The purpose of this study was to illustrate the perception on multi-storey construction with structural timber of four categories of respondents connected to three specific case studies in Sweden. A qualitative approach was implemented with interviews of the respondents in order to investigate perceptions of mainly problems and attitudes. Results from the study showed a positive attitude towards wood as a general building material as well as a structural frame-work material for multi-storey buildings from all categories of respondents. Problems were mostly mentioned from respondents in phases of planning and production. The most commonly mentioned problems were the lack in experience and knowledge, the costs, the weather protection and the strictness regarding moisture. The end-users stated commonly that they did not experience any issues. Although the most commonly mentioned perception of problems was the flutter in the structure from wind. From the perception of estate managing, the frame-work material did not matter too much. The estate managing had to adapt to given condition no matter what type of material. Wood in the framework did not present more problems than any other material. Additional findings showed that a majority of respondents in all groups of stakeholders shared the perception that the method will have a positive growth and development for the future. When considering sustainability aspects it was a common perception that wood frames offer benefits in environmental sustainability and social sustainability for both work and living environment. Research limitations from this study constituted of the small selection and limited range of case studies and, derived from this, the small amount of interview respondents. Practical implications from the study showed that focus on problem solving should be about increasing experience and knowledge in the building sector and increasing cost effectiveness. The study presented perceptions from informed respondents from different categories involved in three different case studies. The results of this study can be used to present, confirm and invalidate current perceptions of problems with multi-storey buildings with structural timber. This in order to establish future measures for development.

Beslutsunderlag för nya resecentrum Norrköping i samband med den nya järnvägen Ostlänken. Detta arbete utgör en del av det beslutsunderlag som Norrköpings kommun tagit fram i samband med det nya resecentrumet. Rapporten avhandlar uppbyggandet av en 3d-modell av resecentrumet i 3ds-max samt enkel visualisering i Lumion 3D. Arbetet avhandlar också användandet av interaktiv visualisering som en del av tidig planeringsprocess. Interaktiv visualisering innebär att modeller byggs upp på plats istället för att bollas mellan parter Användandet av interaktiv visualisering har positiva effekter på bland annat samarbete, interaktion mellan beställare och konsulter samt för inlevelsen i hur olika designer påverkar rummet. Det sparar även tid genom att beslut om ett förslag kan tas snabbare än om man skulle bolla förslag mellan parter. Den lindrar också inlåsningseffekter, att man fastnar i en design. Tidiga modeller gör det också lättare för konsulter att tolka olika förslag och som ett komplement till traditionella 2d-ritningar.

Purpose: Production and utilization of buildings contributes immensely to global carbon dioxide emissions. The construction sector today accounts for over a third of global energy use will increase as the world population increases. According to the EU Directive from 2010, all new buildings in EU member countries as of December 31, 2020 are to be classified as near-zero energy buildings (NZEB). The goal is to investigate the various energy-affecting measures of the involved architects, structural engineers and planners that can improve the energy performance of a kindergarten to be closer to near-zero and identify obstacles that make it more difficult to achieve NZEB. Method: The investigation strategies for the project are qualitative methods in the form of semi-structured interviews with architects, planners and ventilation engineers for six different kindergartens. The interviews were conducted by telephone in which the questions were sent in advance to those interviewed. Mail interviews were conducted early on which resulted in either short answers or not answers at all. The energy performance documents of the different kindergartens were analyzed to get information about the different energy performances. Findings: The result does not contain a solution as to what the near-zero energy definition is or how to define it, but is more like guidance concerning what factors you can influence to get closer to near-zero energy for a kindergarten. Recurring problems surfacing in the interviews is that not all the involved roles have been able to influence predetermined choices of shape and space that, among other things, contribute to a limited space for services that planners are having difficulty influencing afterwards. Implications: The result helps contribute to making sure buildings are built in a more energy-efficient way and by such reducing the construction sector's share of the global energy consumption. The building's energy efficiency may not contribute to poor indoor climate in such a way that it affects children's health in a negative manner. This results in a need for careful planning where all parties can contribute with their best energy efficiency solutions without being too limited by the architectural constraints of shape and space. Alternatively, better communication between planners and architects in the earlier stages. Good planning contributes to a better result. Limitations: The result is based on Swedish kindergartens in a Nordic climate and should not be applied in countries without a Nordic climate. The result is not only applicable to kindergartens but is largely applicable to most similar buildings. Contact with more architects, constructional engineers, planners and more kindergartens would have given a better result.

