The municipalities in Sweden can use the PBL-legislation to request a land developer to fund new public infrastructure in the dwelling area where the developer are active. The municipality have had two options to choose between. To purchase a contract with an entrepreneur that build the infrastructure paid by the developer, or let the developer both build and pay the infrastructure. The La Scala-judgment came 2001 from the EG-tribunal. This judgment have by many people been interpreted as that as public infrastructure in Sweden should be purchased by the municipalities through LOU. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to discuss how the land development process has changed and which problems that have arisen since 2010, when it became customary that the municipality should procure public streets and sewage facilities under the Swedish Public Procurement Act (“LOU”). The purpose is also to discuss if this way to proceed satisfies the purpose of LOU and also discuss if their can be any alternative interpretations of the La Scalajudgment than have been done so far for Swedish conditions. The questions that became a consequence of the purpose where answered as follow in the report: Changes Today, the general rule is that the municipality is to purchase all public streets itself in the land development process. This rule has replaced the freedom of choosing whether to do so, that previously existed. Necessary land transfers take place today at an early stage of the process, often when the zoning plan becomes valid, as compared to before when it took place late in the land development process. Problems Some problems have arisen in cases when the municipality procures. This leads to the conclusion that the land development process today has become more risky, significantly more expensive, and that it takes longer time before the houses are ready for occupants to move in to, than previously was the case. To what extent does this new procedure implement LOU’s purpose? LOU's purpose, to get an effectively use of tax money, is not fulfilled by this procedure because the municipalities do not have any expenditures, which means that there are no funds which can be considered “effectively used”. As the municipality has no cost, it is questionable whether it really is to the municipality that an entrepreneur sells his services, rather than to the land developer paying for the services. Overall, this means that the purpose is probably not fulfilled by this new procedure. In what situations can the LOU procedure be questioned? The consequences of LOU can be questioned where it leads to major problems that would not occur if the legislation was more flexible. An example of this is when there is a lone land developer, who builds on his own property. If the municipality procures this, as happens today, problems arise in terms of money, time and coordination problems. This because it is more efficient if the developer that are already active in the area build all necessary infrastructure. Can any other interpretations of the La Scala-judgment and it´s relationship to the Swedish development process be found? One alternative interpret is that the municipal should use LOU on this kind of contracts when there is a risk that the municipal lose financial resources if they don´t do it. In the Italian development process there is always a risk that the municipal lose financial resources if they don´t purchase the contracts. The Swedish land development legislation are structured so the municipality never take a risk to lose financial recourses if they let the developer build everything in the area and therefore the municipality never can lose financial recourses in these cases. The Swedish municipalities don’t get any advantages if they use LOU here because the developer pays the real cost for all parts of the contract. Therefore, LOU is irrelevant in this part of the development process

