<p>This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism.</p><p>The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]_N, [N/A/Adv/PV]_N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]_N and [VN]_N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct.</p><p>The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A compounds and V-<i>ant</i>, V-<i>eur</i> and V-<i>oir</i>(<i>e</i>) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.</p>

This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.

This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.

This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.

Material addicional: http://hdl.handle.net/10230/6325 / La tesi, en el marc de la Teoria Comunicativa de la Terminologia (TCT), es proposa observar els elements d'activació del valor terminològic en els verbs fraseològics del discurs especialitzat. Es descriuen, a diferents nivells, la sintaxi i la semàntica de verbs fraseològics d'ús comú i freqüents en textos d'economia i de genòmica, i es detecten diferències i semblances en el seu comportament en ambdós discursos d'especialitat per establir tendències.A partir de les anàlisis, identifiquem les construccions verbals mínimes que són unitats de coneixement especialitzat (UCE) i observem si els verbs que fan de nucli sintàctic d'aquests sintagmes sofreixen canvis semàntics en els contextos especialitzats. Alhora, reinterpretem la proposta de factors d'activació d'Adelstein (2007) per als verbs, i confirmem empíricament diversos supòsits de la TCT sobre la polisèmia.La tesi consta de tres parts: els fonaments de la recerca, l'anàlisi sintacticosemàntica del corpus, i els resultats i conclusions. / La tesis, en el marco de la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT), se propone observar los elementos de activación del valor terminológico en los verbos fraseológicos del discurso especializado. Se describe, a distintos niveles, la sintaxis y la semántica de los verbos fraseológicos de uso común y frecuentes en textos de economía y de genómica, y se detectan diferencias y similitudes en su comportamiento en ambos discursos de especialidad para establecer tendencias.A partir de los análisis, identificamos las construcciones verbales mínimas que son unidades de conocimiento especializado (UCE) y observamos si los verbos que funcionan como núcleo sintáctico de estos sintagmas sufren cambios semánticos en los contextos especializados. Asimismo, reinterpretamos la propuesta de factores de activación de Adelstein (2007) para los verbos, y confirmamos empíricamente distintos supuestos de la TCT sobre la polisemia.La tesis consta de tres partes: los fundamentos de la investigación, el análisis sintacticosemántico del corpus, i los resultados y conclusiones. / This thesis, within the frame of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT), aims at observing the terminological-value activating elements of phraseological verbs in specialized discourse. Syntax and Semantics of common use and frequent phraseological verbs in Economy and Genomic texts are described at different levels, and differences and similarities in their behavior in both domain discourses are detected to establish tendencies.From the analysis, we identify the minimal verbal constructions working as specialized knowledge units (SKU) and we observe if the verbs being the syntactic core of these groups suffer semantic changes in specialized contexts. Moreover, we reinterpret for verbs the activation factors proposal by Adelstein (2007, and we empirically confirm different assumptions of CTT on polysemy.The thesis has three parts: the basis of the research, the syntax-semantic analysis of the corpus, and the results and conclusions

