Vladimír Lajsek: Chosen Relative Grounds for Dismissal of a Trademark Registration This topic is dealing with two chosen relative grounds of dismissal of a trademark registration, particularly with sec. 7 (1) (i) and sec. 7 (1) (j) statute No. 441/2003 Coll. The first part presents a general introduction in the whole issue, as with relative grounds for dismissal of a trademark registration and with proceeding on objections. Afterwards, there is described historical development of these provisions, which helped to their establishing into Czech legal order. The author finds, that these provisions were not established until convergence with the European law. Next parts are focusing on the particular provisions. The chapter about objection to the older copyright contains the role of the Czech Industrial Property Office in the proceedings of author crafts and their authorship. The Office should make its own conclusion in these circumstances, so it is not dependent on the binding decision of a court. In the issue of considering, whether particular mark is or is not an author craft, the author offers his own three-level-test of uniqueness, which is based on summarisation of the former decision-making of the Office. To the issue of the right to sue on grounds of this objection the author concludes, this...

The goal of this thesis is to analyze international license contract institute, the function and the position it occupies in the sphere of international business with incorporeal goods and legal regime which it, on the level of the Czech rule of law and European Union law, is subject to. The thesis consists of four parts. The first part focuses on the institute of contractual license in general. It outlines its conception and basic definitional framework. It reflects the function and the position which the institute of license contract occupies in the Czech rule of law as well as its shift within the framework of Czech private law recodification. It presents diverse typology of contractual license and in the process it thoroughly focuses on its modifications, respectively on marginal agreement models such as franchise agreement and know how agreement. The second part of the thesis continues with text dedicated to the institute of license contract with international element. It presents its general classification and it also analyzes sources of its modification. The third part of the thesis treats legal regime which the international license contract is subject to, and the focal point of the text lies in the union modification included in the Rome Convention and in Regulation Rome I. The problem is discussed...

Récente dans l’histoire des inventions technologiques, l’intelligence artificielle s’est néanmoins rapidement imposée dans la société, bouleversant à cette occasion l’économie comme le marché de l’emploi. Toutes les professions semblent exposées à la concurrence des agents artificiels ; rares sont les domaines d’activités épargnés. Pourtant, il apparaît que ces deux formes d’intelligences ne peuvent pas être tenues pour équivalentes. Si l’intelligence artificielle emprunte certains aspects de l’intelligence humaine, de nombreux autres lui font défaut. La conscience, la raison comme les émotions sont étrangères aux machines, même intelligentes. Dans ces circonstances, l’application à un système informatique intelligent de règles pensées en considération des personnes humaines peut s’avérer inadaptée. En effet, la confrontation entre le droit et l’intelligence artificielle révèle l’existence d’un paradigme sur lequel se fonde le droit positif. Le droit français s’appuie pour une large part sur la subjectivité inhérente à la personne humaine. Toutes les branches du droit semblent concernées, le droit civil comme le droit pénal ou encore le droit de la propriété intellectuelle. L’objet de cette étude est donc de dissiper les doutes qui entourent la nature de l’intelligence artificielle en vue de la distinguer clairement de l’intelligence humaine. Le constat de l’absence d’identité de ces deux formes d’intelligences induit la reconnaissance d’un ordre public de l’Humanité qui permet la préservation d’un domaine exclusif de l’intelligence humaine. Il est alors utile de formuler des principes généraux du droit de l’intelligence artificielle applicables en toutes circonstances / Even if its appearance is recent among technological inventions history, artificial intelligence has nevertheless quickly established itself, disrupting economy and the job market. Yet, upon assessment, it seems that these two forms of intelligence cannot be regarded as equivalent. Even if artificial intelligence borrows some aspects of human intelligence, many others are missing. Conscience, reason and emotions are unknown to machines, even intelligent ones. Yet, law rests upon such qualities. Hence, applying rules created for human to intelligent computer systems may be inappropriate. Indeed, the confrontation between law and artificial intelligence reveals the existence of a paradigm on which positive law is based. To a large extent, French law relies on the subjectivity proper to humans. All branches of law appear to be concerned, civil law as well as criminal law or intellectual property law. Therefore, the legal regime of artificial intelligence seems very uncertain. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to clear up the doubts surrounding the nature of artificial intelligence in order to neatly distinguish it from human intelligence. Eventually, the acknowledgment of the fundamental difference opposing these two forms of intelligence should lead to the recognition of a new public order of humanity and the preservation of an exclusive field for human intelligence