Offentlig upphandling av byggentreprenader är en komplex process som involverar både generell kompetens inom upphandling relaterad till upphandlingsförfaranden enligt Lagen om offentlig upphandling och kompetens inom projektledning för att välja entreprenadform, ersättningsform, samverkansform och för att utforma tilldelningskriterier. En utveckling av upphandlingen förutsätter att projektledare, och upphandlare, samarbetar och är involverade i utvecklingsprocessen. För att de två olika kunskapsområden ska integreras med varandra krävs det att socialisation sker mellan rollerna enligt SECI-modellen. Kunskapen behöver vidare överföras på en högre, organisatorisk nivå för att utveckla upphandlingsarbetet. En förutsättning är att kunskapen kodifieras för att, enligt SECI-modellen, kunna internaliseras av andra medarbetare inom en organisation. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur samarbetet mellan upphandlare och projektledare fungerar när det kommer till utveckling av det offentliga upphandlingsarbetet av byggentreprenader och hur kunskapsöverföring kan se ut i upphandlingsfasen. En fallstudie genomfördes med fyra upphandlande myndigheter med empiri som hämtades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med upphandlare och projektledare i de fyra olika fallen. En intervju med en representant från Upphandlingsmyndigheten genomfördes också för att undersöka hur de stödjer utvecklingsarbetet hos de upphandlande myndigheterna. Empirin analyserades med teorier om kunskapsöverföring och kunskapsintegration. Resultatet visade att samarbetet påverkas av hur centraliserad organisationen av upphandlingsfunktionen är. Ju mer centraliserad en organisation av upphandlingsfunktionen var desto färre tillfällen för kontakt verkade ske mellan rollerna. Detta kan leda till att processen socialisation inte sker i tillräckligt hög utsträckning vilket i sin tur kan påverka tillgången till kodifierad kunskap. Arbetet med kunskapsöverföring varierade mellan de fyra olika fallen och kan förklaras med att de har olika förutsättningar och resurser för att åstadkomma kunskapsöverföring på kollektiv nivå. Detta visar sig även i utnyttjandet av Upphandlingsmyndighetens stödfunktioner där interna resurser inom de upphandlande myndigheterna kan täcka detta behov av stöd. Däremot utnyttjades den kodifierade kunskapen i form av exempelvis kriteriedatabaser frekvent av samtliga upphandlande myndigheter i studien. / Public procurement of construction contracts is a complex process that involves both general competence in procurement related to procurement procedures according to the laws of public procurement, and competences in project management to choose contract delivery form, payment form, collaboration form and to design the selection of supplier. A development of the procurement requires that project managers, and procurers, cooperate and are involved in the development process. In order for the two different areas of knowledge to be integrated with each other, it is required that socialization takes place between the roles according to the SECI model. The knowledge also needs to be transferred on a higher, organizational level to develop the procurement work. A prerequisite is that the knowledge is codified so that, according to the SECI model, it can be internalized by other employees within an organization. The purpose of this work is to investigate how the cooperation between procurers and project managers works when it comes to the development of the public procurement of construction contracts and how knowledge transfer can look like in the procurement phase. A case study was conducted with four contracting authorities and empirical data was obtained through semistructured interviews with procurers and project managers in the four different cases. An interview with a representative from The National Agency for Public Procurement was also conducted to investigate how they support the development of the contracting authorities. The data were analyzed with theories of knowledge transfer and knowledge integration. The results showed that the collaboration is affected by how centralized the organization of the procurement function is. The more centralized the organization is, the fewer opportunities of contact are taking place between the roles. This can lead to the socialization process not taking place to a sufficient extent, which in turn can affect the availability of codified knowledge. The work with knowledge transfer varies between the four different cases and can be explained by the fact that they have different prerequisites and resources for achieving knowledge transfer at a collective level. This is also evident in the utilization of the support functions of The National  Agency for Public Procurement, where internal resources within the contracting authorities can cover this need for support. On the other hand, codified knowledge in the form of, for example, criteria databases are used frequently by all contracting authorities in the study.

