<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the way George W. Bush used moral metaphors to intensify the language in his statements on Operation Iraqi Freedom. Three moral metaphors are presented within two different models that are applied on the data.</p><p>The collected material for the metaphors is constituted of cognitive linguistic books from prominent linguists, such as George Lakoff, Alan Cruse and William Croft, and the data is collected from the official White House website. The scientific method used in this study has been qualitative text analysis where the hermeneutic approach has been an essential part of it.</p><p>The main question: In what way did George W. Bush use moral metaphors in his statements to justify Operation Iraqi Freedom?, resulted in use of moral metaphors that sermons people’s moral values, depict Saddam Hussein’s characteristics as immoral, activate people’s moral priorities to help the Iraqi people, and addresses both conservatives and liberals in America.</p><p>The conclusion of my study is that President Bush deliberately intensified the language in his statements through moral metaphors to justify Operation Iraqi Freedom.</p><p>Keywords: Cognitive Linguistics, Metaphor, Figurative Language, Operation Iraqi Freedom, War on Terror, George W. Bush, Saddam Hussein, USA, Iraq, Qualitative Text Analysis, Hermeneutics.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to study how feminists portray themselves and their opinions about gender issues and other political matters in popular feminist blogs. The blogs that are studied are Lady Dahmer, Fanny Åström, Hanapee and Genusfolket. The overall essay questions are: How does the feminist bloggers present themselves? Which subjects are discussed in the feminist blogs? Which rhetorical devices does the feminist bloggers use? The theories that are used to answer the essay questions are the four spheres where there are inequality between the sexes, theories about third wave feminism, the rhetorical concepts ethos, logos and pathos and the SPADER-model for writing good argumentation. A descriptive method is used to study how the bloggers present themselves, a quantitative content analysis is used to count which subjects the bloggers write about and a qualitative rhetorical text analysis is used to study the rhetorical devices the bloggers use. The result shows that the two bloggers Lady Dahmer and Fanny Åström describe themselves with provocative words while the other blogs have more neutral descriptions. The provocative language was interpreted as a sign of the harsh debate climate that surrounds feminists. The results also shows that the bloggers write about different feminist and political subjects; Lady Dahmer writes mostly about family and relationships, Fanny Åström writes mostly about politics, Hanapee writes mostly about politics and objectifications of women and Genusfolket writes mostly about violence and sexual abuse of women. All bloggers write about racism and this can be related to the third wave feminist notion of intersectionality and antiracist activism. They also debate feminism as an ideology and meet the harsh criticism they get.  This can be related to earlier studies that show that feminists get a lot of harsh criticism in the media and on the Internet and that feminists meet this critique. The rhetorical analysis shows that the bloggers all use some rhetorical devices from the SPADER-model but none of them use statistics or expert quotes in their argumentation. Instead they use personal experience and examples to make their points. The bloggers use mostly pathos-arguments in their texts. They show ethos to different extent and it is most abundant in the analyzed text from Genusfolket.

Studien undersöker hur den etablerade sitcom-serien New Girl porträtterar kvinnliga och manliga karaktärer normativt eller icke-normativt. Studien undersöker även om karaktärerna i serien porträtteras utefter de grundstereotyper som tidigare forskning tagit fram. Urvalet utgörs av de första sju avsnitten av första säsongen, som alla hade runt en miljon tittare i Sverige. Syftet och målet med vår studie är att undersöka om sitcom-serien New Girls karaktärer bidrar till rådande könsnormer eller om serien är normbrytande. På så sätt bidrar studie till den relativt outforskade genusforskningen eftersom vi får kunskap om hur kön representeras i media.Som metod tillämpar vi en kvalitativ textanalys och studien har sin teoretiska grund inom semiotiken. Vi använder oss av de semiotiska begreppen denotation och konnotation som verktyg när karaktärerna analyseras. Analysen utgjordes av ett schema för att enklare identifiera karaktärernas stereotyp. Analysschemat bestod av klädval/utseende, uttal/tilltal, yrke och egenskaper/känslor. Resultatet av studien visar att New Girl både stärker rådande könsnormer och bryter dem. Stereotyperna som kom till uttryck i serien var ”machoman”, ”yuppie”, ”career woman” och ”bourgeois”. / This study examines how the established sitcom series New Girl portrays women and men normatively or not. The study also examines whether the characters in the series are portrayed as stereotypes that previous research has found. The study consists of the first seven episodes of the first season, all of which had around one million viewers in Sweden. The purpose and aim of this study is to investigate whether the sitcom-series New Girls characters contributes to current gender norms or if the series is norm breaking. In this way, our study contributes to the relatively unexplored gender research as we get knowledge of hoe gender is represtended in the media.As a method, we apply a qualitative text analysis and the study has its theoretical foundation in semiotics. We use the semiotic concepts denotation and connotation as tools when analyzing the characters. The analysis consisted of a scheme to more easily identify the stereotype of the characters. The analysis scheme consisted of clothing/appearance, pronunciation/appeal, occupation and characteristics/feelings.The result of the study shows that New Girl both strengthens the current gender norms and breaks them. The stereotypes that was expressed in the series were “machoman”, “yuppie”, “career woman” and “bourgeois”.