A presente dissertação se propõe a analisar a interação entre o sistema internacional de direitos humanos e o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual e as implicações desta relação para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, no que concerne especificamente aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. No ano em que o Acordo TRIPS completará vinte anos, é oportuna a reflexão a respeito da efetividade de suas regras, especialmente quanto à capacidade de interagir com os demais sistemas jurídicos internacionais, especialmente o sistema internacional de direitos humanos. A leitura da seção de princípios e regras gerais (especialmente do artigo 6°, referente à exaustão de direitos) e da seção relativa aos direitos de autor do Acordo TRIPS (especialmente do artigo 13, que estabelece a Regra dos Três Passos) parece indicar para a previsão de limites à exploração destes direitos em vistas dos objetivos de promoção do desenvolvimento e de equilíbrio de interesses entre, de um lado, autores e titulares e, de outro lado, utilizadores das obras artísticas e literárias protegidas. Contudo, tem se verificado que o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual tem caminhado na via contrária. Com a proliferação, particularmente na última década, de acordos bilaterais e de livre comércio, temos assistido à propagação indiscriminada das denominadas regras TRIPS-plus, caracterizadas pela previsão de padrões mais rígidos para a proteção da propriedade intelectual em comparação àqueles previstos pelas regras do sistema multilateral de comércio, o que tem dificultado a aplicação de regras mais flexíveis e que possibilitam mais facilmente a adoção de políticas públicas focadas no desenvolvimento econômico e social dos Estados-membros da OMC. Em paralelo, visando a coibir eventuais abusos praticados pelos Estados em suas políticas de direitos de autor, o sistema internacional de direitos humanos que, por meio dos Pactos Internacionais de Direitos Civis e Políticos e de Direitos Econômicos e Sociais, busca estabelecer o equilíbrio dos interesses dos autores e usuários, em vista do aparente conflito entre os direitos fundamentais de primeira e segunda dimensões, caso dos direitos de autor e dos direitos de acesso ao conhecimento e à educação, respectivamente. Neste sentido, destacam-se, além das ações promovidas pela UNESCO para a ampla disponibilização de material de educacional para instituições de ensino e bibliotecas, a iniciativa capitaneada por Brasil e Argentina junto à OMPI, a conhecida Agenda para o Desenvolvimento, que tem revolucionado o modo como administrar as regras previstas nos tratados da OMPI, especialmente a Convenção da União de Berna. Por meio da Agenda para o Desenvolvimento foram propostas novas maneiras de se pensar e reconstruir o direito internacional da propriedade intelectual, levando em consideração o fortalecimento do domínio público, a disponibilização de material educacional em larga escala e acesso à informação por parte dos grupos hipossuficientes, começando pelos deficientes visuais. Alinhado às discussões nos foros multilaterais, o Brasil está passando por uma fase de reforma da Lei de Direitos Autorais, a qual tem na revisão das limitações aos direitos de autor, consubstanciadas no artigo 46, um dos principais pontos de atenção e insatisfação social, em vista das restrições atualmente impostas para a reprodução integral de obras artísticas e literárias. Ainda, o sistema nacional de direitos de autor tem sido desafiado pelas novas tecnologias e formas de promover o acesso à educação no sistema público de ensino. Assim, a proposta de propagação do material de ensino por meio de recursos educacionais abertos, em que o autor ou titular autoriza, no momento da aquisição do material pelo Estado, a reprodução, atualização e distribuição futura do material didático, sem que seja necessária nova autorização a cada tiragem ou alteração do conteúdo pelo corpo de professores. Em estrutura, o trabalho se divide em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor na Ordem Internacional) analisa o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual, com foco nas regras internacionais relativas aos direitos de autor. O Segundo Capítulo (Interface entre Direitos de Autor e Direitos Humanos) aborda a presença dos fundamentos dos direitos humanos na estrutura dos direitos de autor e sua influência nas atuais demandas desta matéria. O terceiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor sob a Perspectiva Constitucional) analisa o sistema brasileiro de direitos de autor e as garantias fundamentais que envolvem este aparente conflito. Por fim, o quarto capítulo (Limites na Prática) apresenta o posicionamento da jurisprudência nacional e internacional sobre a matéria. / The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate the interaction between international human rights law and the international intellectual property system, as well as the implications of this relationship to Brazilian copyright system. In the year when TRIPS Agreement is turning twenty years old, it is proper to reflect about the effectiveness of its rules, especially the ability to interact with other international legal systems, mainly the international human rights system. In the sections about general principles and rules (v. article 