O princípio da dignidade humana necessita, como em nenhum outro momento, sair do plano etéreo. Direitos meramente de papel em nada contribuem para o verdadeiro avanço civilizacional por todos ambicionado. Para que a humanidade caminhe celeremente para a realização dos valores sedimentados ao longo de um lento processo de consciência política e jurídica que resultou na construção dos catálogos de direitos fundamentais, impreterível se mostra a efetivação plena dos direitos humanos. A convicção da imprescindibilidade da proteção da dignidade humana necessita ser materializada. A questão da efetividade dos direitos fundamentais afeta, com notável magnitude, a proteção jurídica dos trabalhadores. A Declaração de Princípios e Direitos Fundamentais no Trabalho da OIT e os postulados do trabalho decente, saudável e seguro, os quais configuram a definição dos padrões mínimos de direitos trabalhistas no âmbito internacional, não têm sido cumpridos nos diferentes países, comprometendo gravemente a tutela deferida à dignidade do trabalhador. É preciso assegurar a aplicabilidade e a realização dos direitos trabalhistas fundamentais, combatendo os abjetos casos de trabalho em condições análogas à de escravo, de discriminação de trabalhadores, de cerceamento às liberdades sindicais e negociais, de trabalho infantil, inseguro ou em condições indignas, entre inúmeras outras injustas e execráveis situações vivenciadas no ambiente laboral. No cenário econômico globalizado, em que sobressai o capitalismo financeiro, os governos necessitam assumir, como em nenhum outro momento, seu necessário papel na proteção efetiva dos direitos humanos no trabalho. Neste sentido, diante da vinculação à supremacia e à indisponibilidade dos direitos fundamentais como preceptivos essenciais da atividade administrativa no Estado Democrático de Direito, o Poder Público deve exercer sua função de induzir e modelar as condutas sociais. O trabalho acadêmico presente preconiza e defende que os governos devem exercer um papel verdadeiramente ativo, a fomentar e a exigir o efetivo cumprimento dos direitos fundamentais no trabalho, notadamente pela aplicação de instrumentos jurídicos como a cláusula trabalhista nos contratos públicos. A cláusula trabalhista expressa e proclama a emanação da força cogente, vinculante, dos contratos públicos, das disposições contratuais, e revela a capacidade de subtrair os direitos subjetivos do plano abstrato, formando uma conexão real e obrigatória, alicerçada em obrigações particularizadas, diretamente imponíveis, destinadas à realização dos direitos fundamentais no trabalho e da proteção da dignidade do trabalhador, incorrendo o infrator de seus comandos, na imediata aplicação de sanções. Por conseguinte, produz implicações jurídicas materiais para a proteção do trabalho. Os contornos da concepção contemporânea do contrato público socialmente responsável demandam a adoção da cláusula laboral para a afirmação dos direitos fundamentais no trabalho. As características e particularidades do novo regime jurídico em que se inserem os contratos administrativos exprimem e legitimam a plena pertinência e juridicidade da adoção da cláusula social trabalhista em seu núcleo. Neste contexto, a realização dos padrões internacionais de proteção ao trabalhador é condição mandatória para o desenvolvimento sustentável. A contratação pública socialmente responsável que valoriza e concretiza a proteção da dignidade do trabalhador pode, verdadeiramente, influenciar as atividades econômicas, promovendo a justiça social nas relações de trabalho que encerram ao exigir, com ênfase, a formatação de padrões de emprego e ocupação laboral que respeitam os direitos humanos no trabalho. / The principle of human dignity, as never before, has to be pulled out of its ethereal plane. Empty rights do not contribute to the true civilization progress coveted by all. So that mankind walks faster towards the achievement of the values settled along the slow process of political and legal awareness that resulted in the construction of catalogs of fundamental rights, the full effectiveness of legal rights shall not be avoided. The indispensable protection to human dignity must be enforced with conviction. The issue of the effectiveness of fundamental principles significantly affects workers legal protection. The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and the guidelines on decent, healthy and safe work, which define minimum international labour standards, have not been complied with in different countries, severely compromising the protection to workers dignity. The applicability and enforcement of fundamental labour rights must be guaranteed to fight contemptible cases of slavery-like work conditions, workers discrimination, retrenchment to free labour union and collective bargaining, child labour, unsafe work or under degrading conditions, among several other unfair and infamous situations experienced in the work environment. In a globalized economic scenario, where financial capitalism is emphasized, governments have to assume, as never before, their role in the effective protection of human rights at work. Accordingly, in view of the supremacy and inalienability of fundamental rights as essential principles of administrative activities of the Rule of Law, the role of the Government is to induce and shape social conducts. The present academic paper argues and claims that governments should have a decisively active role, fomenting and enforcing the effective compliance with fundamental rights at work, notably by applying legal instruments as the labour clause in public contracts. The labour clause expresses and affirms the cogent and binding force that arises out of public contracts and contractual provisions, and pulls subjective