The first of July 2017, Boverket implemented new rules on how to calculate a buildings energy use. This was the first of two steps where Boverket implemented use with a factor depending on the type of energy used in the building and also a factor depending on the location of the building in Sweden. This removed the four zones that were previously used and gave all of Sweden the same energy requirement of 85 kWh/m2 Atemp, year. In the second step, a referral was sent with suggestions of the new stricter requirement to 2020. In the second change, the factors for energy use with electricity and district heating changed from 1,6 to 1,85 for electricity and respectively 1,0 to 0,95 for district heating. In the thesis, an apartment building in Västerås has been investigated. The primary energy has been evaluated in three different cases with different heating. District heating and geothermal heat pump has been calculated separately but also in combination with each other and with solutions as, from supply air ventilation with heat recovery (FTX) and solar panels. The purpose of the thesis is to see how future energy solutions are affected by the changes in Boverket and how to achieve the upcoming energy use regulations that are put on an apartment block. With calculations of the numbers that were implemented in 2017, the primary energy was calculated to 89,3 kWh/m2 Atemp, year for heat pump with district heating, 95,5 kWh/m2 Atemp, year for district heating and 119,4 kWh/ m2Atemp, year for the geothermal heat pump. When the primary energy was calculated with the suggested changes from the referral the value with geothermal heat pump with district heating changed to 92,9 kWh/m2 Atemp, year, with only district heating this changed to 93,6 kWh/m2 Atemp, year and with only a geothermal heat pump it changed to 138 kWh/m2 Atemp, year. This meant that none of the cases met the current 2017 requirement of 85 kWh/m2 Atemp, year and none met the requirement of the 2020 referrals of 78 kWh/m2 Atemp, year. The change that gave the most significant change in primary energy was to install FTX in the building. Results with FTX presents the primary energy for heat pump with district heating decreased from 92,9 kWh/m2 Atemp, year to 75,8 kWh/m2 Atemp, year, and in combination with district heating from 93,6 kWh/m2 Atemp, year to 76,3 kWh/m2 Atemp, year and heat pump decreased from 138 kWh/m2 Atemp, year to 106,5 kWh/m2 Atemp, year. This change made all the cases except the geothermal heat pump reach the 2020 requirement of 78 kWh/m2 Atemp, year. The conclusion of this work is that the possibilities to achieve the requirements are good and that the most challenging case to reach them is with the geothermal heat pump. But it comes with a higher price where investments are getting bigger and higher demands will be made on distributors and the execution. Therefore, it is crucial to find the best solution from both an energy perspective but also an economic perspective.

Vid kundspecifika produkter kan det finnas svårigheter i att få den budgeterade tiden att stämma med den verkliga tiden som arbetet behöver vid installation. Detta skapar inte minst svårighet vid planering, utan kan även påverka företagets kapital genom extra kostnader. Det skapar även längre väntetider för slutkund, något som kan bidra till missnöjda kunder (Hemanta 2012). Denna rapport undersöker skillnaden på den planerade installationstiden och vad den verkliga installationstiden faktiskt blev hos företaget DELTA med fokus på företagets olika produktkategorier och underkategorier. I rapporten analyseras given data från företaget där rapporter med planerad tid och verklig tid presenteras.  Rapportens syfte att hitta om det finns någon skillnad i rapporterad installationstid för att sedan försöka hitta orsakerna till varför den planerade installationstiden inte stämmer med den verkliga. Avgränsningar som gjorts i rapporten beror till största del på att det fanns en deadline som gjorde att tiden var begränsad.  Insamlingen av data för rapporten har till största del tagits fram genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer hos DELTA. Litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar har tagits fram med hjälp av biblioteket på högskolan i Borås och med hjälp av bibliotekets sökmotorer. Även tidigare använda kursböcker har använts som hjälp och som källor vid informationsframtagning.  Rapporten slutar i att en slutsats kan dras över att det finns problem med att den planerade installationstiden inte stämmer överens med den verkliga. Det finns skillnader i hur bra man sätter tiderna mellan de olika produktkategorierna, men tidsättningen är inte bra för någon kategori. Slutsatser dras att man måste förbättra förarbetet när man sätter upp den planerade tiden och att företaget måste jobba med bland annat sin företagskultur och kommunikation för att lättare lyckas med att få en så liten differens som möjligt mellan tiderna. / For customer-specific products, there may be difficulties in getting the budgeted time to match the actual time needed for installation. This creates difficulty in planning, but can also affect the company's capital through additional costs. It also creates longer delivery time for the end customers. This can contribute to dissatisfied customers (Hemanta 2012). This report analyzes the difference between the planned installation time and the actual installation time at DELTA, focusing on the company's different product categories and subcategories. The report analyzes data provided by the company where reports of planned time and real time are presented.   The purpose of the report is to analyze if there is a difference in actual installation time and then try to find the reasons why the scheduled installation time does not match the actual one. Limitations made in the report are largely due time limit.  The collection of data for the report has been largely developed through a literature study and interviews at DELTA. Literature and scientific articles have been produced using the library at Borås University and also using the library's search engines. Even previously used coursebooks have been used as a source of information.  A conclusion can be drawn that there is a problem that the planned installation time does not match the actual time. There are differences in how well the times are set between the different product categories, but the time set is not good for any of the category. Conclusions can be drawn that the company must improve the preparation when setting up the planned time and the company must also work with its corporate culture as well as communication to reduce the difference between times.