6, regarding exhaustion of rights) and copyrights (v. article 13, regarding Three Step-Test), TRIPS seems to indicate the limits for the exploitation of IP rights, bearing in mind promoting the development and balancing of the interests involved, mainly those related to authors and users of copyrights. However, it has been found that the international intellectual property system has moved in the opposite direction. International trade system have witnessed the proliferation of bilateral and free trade agreements, which contain indiscriminate TRIPS-plus rules, more restrictive than the rules established for the multilateral system, which obstacles the implementation of more flexible rules focused on economic and social development, allowed by WTO system. In order to curb abuses practiced by its Member States, the international human rights system, through the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Economic and Social Rights, seeks to establish a balance between authors and users interests, considering the apparent conflict between fundamental rights of first and second dimensions, case of copyrights and access to knowledge and education, respectively. In this sense, must be mentioned the actions promoted by UNESCO to make available educational materials for institutions and libraries, and the initiative headed by Brazil and Argentina, the well-know WIPO Development Agenda, which has proposed a revolution in the manner how States should interpret the rules established in the treaties administered by WIPO, mainly the Berne Convention. New ways of thinking and rebuilding the international intellectual property law are being taken into account, like strengthening the intellectual goods in public domain, increasing the availability of educational material on a larger scale and conceding access to information to vulnerable groups, starting with visually impaired person. Considering this scenario, Brazil is reforming its Copyright Law. The role of limitations to copyrights, embodied in the article 46, is one of most important issues in the mentioned reform, and society is expecting for structural changes, especially because of the general dissatisfaction with the restrictions imposed by law for the reproduction of intellectual works. Still, the national system of copyright has been challenged by new technologies and new ways to provide access to education in the public school system. Thus, proposals like Open Educational Resources, which allows the State, upon previous authorization from the author, to reproduct, update and distribute of educational materials in a large scale. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter (Copyrights in the International Order) analyzes the international intellectual property system, focusing on international copyright law. The second chapter (Interface between Copyrights and Human Rights) discuss the human rights framework and the influence of this system on IP Law. The third chapter (Copyright according the Constitutional Perspective) studies the Brazilian Copyright System considering the fundamental guarantees involved. Finally, the fourth chapter (Limits in Practice) analyzes national and international court cases about the matter.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubens Carmo Elias Filho.pdf: 1460021 bytes, checksum: c431217bfb26a5874020c5d628143f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-23 / The study of condominium bylaws and its ensuing restraints to building occupants rights aims to assess the legal grounds for such restrictions, which impose affirmative and negative covenants capable of significantly altering the traditional exercise of ownership rights, particularly the voluntary co-ownership and multi-ownership condominium systems. The validity of such restraints on condominium, brought about by different enjoyment and fruition parameters and limitations on ownership rights, is often disputed in light of the Federal Constitution, on the grounds that ownership constitutes fundamental civil rights. Many quite polemical, however commonplace, restraints addressed in this paper arise from either daily issues in multi-ownership condominia or the different uses of the new shared building facilities. We deem it timely to consider if such restraints indeed impose limitations on ownership rights or rather reveal an incipient understanding on the theme, justifying the research on legal writings and case law intended herein. This paper attempts to present the limitations to the exercise of ownership rights in property held pro indiviso, such as restraints imposed on the owner in either voluntary co-ownership or multi-ownership condominium, two of the most recurring expressions in modern ownership laws. It also assesses what such limitations are, how they are imposed, and what their effectiveness before occupants, third parties and prospective owners can be. To achieve this, we assess the restraints in light of propter rem covenants and speculate whether such type should require the restraints and how they could be routinely imposed both on occupants of multi-ownership condominium, by means of its due inclusion on condominium bylaws, and on holders of voluntary jointly-owned property, about which the law states no registration procedures for condominium bylaws. The study is presented in three modules. The first concerns structural questions on ownership rights, its restrictions and social purpose; the second, the definitions and effects of voluntary co-ownership and multi-ownership