rights out of their abstract plane, establishing an actual and mandatory connection grounded on specific obligations immediately enforceable and aimed to realize fundamental rights at work and protect the dignity of workers, and applying immediate sanctions on the offender of such legal provisions. Therefore, it produces real and concrete legal developments to labour protection. The outlines of the contemporary conception of socially responsible public contracts require the adoption of the labour clause for the enforcement of fundamental labour rights at work. The characteristics and specificities of the new legal regime, which comprises administrative contracts, express and legitimize the full pertinence and legality of including the labour clause among their provisions. In this context, the compliance with international workers protection standards is mandatory to a sustainable development. Socially responsible public contracts that value and enforce the protection to workers dignity may effectively influence economic activities, promoting social justice in labour relations that emphatically claim for the structuring of employment and labour standards that respect human rights at work.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether the Swedish municipalities apply the UN Convention on the rights of Persons with Disabilities and article number 24 regarding right to education when purchasing Swedish education for immigrants. One aim is to identify whether legislation, policies and rights of people with disabilities occur in different procurement documents. The study furthermore investigates if the right to education connects to the concept of social sustainability and Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and if that shows in the reviewed documents. This qualitative study maps and compares contents of different documents, descriptions of legislation, policies and concepts concerning rights of persons with disabilities. General comment No. 4 regarding right to inclusive education supports the work and analysis. The result finds that some rights of persons with disabilities occur in the different documents but to a different extent between the municipalities. Human Rights are not widely described and the Convention not mentioned, which could hinder to fulfill the obligation. The concept of social sustainability exists in the documents but does not always constitute the same purpose as described by the Swedish authority for public purchasing.

The present article has as principal goal to analyze and comment the more relevant aspects referred to the amendments on that can be done to a contract, in the terms allowed by the new Public Procurement Peruvian Law. Also, the author will refer to the opinions emitted by the OSCE about the topic. Finally, he will state his main conclusions. / El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal, analizar y comentar los más importantes aspectos referidos al tema de las modificaciones que se pueden realizar al Contrato, en los términos expuestos en la Ley de Contrataciones del Estado – Ley Nº 30225. Asimismo, procederemos a citar opiniones del OSCE referentes al tema; finalizando con la exposición de nuestras conclusiones.

Les contrats globaux de la commande publique, catégorie de contrats constituée au fur et à mesure de leur création, jouent un rôle majeur dans l’action des personnes publiques et des collectivités territoriales notamment. Le contrat de partenariat est devenu l’élément phare de cette famille d’instruments juridiques. Ces derniers se sont superposés au point de constituer un ensemble difficilement lisible pour les collectivités territoriales sans que cela ne ralentisse leur utilisation et leur succès. L’analyse du cas de la ville de Lourdes, de projets portés par des collectivités territoriales aux importances diverses ainsi que de l’utilisation par l’Etat des contrats globaux sont autant d’exemples qui ont mis en évidence la nécessité de procéder à un véritable état des lieux. Après une décennie de pratique et d’observation des contrats de partenariat notamment, il apparaît, plus que jamais, nécessaire de traduire le bilan qui a été réalisé en une véritable clarification des catégories de contrats de la commande publique. L’adoption des directives marchés et concessions lors de l’année 2014 et l’arrivée d’une ordonnance relative aux marchés publics en 2015 mettent en exergue l’actualité de la question ainsi que l’importance de procéder à une réorganisation d’envergure du droit français de la commande publique. / Comprehensive contracts in public procurement constitute a class of contracts that have been formed gradually since their creation and play a major role, for instance in the action of public entities and local authorities. Partnership agreements became the main element of this family of legal instruments. They superimposed to compose a group that is hardly comprehensible by territorial authorities, which minimise their utilisation and success. Analyses of the case of Lourdes, of projects led by local authorities as well as the use of comprehensive agreements by the government are all examples that highlight the necessity of carrying out a real overview of the situation. After a decade of practicing and observing the use of public-private partnerships, it appears that the necessity of translating the achieved assessment into a real clarification of the different types of public procurements is more important than ever. The adoption of public procurement directives and concession directives in 2004 and the order relating to public procurement setting up in 2015 bring out the pertinence of the subject as well as the importance of proceeding to a major reorganisation of the French public procurement law.