This Thesis are dealing with analysis of political satire change during election periods in 2006 and 2010 in printed media (Právo, Lidové noviny and MF DNES). 1796 items were evaluated. In these media three artist in both years were publishing: in MF DNES it is Miroslav Kemel, in Lidové noviny Vladimír Jiránek and in Právo Vladimír Renčín. For political satire research content analysis was used, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Defined variables are used for grouping images. The research should accept/reject five hypothesis directed to topic frequencies (domestic, foreign, non-political), politicans shown as the target of satire and political tending of particular paper. The most popular target for political satire was Jiří Paroubek former leader of ČSSD due to his nature and physiognomy. This was true for MF Dnes and Lidové noviny. In Právo no concrete politican was drawn by V. Renčín in both years. In the first place topic Election was in 2006 in all papers, in 2010 only for MF Dnes it was Nr 1. In other paper most important topics were morality and demenaurs of politicans. This Thesis confirmed that left-winged paper Právo is not tending to the righ-wing ridiculing. On the contrary, the other newspapers, Lidové noviny and MF Dnes, both being right-wing newspapers, published the...

Denna litteraturstudie utgörs av en kvalitativ textanalys av utvald kurslitteratur inom en förskollärarutbildning. Analysen har tagit stöd i Biestas teori om demokratiska dimensioner inom utbildning (Biesta, 2011a). Resultatet i vår studie visar på ett gap mellan det förskollärarstudenter får med sig från kurslitteraturen gentemot hur de ska praktisera och därmed realisera denna kunskap ute i förskolans verksamhet. Tillfällen för samtal och reflektion behövs för att kunna överbrygga detta gap som uppstår, och därmed mildra den osäkerhet som finns för utövandet av det komplexa uppdraget som förskolläraryrket innebär. Samtal och utbyte av erfarenheter kan verka som en bro mellan teorin och praktiken, och därmed är detta ett nödvändigt inslag inom förskollärarutbildning men även i förskoleverksamhet. / This literature study consists of a qualitative text analysis of selected course literature within a preschool teacher education. The analysis has been supported by Biesta's theory of democratic dimensions in education (Biesta, 2011a). The results of our study show a gap between what preschool teacher students get from the course literature in relation to how they should practice and thus realize this knowledge in the preschool's activities. Opportunities for conversation and reflection are needed to be able to bridge this gap that arises, and thereby alleviate the uncertainty that exists for the performance of the complex task that the preschool teaching profession entails. Conversation and exchange of experiences can act as a bridge between theory and practice, and thus this is a necessary element in preschool teacher education but also in bu

The aim of this study was to find out how the war in Afghanistan is framed both in national and international context. This was conducted by comparing the national tv channel TOLOnews from Afghanistan with the international tv channel SVT Nyheter from Sweden. A qualitative text analysis as well as a semiotic photo analysis were implemented on four news articles and two photos from each channel respectively. Framing theory, agenda setting, and news values provided the theoretical background to be able to carry out the study. The significant findings of the study show that SVT Nyheter uses various secondary foreign sources for their articles in comparison to TOLOnews which uses only first-hand sources as can be expected of international and national tv channels. Furthermore, SVT Nyheter concentrates mostly on facts such as the number of people killed in attacks whereas TOLOnews concentrates more on the personal stories of the local people affected by the attacks. Finally, the study discusses what could be the underlying reasons of the findings of the study and thereby the differences of the framing of the war in Afghanistan by the two tv channels.

This thesis deals with the qualitative text analysis of media discourses related to the 7th January 2015 terrorist attack on French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo's staff. In accordance with social constructionism theory, the term terrorism is here understood as a social construct and mass media is considered to be one of the social construction agents. The objects of analysis are journalistic texts published during the one-month period of 7th January - 7th February 2015. As a resource for the analysis I have chosen the daily newspaper Lidové noviny, the weekly magazine Týden, online newspaper IHNED.cz and TV programme Události, komentáře. The texts were analysed through the combination of grounded theory method and four steps of foucaultian discourses analysis described by Carla Willig. The aim of this paper is to discover and to interpret the most significant discursive constructions of Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack that appeared in the Czech media, to situate the same discursive object within wider or global discourses, to describe positions that discourses make available or attribute to the subjects and social actors, and to define the practices arising from these discourses. The media event of Charlie Hebdo attack has been closely related to the topics of freedom of speech, 9/11 terrorist...