condominia; the third, an in-depth look at the restraints imposed on occupants and owners, in a range of daily situations of sheer indignation despite its compliance with applicable laws and resonance with the social and economic context in condominia, grounded in social purpose, ethics, and good faith / O estudo da Convenção de Condomínio e das restrições aos direitos dos condôminos, que dela decorrem, teve como objetivo avaliar qual a fundamentação jurídica para as restrições que impõem obrigações de fazer e não fazer capazes de alterar significativamente o exercício tradicional do direito de propriedade, especificamente no regime do condomínio voluntário e edilício. Tais restrições, no condomínio, decorrentes de diferentes parâmetros de uso e fruição, e regras de conduta delimitadoras do direito de propriedade, muitas vezes, são questionadas quanto ao critério de validade à luz da Constituição Federal, sob o fundamento de que o direito de propriedade constitui direito fundamental. Acontece que muitas das restrições desenvolvidas ao longo do trabalho, bastante polêmicas, mas corriqueiras, decorrem de necessidades condominiais ou de diferentes modos de utilização de novas estruturas edilícias, sendo oportuno avaliar se realmente tais delimitações são violadoras do direito de propriedade ou simplesmente ainda não se consolidou um entendimento a respeito do tema, a justificar a pesquisa doutrinária e jurisprudencial que se pretendeu realizar. O trabalho buscou apresentar as delimitações ao direito de propriedade, no regime condominial, como restrições impostas aos proprietários, sejam eles sujeitos ao regime do condomínio voluntário ou do condomínio edilício, duas expressões do direito de propriedade das mais presentes na sociedade moderna, sendo necessário avaliar como tais restrições são e podem ser impostas, e qual a sua eficácia frente aos condôminos, terceiros e futuros adquirentes. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as restrições, à luz do conceito de obrigação propter rem e se tal qualificação contribuiria para a exigibilidade das restrições impostas, assim como a forma pela qual as restrições poderiam ser regularmente impostas aos condôminos, na seara do condomínio edilício, mediante sua inclusão na Convenção de Condomínio, ou ainda, na seara do condomínio voluntário, para o qual não existe previsão legal de registro da Convenção Condominial. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três módulos, sendo o primeiro voltado às questões estruturais do direito de propriedade, suas restrições, e à função social; no segundo, foram desenvolvidos os conceitos e efeitos do condomínio voluntário e edilício; e, no terceiro, adentrou-se na análise das restrições impostas aos condôminos, em diversas situações comuns da vida condominial, de alta indagação, mas que se mostraram legais, quando observadas as normas aplicáveis e em consonância com o contexto social e econômico do condomínio, pautando-se sempre pela função social, pela ética e boa-fé

La question de la protection et de la valorisation des données de santé fait l’objet d’un renouvellement permanent car elle est tiraillée pas des intérêts contradictoires. Les logiques juridiques, sanitaires et économiques s’affrontent et s’expriment au travers d’une règlementation particulièrement fournie et disparate des données de santé. Le droit de propriété semble à même de concilier ces enjeux d’apparence antinomiques. Au regard de la place de ce droit dans notre ordonnancement juridique et de la singularité des données de santé, l’étude de leur rapprochement mérite une étude d’une certaine ampleur. Il s’agit dans un premier temps de s’assurer de la compatibilité de ce droit avec les données de santé. La réponse impose une vision de la propriété simplifiée pour finalement constater que les droits existants sur ces données sont en fait déjà des droits de propriétés mais qui, du fait de la particularité des données de santé, sont largement limités. Dans un second temps, se pose donc la question de la pertinence de l’application d’un droit de propriété plus « complet » aux données de santé. Or, on remarque que la spécificité de ces données est telle que cette solution n’est pas la plus efficace pour parvenir à un juste équilibre entre patients et collecteurs de données. Pour autant, d’autres solutions sont possibles. / The question of the protection and enhancement of health data is subject to a permanent renewal because it appears to be in the middle of some conflicting interests. Legal, health and economic logics confront and express themselves through a particularly heterogenous set of regulations on health data. Property rights here seem able to reconcile these issues that first look contradictory appearance issues. Given the place of this right in our legal system and uniqueness of health data, the study of their reconciliation deserves a study of some magnitude. This is a first step to ensure the compatibility of this law with health data. The answer requires a vision of simplified property only to find that the existing rights of the data is already in the property rights but which, because of the particularity of health data, are largely limited. Secondly, therefore the question of the relevance of the application of "more complete" property rights applies to health data. However, we note that the specificity of health data implies that such a the solution is not the most effective for achieving a fair balance between patients and data collectors. Nevertheless, other solutions are possible.