1 Abstract With effect from 1 January 2021, municipalities, as contracting authorities, have to comply with environmentally responsible procurement principles, taking into account the nature and purpose of the contract. In this context, we are talking about green public procurement, the requirements of which arise from the European Union directives. This thesis deals with green public procurement by municipalities in the Czech Republic. Since this issue has not yet been explored and widespread in the Czech Republic, the introduction of the new obligation may cause difficulties for municipalities in practice. Therefore, this paper focuses on the attitudes of Czech municipalities towards green public procurement and analyses the specifics of the preparation of green public procurement compared to other public procurement and the resulting new requirements imposed on municipalities. The thesis is intended to serve as a basic insight into the examined issues as well as a potential basis for the practice of municipalities as contracting authorities. The thesis is based on the theoretical background of public interest, sustainable development, good governance and public finance. In terms of methodology, a qualitative type of research was chosen for the purposes of this thesis and a case study was chosen as a type...

There are directives for how public procurement should be conducted, in terms of quality,price, non-discrimination, transparency, equal treatment, reasonable requirements and how environmental, social and labor law considerations should be taken into account. Public procurement must also solve societal problems with the aim of achieving the global goals, but despite these guidelines, environmental ethical problems still remain for how a purchaser should prioritize and evaluate between the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The purpose was to investigate whether environmental ethics could make a significant contribution in highlighting and understanding the environmental ethical challenges, conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces and provide answers to how public procurement should ethically value different tenders in order to be able to choose the supplier that makes the greatest social, ecological and economic benefit to society with the aim of achieving the global goals. The conclusion is that doctor Olle Torpman's environmental ethical sub-issues make the ethical challenges, as conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces visible and comprehensible. The application of the ethics of sustainable development, specified by professor Mikael Stenmark, solves the environmental ethics problems and shows that an environmental ethics theory makes a significant contribution when it comes to providing answers to how public procurement should ethically value the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The procurement authority has been commissioned by the government to amend the law on public procurement so that it is in line with the new climate law. I hope that this thesis can provide an environmental ethical perspective on public procurement. Keywords: sustainable purchases, sustainable public procurement, environmental ethics, evaluate sustainability in purchasing, sustainable development goals, public procurement shall solve societal problems.

The main theme of this work is the purchasing and supplier selection in the public sector. The thesis deals with public procurement, supplier selection and public purchasing at the theoretical level. The next part is devoted to the directives for small-scale public procurement and their analysis.

Since 1994, the Public Procurement Act has undergone changes aimed to improve the procurement process and promoting innovation. In order to promote innovation there are a number of government agencies that offer financial assistance, especially to small business with innovative ideas. Despite these efforts, newly established small businesses have difficulties entering the market. The study investigates whether changes have been made in the public procurement of medical devices with regard to price and quality prioritization. The priority criteria is presented by the contracting authority as percentage in the allocation criteria. The study is limited to in vitro diagnostic products contracting in Swedish healthcare between the years 2009 and 2015. All tenders, companies that apply for participation in procurement, were analyzed based on sales, number of employees and year of establishment with the purpose of evaluating differences between winning tenders and other tenders. The result shows that prioritization has been increasingly on price rather than the quality. Regarding the winning tenders the study shows that larger, more established companies dominates the market. Noteworthy is that this dominance has increased over theses last years. The increase may be due to a spiral effect that is created when winning tenders get an increased economic power.