Purpose: Alteration labour, additional labour and retiring labour are the sort of extra work that the contractor can add in addition to the original order. The management of this type of construction work have comprehensive variation from project to project. This sort of work provides changes in both labour hours and project costs. In other words, a high amount of these will increase the project costs. The goal with this thesis is to identify the success factors that contributes to better management process of alteration labour, additional labour and retiring labour for renovation and redevelopment projects.  Method: This thesis has been made with qualitative research. Literature study, document analysis and semi structured interviews are the methods that have been used. The literature study provided insight in the already available research in this area. The document analysis gave understanding of the company and comprehension regarding the amount of alteration labour, additional labour and retiring labour for each project. Lastly the interviews provided profound knowledge to how the employees at Skanska Direkt manage their handling process, and which type of improvements they thought will make positive change.  Findings: The thesis has resulted in clear and concrete factors that contribute to the management process for alteration labour, additional labour and retiring labour. There have not been presented any new methods for this, however the success factors have been brought to light. Both the empiricism and theory show that a symbiosis between the design, the number of crewmembers, documentation and registration, the cooperation with the client and the possibility for the co-workers to understand and know the project is of most importance. Implications: By implementing the success factors presented in this report the amount of alteration labour, additional labour and retiring labour can be reduced. The labour that anyway emerge can be handled in a smarter and more efficient ways. The implications of this actions will for instance result in lower personnel costs, gainful cooperation’s between contractors and client, less risk for penalty expenses connected to delays. And no more than a successful company.  Limitations: The thesis only contains research including four different projects. There has been no comparison between new construction and redevelopment. The research has not taken the clients aspects into consideration. The result of this research study will be useful for average and large construction companies focusing on renovation and redevelopment projects.  Keywords: Alteration labour, additional labour, retiring labour, turnkey contract, general contract, renovation, redevelopment, project planning, construction documents, cooperation.

<p>Det här examensarbetets syfte är att skapa en inspelningsstudio åt Strömkullegymnasiet i Bengtsfors. Det innefattar både akustik och teknik då båda delar är viktiga för resultatet av en inspelning. Elever och lärare på andra musikgymnasier har berättat hur studion fungerar på deras skolor och deras erfarenheter har varit till hjälp i det här arbetet. Den största utmaningen med projektet är att det inte finns någon lokal att bygga en studio i utan ett koncept som är flyttbart utan att man behöver påverka den gamla eller den nya lokalen måste utformas.</p><p>Projektet kunde inte slutföras då det inte är bestämt var studion ska placeras. Det har tillkommit alternativa lokaler som skiljer sig drastiskt från de två ursprungliga alternativen.</p> / <p>The purpose of this degree work is to help Strömkullegymnasiet in Bengtsfors to get a recording studio. It involves both the acoustics and the equipment because both parts are important to the outcome of a recording. Teachers and students from other music high schools have told how their studios works and their experience have been a good help for this report. The biggest challenge with this project is that it doesn’t exist a location where a studio can be built so a new moveable studio concept has to be developt that does not affect the new location.</p><p>The project couldn’t be completed because the decision where to locate the studio has not been taken. Some other locations is under investigation and they are a lot different from the original locations.</p>