Esta tesis describe la variación conceptual en terminología. Entendemos por variación conceptual el proceso cognitivo que conduce a cambios graduales en un concepto y se manifiesta lingüística y semánticamente en grados diferentes de equivalencia entre los sentidos de una unidad léxica o entre los sentidos de sus variantes léxico-semánticas. Este estudio se basa en los fundamentos de la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT) (Cabré, 1999), en la teoría del término (Averboukh, 2005) y en la teoría de variación léxico-semántica (Karcevski, 1926 en Zviagintsev (ed.), 1965; Kury³owicz, 1955; Vinogradov, 1944; Smirnitsky, 1954; Ajmanova, 1957/2004; Nikitin 1974; Shmelev 1973/2008; Ufimtseva: 1986/2002; Solntsev, 1984, 1998, entre otros). Es un trabajo teórico, descriptivo y cualitativo que combina los postulados de la lingüística estructural y cognitiva y dos perspectivas del análisis del léxico: la semasiológica y la onomasiológica. La parte empírica de este estudio se basa en el método de estudio de casos e incluye el análisis de tres tipos de casos. En el caso A se comprueba que la situación prototípica de una acción nombrada por una unidad léxica nominal deverbal se proyecta en otros tipos de situaciones, conservando el Esquema nuclear o concepto básico. En el caso B se constata que una unidad léxica potencialmente polisémica actualiza diferentes significados y sentidos en el discurso especializado con dos tipos de relación entre ellos: intersección (polisemia irregular interdominio o intradominio) e inclusión (polisemia regular intradominio o interdominio). Se demuestra también que el comportamiento sintáctico y semántico del término en el discurso puede revelar pistas de la variación conceptual del mismo. Y en el caso C se demuestra que los expertos conceptualizan y categorizan sus objetos de estudio de maneras diversas, usando diversas estrategias cognitivas en los discursos que construyen. / This thesis describes conceptual variation in Terminology. By conceptual variation we understand the cognitive process leading up to gradual changes in a concept and which can be observed in different degrees of equivalence among senses of a lexical unit or among senses of the related lexical-semantic variants in discourse.This study is based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (Cabré, 1999), the Theory of the Term (Averboukh, 2005), and the Theory of Lexical-Semantic Variation (Karcevski, 1926 in Zviagintsev (ed.), 1965; Kury³owicz, 1955; Vinogradov, 1944; Smirnitsky, 1954; Ajmanova, 1957/2004; Nikitin 1974; Shmelev 1973/2008; Ufimtseva: 1986/2002; Solntsev, 1984, 1998, etc.). It is a theoretical, descriptive, and qualitative study, which combines principles of Structural and Cognitive Linguistics and the semasiological and onomasiological perspectives of lexical analysis. The empirical part of the research consists of three cases following the case study methodology.In Case A, we see that the prototypical situation of an action named by a deverbal noun is mapped onto different kinds of situations preserving the Nuclear Scheme or basic concept. In Case B, it is proven that a potentially polysemic lexical unit activates various meanings and senses in specialized discourse, thus establishing two types of relations between them: intersection (inter- and intradomain irregular polysemy) and inclusion (inter- and intradomain regular polysemy). It is also demonstrated that the syntactic and semantic behaviour of terminological units in discourse can provide clues about conceptual variation. In Case C, it is confirmed that experts conceptualize and categorize their objects of study in different ways and construe their discourse using different cognitive strategies.

Cognitive linguists posit that language as a system of meaning is closely related to cognition and to the associated perceptual and physiological structures of the body. From the cognitive semantic viewpoint, cognitive processes underpin and motivate linguistic phenomena such as categorisation, polysemy, metaphor, metonymy and image schemas. The pedagogical implication of the cognitive semantic perspective is that understanding these cognitive motivations facilitates language learning. This dissertation uses an applied cognitive semantic approach to `make sense' of a traditional knowledge system, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM views human physiology as a holistic and dynamic system that exemplifies the same principles as the cosmos-environment. TCM models result in a categorisation of physiological phenomena based on a complex system of experiential and cosmological correspondences. I suggest that the holistic epistemology of cognitive linguistics is well suited to an understanding of these holistic models. From a pedagogical viewpoint, I argue that an analysis of the cognitive motivations which underpin TCM categorisations and the polysemy of some key TCM terms can help the student make sense of TCM as a meaningful system of thought and practice. Both the theoretical and applied approaches explored in this dissertation should have relevance to other traditional knowledge systems, particularly traditional medical systems. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