The recognition of native title changed the foundations on which the Australian law of real property rested. However, the phrase

<p>Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free movement of goods by article 28 in the EC Treaty by referring to national rules of protection and to what extent such measures may be justified by article 30 or by the Cassis doctrine. An additional question consists in how the line between geographical indications and generic terms is to be established appropriately. Further, geographical indications are exposed to improper use by other dishonest commercial operators and therefore the possibilities of protection against unfair competition and misleading are also discussed in the thesis. Since there are several questions which are unanswered regarding geographical indications, the purpose of this essay is to analyze what kind of intellectual property right geographical indications constitute and how they are protected.</p>

<p>Historiskt sett har bostadsfastigheter begränsats till den areal som krävs för att fastigheten väsentligen ska få karaktär av en bostadstomt. En ökad efterfrågan på ett attraktivt landsbygdsboende resulterade i ändringar av fastighetsbildningslagen, vilket gjorde det möjligt att bilda stora bostadsfastigheter med kombinerat ändamål, helt i linje med den gällande glesbygdspolitiken. Fortfarande fanns det dock restriktioner mot att tillföra skogsmark till bostadsfastigheter för att skydda det produktiva skogsbruket. Lantmäteriet tog därför fram arbetsrekommendationer för att underlätta möjligheten att tillföra skogsskiften, bland annat för uttag av husbehovsved. Denna studie hade syftet att undersöka hur lagändringen med efterföljande arbetsrekommendationer påverkat bildandet av stora bostadsfastigheter på landsbygden.</p><p>Varför människor flyttar är en viktig fråga för både forskare inom området och politiker, eftersom regionalpolitik bör anpassas till var människor vill bo och varför de väljer att flytta dit. Tidigare studier har framförallt fokuserat på ekonomiska flyttmotiv, men boendemiljöns och naturens inverkan har belysts alltmer under de senare åren. Den betydelse fastighetens fysiska utformning har för flyttbeslutet är dock mindre utrett. Vi har därför undersökt om och hur dessa fastigheter påverkat bosättningen på landsbygden inom de utvalda kommunerna. Studien bestod dels av en postenkät till de fastighetsägare som innehar dessa stora bostadsfastigheter med ingående skogsskiften, dels semistrukturerade intervjuer med lantmätare som genomfört dessa förrättningar.</p><p>Sammantaget såg vi att stora bostadsfastigheter med skog och mark var en anledning till den kontraurbanisering som skett eftersom flera av de flyttskäl som angetts varit svåra att uppnå med en annan typ av fastighet. Även om lantmätarnas bedömning skiljde sig när det gällde detaljer så uppfylldes det huvudsakliga syftet att bilda lämpliga och attraktiva bostadsfastigheter utan att det produktiva skogsbruket skadats. Slutsatsen att de fastigheter som bildats upplevs som attraktiva drog vi genom att de som flyttat till dessa fastigheter utnyttjade de möjligheter som fanns med detta boende.</p> / <p>Historically, residential property is limited to the area needed for the property to substantially have the character of a residential plot. An increased demand for an attractive rural housing resulted in changes to property law, which made it possible to form large residential properties with combined purposes, all in line with the existing rural policy. Still, however, there were restrictions to bring forest land to residential plots for the protection of the productive forestry. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (Lantmäteriet) have therefore created working recommendations to facilitate the opportunity to incorporate forest plots, including the collection of firewood for household use. This study had the aim to investigate how the amended legislation, with subsequent work recommendations influenced the formation of large residential properties in rural areas.</p><p>Why people move is an important issue for both researchers in the field and politicians, as the regional policy should be adapted to where people want to live and why they choose to move there. Previous studies have mainly focused on economic motives, but the living environment and nature’s impact has been increasingly highlighted in recent years. The importance of the property’s physical design for the decision to move, however, is less investigated. We have therefore examined whether and how those properties affected settlement in rural areas within the selected municipalities. The study consisted partly of a postal questionnaire to the property owners who hold these large residential properties with forest parcels included and semi-structured interviews with surveyors who carried out these missions.</p><p>Overall, we saw that large residential properties with forest and land was a reason for the counter-urbanization that has taken place because many of the migratory reasons given have been difficult to achieve with a different type of property. Although surveyors’ assessment differed in terms of details the main purpose to create appropriate and attractive residential properties without the productive forest damaged was fulfilled. We made the conclusion that the property formed, perceived as attractive by those who moved to these properties because they took advantage of the opportunities available with this accommodation.</p>

Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free movement of goods by article 28 in the EC Treaty by referring to national rules of protection and to what extent such measures may be justified by article 30 or by the Cassis doctrine. An additional question consists in how the line between geographical indications and generic terms is to be established appropriately. Further, geographical indications are exposed to improper use by other dishonest commercial operators and therefore the possibilities of protection against unfair competition and misleading are also discussed in the thesis. Since there are several questions which are unanswered regarding geographical indications, the purpose of this essay is to analyze what kind of intellectual property right geographical indications constitute and how they are protected.