Under en lång tid har Harlequin-romaner och romantiska fantasier varit populära bland kvinnor. Den klassiska berättelsen om hjältinnan som finner kärleken med den perfekta mannen är specifikt riktad mot kvinnor. Det har forskats kring dessa romantiska fantasier, men det saknas forskning om hur dessa romantiska fantasier representerar maskuliniteten bland de manliga karaktärerna. Målet med det här arbetet är att försöka fylla en del av det tomrummet. Med hjälp av William Labovs narrativa modell och en kvalitativ textanalys har jag analyserat två filmer inom genren chick flick, Bridget Jones’s Diary (2001) och Bridget Jones: Edge of Reason (2004). Min analys visar att maskuliniteterna som framställs i romantiska berättelser följer väldigt stereotypiska maskulina drag. Exempelvis använder sig de manliga karaktärerna ofta av fysiskt våld för att visa sin manliga dominans och genom att vinna i ett slagsmål vill de visa vem som är den bästa mannen för Bridget Jones. / Harlequin novels and romantic fantasies have been popular with women for a number of years. The classic story of the heroine finding her true love with the perfect man is directed specifically to women, for their enjoyment. While there have been studies about the romantic fantasies themselves, there’s a distinct lack of research on how these romantic fantasies portray the male characters and their masculinity. This study is a step towards filling that gap. Using a combination of William Labov’s narrative model, as well as a qualitative textanalysis, to examine two chick flicks, Bridget Jones’s Diary (2001) and Bridget Jones: Edge of Reason (2004), I have found that the masculinities portrayed in romantic fantasies follow very stereotypical male behavior. For example, the male characters will often resort to physical violence to prove their male dominance and by winning a fight they want to prove that they are the right man for Bridget Jones.

In December 2018, two documents central for the European Union’s artificial intelligence policy were released: A Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence by the European Commission, and the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence’s Draft Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI.  These two documents are both an internal signal to the member states, but also an international sign about the role the EU aspires to take within the emerging AI development. Moreover, the documents are the research material used for this paper. The question this thesis seeks to answer is: “What role(s) does the European Union aspire to take in the global rise of AI?” The question will be answered by utilizing role theory. The study is conducted by carrying out a qualitative manifest content analysis with deductive approach. The main finding of this study is that the EU’s AI policy reflects the roles the EU has traditionally taken, referring to civilian power, soft power and normative power as roles. The normative power seems to, however, be the dominating role conception within the AI policy.

Syftet med studien är att genom en semiotiskt bildanalys och genusvetenskaplig ansats undersöka hur det kroppspositivistiska bikiniföretaget Elsa and Rose Swimwear framställer kvinnan i sin marknadsföring på Instagram. Då tidigare forskning kring kvinnlig framställning i reklam till stor del fokuserat på endast kroppsstorlek och attraktivitet har vi valt att inkludera analysverktyg som pose, gaze, samt etnicitet och hud. Detta för att bidra med ny kunskap om kvinnlig framställning inom reklam och sociala medier. Genom att studera sju bilder, som alla publicerades under 2018, på Elsa and Rose Swimwears Instagram-konto har vi undersökt hur kvinnan framställs, samt om och hur denna framställning av kvinnan skiljer sig från den normativa kvinnan som vanligtvis syns i media. Studiens resultat visar att ingen av de sju bilder som ingick i analysen demonstrerar “den perfekta kvinnan”, som vanligtvis syns i medier och reklamsammanhang. Ingen av kvinnorna i bilderna innehar alltså alla normativa attribut, som till exempel både en extremt smal kropp och perfekt hud. Bildernas huvudsakliga syfte är således inte att marknadsföra sina produkter med hjälp av normativa kvinnokroppar, utan att genom sin marknadsföring även sprida budskap om att alla kroppar är värda att synas i media, oavsett storlek, hudton och utseendemässiga attribut. Slutligen sänder kvinnorna huvudsakligen signaler av självsäkerhet och kontroll genom sina blickar och poseringar, vilket demonstrerar deras medvetenhet om åskådaren. Resultatet i den här studien visar således att det kroppspositivistiska bikiniföretaget Elsa and Rose Swimwears huvudsakliga framställning av kvinnan skiljer sig från den traditionella och normativa kvinnan som vanligtvis syns i media. / The purpose of the study is to, through semiotic analysis and gender theory, investigate in which way the body-positive bikini company Elsa and Rose Swimwear is representing women in their Instagram marketing. Since earlier research on female representation in advertising is largely focused on body size and attractiveness, we have in this study chosen to include analysis tools such as pose, gaze, as well as ethnicity and skin. This will contribute to new knowledge on female representation in commercials and on social media. By studying seven images, all posted in 2018, on Elsa and Rose Swimwear's Instagram account, we have investigated how women are represented as well as whether and how this representation differs from the normative female image usually seen in media. The result of the study shows that none of the seven images included in the analysis display "the perfect woman" that is usually seen in media and advertising. None of the women in the pictures possess all the normative attributes, such as both an extremely thin body and perfect skin. We find that the main purpose of the images is not to for the company to market their products with normative women's bodies, but rather market their products while spreading a message saying that all bodies are worth being seen in media, regardless of size, skin tone and appearance. Finally, the women in the pictures communicate self-confidence and control through their gazes and poses, and therefore demonstrating their consciousness of the observer. The result of the study shows that the body-positive bikini company Elsa and Rose Swimwear's main representation of women differs from the traditional and normative female image.