本研究以「意」的雙字詞彙為主要研究範圍，由詞彙內部結構及上下文切入以釐清「意」的多義現象。前人關於「意」的多義現象討論不多，僅有歷時的探源研究、與內在身體部位「心」的比較以及心理學認識活動的相關論述，至今尚未有關於「意」之共時性語料庫研究。於彙整《中文詞彙網路2.0》與《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》中「意」的義項，並清楚制定「認知」、「情感」、「意志」三個語意類別後，本研究分析了《中央研究院現代漢語平衡語料庫4.0》一千萬詞條版本中的相關語料。研究結果包含了兩個面向的討論：「意」的詞彙內部結構和語意分佈之間的關係以及「意」的意象圖式。 首先，研究發現「意」在構詞上屬於名詞性黏著詞根詞素，可同時作為詞在句子中自由移動的情形不多；「意」在語意上則屬於「心理集合名詞」，而心理集合名詞為一多義詞素，詞彙語意的完整有賴其共現成分。其次，「＊意」結構的詞類包含了名詞、狀態動詞、動作動詞、副詞四種詞類，而「意＊」結構僅包含名詞、狀態動詞、動作動詞三種。其中，「＊意」的構詞能力較「意＊」強，語意分佈上則皆以「意志」類為主。 最後，從雙音詞的上下文中發掘了「意」的三條刺激反應路徑，統整出「意」的意象圖式，得知「意」的雙字詞多用於「報導」方面。若刺激類別為「文章/話語」或「外在景色」通常由「當局經驗者」報導概念內涵或刺激為其帶來之感覺，若刺激類別為「人際客體」則通常由「旁觀經驗者」報導當局經驗者理解概念之過程、心理狀態或意志狀態。華語教師在講解「意」之詞彙時，可透過解釋其共現成分之詞意為學生建立語意類別的概念，亦可運用刺激類別及報導的方式讓學生知道「意」的雙音詞使用上的差別。 關鍵字： 「意」、多義名詞、詞彙內部結構、意象圖式、中研院現代漢語平衡語料庫 / Key word: Yi4,polysemy, word component structure, image schema, Mandarin Corpus This thesis reports the polysemous usage of the disyllabic words containing Yi4 ‘meaning’ with the emphasis on their internal structure and co-text. Previous studies on Mandarin polysemy Yi4 mostly focused on the classic manuscripts, the comparison between Xin1 ‘heart’ and Yi4 ‘meaning’, or the philosophical system of knowing. However, none of them was based on real texts from the corpus. Based on the senses taken from the Chinese Wordnet 2.0 and the Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, we categorized the usage of Yi4 as FEELING, COGNITION and INTENTION. Using these as the criteria, we analyzed the data from the Sinica Corpus 4.0. The results were discussed based on two aspects, the interrelationship between the internal structures and meaning distribution, and the image schema of Yi4. For the internal structures, we discovered that Yi4 serves not only as a bound-root morpheme at the syntactical level but also as a semantically polysemous psycho-collection morpheme which needs the co-occurred morpheme to fulfill its word meaning. We also found that most instances in both ‘X+Yi4’ and ‘Yi4+X’ structures belong to INTENTION, and these include nouns, action verbs, and stative verbs. However, only the ‘X+Yi4’ structure, with its stronger word-forming ability, contains adverbial use. In addition to internal structures, for the analysis of co-texts, we came up with the image schema of Yi4 which contains three stimulus-response routes. If the stimulus is article/speech/scenery, Yi4 tends to have a direct experiencer conducting a first-hand report about his/her feeling. If the stimulus comes from a human body, Yi4 prefers having an indirect experiencer conducting a second-hand report about the direct experiencer’s emotion, cognitive process or willing. Finally, this thesis also offers some pedagogical suggestions and application based on the findings.

Les verbes de position sont décrits du point de vue d'une invariance mise au point pour chacun d'entre eux en fonction de la diversité des contextes dans laquelle on les trouve. Cela conduit d'une part à considérer que dans certains contextes leur sens n'est pas inutile au contenu informatif de l'énoncé et qu'il n'est pas équivalent à celui d'un verbe d'existence. Au contraire, l'emploi d'un verbe de position par un locuteur correspond à un choix motivé par la désignation de quelque chose de plus que l'être ou la présence du sujet. D'autre part, cette invariance mène à distinguer clairement le fonctionnement sémantique de chacun de ces verbes alors qu'ils semblent entrer en concurrence lorsqu'ils apparaissent dans des contextes visiblement similaires. / Posture verbs are described from the perspective of an invariance developed for each of them according to the diversity of the contexts where they can be found. It conduces, on the one hand, to consider that in some contexts their meaning is not ancillary to the informative content of the statement, and that it is not equivalent to the meaning of a being verb. In fact, the use of a posture verb by a speaker refers to a choice motivated by something more than the being or the presence of the subject. On the other hand, this invariance facilitates clear distinction of the semantical function of each of these verbs, while they may seem to have the same meaning, when they occur in contexts which seem similar at first glance.

In Norstedts Comprehensive English-Swedish Dictionary (2000) it is said that the numbered list of senses under each headword is frequency ordered. Thus, the aim of this study is to see whether this frequency order of senses agrees with the frequencies appearing in the British National Corpus (BNC). Five English, polysemous verbs were studied. For each verb, a simple search in the corpus was carried out, displaying 50 random occurrences. Each collocate was encoded with the most compatible sense from the numbered list of senses in the dictionary. The encoded tokens were compiled and listed in frequency order. This list was compared to the dictionary's list of senses. Only two of the verbs reached agreement between the highest ranked dictionary sense and the most frequent sense in the BNC simple search. None of the verbs' dictionary orders agreed completely with the emerged frequency order of the corpus occurrences, why complementary collocational learning is advocated.