Fel som uppstår i ett byggprojekt leder ofta till merkostnader och ett felfritt projekt är näst intill omöjligt att uppnå. Däremot kan man försöka minska risken för att fel uppstår genom god planering. Projekteringsfasen i ett byggprojekt är en mycket viktig del av projektet, det är där man kommer fram till hur byggnationen ska genomföras. Oftast är det oklart var felen startar men enligt analyserna som gjorts av Sveriges Byggindustrier, FoU-Väst och Chalmers under 1994-1996 har det visat sig att felen oftast har sina rötter redan i starten hos beställare, projektörer, materialleverantörer och utförare. Uppstår det ett fel i början följer det med under hela processen, projekteraren kontrollerar inte om arkitekten eller konstruktören har gjort fel utan bygger bara på. (Josephson &amp; Hammarlund 1996). I projekteringsskedet planerar man hur bygget ska utföras så detaljerat som möjligt. Man ser bl.a. till så att allt funkar ritningsmässigt så att allt får plats då det ofta är trånga utrymmen. Syftet med rapporten är att ta reda på vilka fel som uppstår på de byggarbetsplatserna som kan härledas till projekteringsfasen. Vi tog reda på orsaken till att felen uppstod samt vad det gav för konsekvenser för projektet. Vi har samarbetat med två olika byggentreprenörer, Byggklason AB i Vimmerby och Peab i Arvika, där vi har följt ett byggprojekt per byggentreprenör. Vi har varit med ute på projekten där vi har försökt observera fel samt även tagit reda på fel via samtal. Med fel menar vi att det är något som inte blev som det planerades, en avvikelse i planeringen. Kan även vara fel som ger stopp eller försening av något slag. Vi har även hittat information med hjälp av litteraturstudier av rapporter, studentlitteratur och artiklar från internet. Men resultatet grundar sig mestadels på våra egna observationer på plats och genom samtal med olika tjänstemän. De fel som uppstod var brist på engagemang en faktor som var stor på båda projekten. Det har även framkommit att dålig kommunikation och förberedelse inför projekteringsmöten har varit något som bidragit till en del fel på byggarbetsplatsen, även okunskap, tidspress och oklara önskemål har bidragit till fel. För att ett byggprojekt ska ha så få störningar som möjligt bör man ha gott om tid för planering, inläsning och byggnation. Men även bra samarbete, kommunikation samt noggrannhet är viktigt för att ett byggprojekt ska fungera korrekt. / Errors that occur in a construction project often leads to overspending and a flawless project is next to impossible to achieve. However, one can try to reduce the risk of errors through good planning. Planning phase of a construction project is a very important part of the project, that's where you get into the construction project will be undertaken. Typically, it is unclear where the errors start but in the analyzes made by the Swedish Construction Federation, R-West and Chalmers during 1994-1996 has shown that errors often have their roots already in the start of the clients, designers, material suppliers and providers. Is there an error in the beginning, it is clear throughout the process, the designer does not check whether the architect or designer has done wrong, but based just on. (Josephson and Hammarlund 1996). In the design stage plan how the construction should be carried out in as much detail as possible. You see that everything works drawing wise so that everything fits as it is often confined spaces. The purpose of this report was to determine which wrongs occurs of the construction sites we have visited and why they occur and to recommend what they can do to avoid these mistakes in future projects. We have worked with two different contractors, Construction Klason AB in Vimmerby and Peab in Arvika, where we have been following a construction project at the building contractor. We have been out on the projects in which we have tried to observe the defects and also found some through the call. With errors, we believe that it is something that was not as it was planned, a deviation in the planning. It can also be wrong to give a stop or delay of any kind. We also found information through literature reports, student literature and articles from the internet. But the result is based mostly on our own observations on the ground and through conversations with various officials. The errors that occurred were due to lack of commitment a factor that was great on both projects. It has also emerged that poor communication and preparation for the planning meetings has been something that has contributed to some errors on the construction site, even ignorance, time pressure and unclear requirements have contributed to the failure. For a construction project should have as little disruption as possible, you should have plenty of time for planning, scanning and construction. But even good collaboration, communication, and accuracy is important for a construction project to work correctly.

