (increase of the public spaces of power; power as a key element of the Policy; associacionism and contesting), political capital (the importance of trust to build social capital; political recruitment and political inclusion: formation of new political leaders) and autogovern (empowerment; protagonism and responsiveness). We also analyse the performance of Sebrae in the area of public politics and its Sebrae s reposture as an agent of local and sectorial development, factors that consolidate its institutional role and corroborate the hypothesis of the research about the implications of the acting of this institution in the political development. / Esta tese analisa a natureza política inerente ao trabalho de desenvolvimento promovido pelo Serviço de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas de Goiás (Sebrae/GO), usado como estudo de caso. A pesquisa estabelece um diálogo entre a Filosofia e a Sociologia política, tendo como foco a elaboração de uma definição de Desenvolvimento Político a partir dos conceitos de governança política (ampliação dos espaços públicos de poder; associacionismo e cooperação e contestação), capital político (a importância da confiança para a formação do capital social; recrutamento político e a inclusão política: formação de novos líderes políticos) e autogoverno (empoderamento; protagonismo e responsividade). Analisamos, também, a atuação do Sebrae na área de políticas públicas e seu reposicionamento como uma agência de desenvolvimento local e setorial, fatores que fortalecem seu papel institucional e corroboram a hipótese da pesquisa quanto às implicações da atuação do Sebrae na promoção do desenvolvimento político.

The principle of keeping culture at arm’s length from politicians has been a long-standing tradition in Swedish cultural politics but has recently become more of a salient political issue. Municipalities is one level of government that handles a large part of the public funding of cultural activities but has no constitutional protection implementing this principle, instead it is implemented through upheld local norms and individual politician respect for the principle. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a previously unstudied aspect in Swedish cultural governance. What types of microsteering strategies are used in governing local Cultural and Recreational Committees and how do public officials view those strategies. This is done through interviewing different Head Administrative Officers and Head of Department officials in Cultural and Recreational Committees in different municipalities and analysed through the analytical framework of microsteering, developed by Jacobsson, Pierre and Sundström.