Styr is a computer program that the construction company NCC use in their construction projects. The program is used to keep the economy of their projects in a good order and things for the best in an early phase. The problem is a low extent of utilization. During the latest decade NCC has put a lot of job and money trying to develop the program. The question is how to get the employees to use the program in a greater extent. The aim of this graduationwork is to examine how to make the employees to utilize Styr better than they do today. My work contains specification from inquiry made by NCC and an inquiry made by my self. My inquiry was sent to productions employees. My work also contains a study literature about arrangement of projects and interviews with persons who are responsible for the program. The study has shown that the low extent of utilization do not depends on the single user but the whole company, from managing director down to production manager.

Föreliggande rapport är ett examensarbete vid högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i byggteknik och design vid Kungliga tekniska högskolan i Haninge och gjordes på uppdrag av Siljeströms AB. Rapporten har till syfte att ge en översiktlig bild beträffande kostnadsstyrning i byggprojekt, med en tyngdpunkt i projekteringens riskhantering. Att kostnadsstyra är något som är viktigt att göra, desto tidigare i projektet det görs ju bättre resultat har detta för projektets totalkostnad. Kostnadsstyrningen har sin grund i tre viktiga parametrar: tid, kostnad och kvalitet, de måste styras på rätt sätt och tillsammans för att inte skapa obalans i projektbudgeten. En annan faktor som också påverkar kostnadsstyrningen är entreprenadform. Denna rapport kommer att bygga på totalentreprenad, generalentreprenad och delad utförandeentreprenad. Fördelar och nackdelar tas upp med respektive metod. Produktionskostnad är också något som påverkar den totala projektkostnaden trots att den största kostnadsstyrningen görs i början av ett projekt.  Tre stycken referensprojekt från Siljeströms AB kommer att analyseras utifrån kostnadsstyrningens riskhantering. Ett av projekten är ett installationsprojekt med en budget på 19,8 miljoner kr, denna är en delad utförandeentreprenad. Ett annat projekt är en hyresgästanpassning med en budget på 3,05 miljoner kr, denna är en generalentreprenad. Det sista projektet är ett stambyte med en budget på 12,5 miljoner kr, denna är en styrd totalentreprenad. Rapporten kommer att påvisa en viss skillnad beroende på vad för metod som har använts vid analysering av referensprojektens totala projektkostnad. En av de metoder som kommer att analyseras är en formeluppbyggnad i Excel som bygger på sannolikhetsläras täthetsfunktioner och fördelningsfunktioner, denna slumpar fram värden. Den andra metoden som kommer att analyseras är @Risk som är en plug-in till Excel, denna bygger också sannolikhetsläran, men har många inbyggda formler och metoder till hjälp för den simulering som programmet kan utföra. Resultatet visar att formeluppbyggnaden i Excel är lättare att förstå men ger ett större spann mellan högsta och lägsta värde, medan @Risk som är svårare att förstå ger ett resultat som stämmer bättre överens med verkligheten. / This report is a thesis at the bachelor program in construction engineering and design at the Royal Institute of Technology in Haninge and was commissioned by Siljeströms AB. The report aims to provide an overview of cost control in construction projects, with an emphasis of the risk management of project planning. The cost control is something that is important to do; the sooner the project is done the better the results of this project's total cost. Cost control is based on three key parameters: time, cost and quality, they must be controlled properly and together so as not to unbalance the project budget. Another factor that also affects the cost control is the form of contract. This report will build turnkey projects, general contractor and shared performance contracting. Advantages and disadvantages are raised with each method. Production cost is also something that affects the total project cost, although the largest cost management is done at the beginning of a project. Three reference projects from Siljeströms AB will be analyzed in terms of risk Management of the cost control. One project is an installation project with a budget of 19.8 million SEK, this is a shared performance contracting. Another project is a tenant adaptation with a budget of 3,05 million, this is a general contractor. The final project is a pipe replacement with a budget of 12,5 million SEK, this is a controlled turn-key contract. The report will show a slight difference depending on the method used in analyzing the reference projects, total project cost. One of the methods that will be analyzed is a formula building in Excel based on probability taught density functions and distribution functions, this randomly to determine values. The other method that will be analyzed is @ Risk, which is a plug-in to Excel, this is also based on theory of probability, but has many built-in formulas and methods of assistance to the simulation the program can perform. The results show that the reconstruction formula in Excel is easier to understand but offer a greater range between maximum and minimum value, while @Risk which is harder to understand produces the results that is more consistent with the reality.