<p>The purpose of this dissertation is to map and analyze the spatial and temporal variation in women’s political representation at both the national and local level. In the dissertation it is argued that women’s political representation is the outcome of the interplay between structures, institutions and actors. The perspective is a comparative one, in which quantitative analyses and more qualitative case-studies complement each other. When analysing spatial variation a mainly quantitative approach is taken, while the case-study approach is applied to the temporal variation.</p><p>The first empirical chapter examines whether female representation in the lower houses of the world’s parliaments co-varies with other indicators of the political situation of women in order to ensure the validity of the analysis. In the second empirical chapter female representation in parliaments of the world during the post-war period is analyzed. In the third empirical chapter the focus narrows down to women’s political representation in Western Europe during the post-war period, where both the national and local level is analysed. The fourth empirical chapter consists of case studies of six countries. Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands feature high female representation; France, Greece and Ireland low female representation. In the fifth empirical chapter women’s political representation at the local level in Norway and Sweden is analysed during the post-war period. In the sixth empirical chapter the temporal variation in female representation in a number of Swedish municipalities is analysed, from the introduction of female suffrage in 1921 until 2002.</p><p>The result is that both structures, institutions and actors are necessary to explain the spatial and temporal variation in female representation. There is no direct link between structures and female representation. The structure does affect the actors and co-varies with the institutions, but successful actors as entrepreneurs might boost female representation. Actors are important. The increase in female representation cannot be seen as an automatic process taking care of itself. Conscious actors are necessary both to affect and to monitor the development. An unfavourable structural context might be compensated for by actors and institutions which favour female representation.</p>

In this study, we consider the mechanism design problem for the optimal allocation of fishing quotas at different total allowable catch (TAC) levels. An age-structured fish population model is employed. Fishing technologies are embedded in the economic model as a key determinant. As a result, we showed that the quota allocation mechanism is important to minimize the impact of fishing on total fish biomass or achieve maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Moreover, we indicated technology-based optimality conditions for allocation of quotas at different TAC levels, which minimize the impact of fishing on total fish biomass or enable us to achieve MSY. Under the consideration that the fishermen fulfill their remaining quotas through capturing untargeted (less revenue-generating) fish after the targeted fish population is fully caught, the fix ratio of the catch of targeted fish to untargeted fish is not valid anymore. Concordantly, we indicated technology-based optimal quota levels, including the interior solutions. In the EU, TACs are distributed among states according to the principle of &lsquo / relative stability&rsquo / which prescribes that the fishing quotas should be allocated based on historical catches of the EU states. In this context, rather than allocating the quotas based on historical catches, our main suggestion is that the structure of the fishing industry should be considered for allocation of quotas to provide the sustainability of EU fisheries and achieve responsible and effective management of the fishing industry in the EU.

In modern economies, national governments have a wide range of policies for restricting international trade and protecting domestic industries at their disposal. The most popular form of non-tariff trade policies is probably that of a direct quantitative restriction. This policy takes two principal forms: explicit import quotas and voluntary export restraints (VERs). A VER is a quota imposed by an exporting country upon exports to other countries in response to pressures exercised by the importing countries (i.e., in the form of threats of various types of import restrictions). When these two policies are partially liberalized, subject to a reasonable foreign share in the domestic market, product differentiation between imported goods and domestic goods within an imperfect market can serve to increase welfare levels within the domestic economy. In this situation, the foreign share will not be as high as it would be for the homogeneous assumption. Under a partial VER liberalization policy, if the degree of substitutability between domestic and imported goods is sufficiently small, then domestic welfare will improve as foreign imports are increased. That is, if domestic and imported goods are perfect substitutes, then the most favorable domestic policy will be to close domestic markets to the foreign country since no country can allow foreign market shares as high as 66 percent in the domestic market. In a simulation of U.S. automobile industrial production, when a partial quota liberalization is observed, welfare levels can be increased by reducing the Japanese import market share to a level below 10 percent, that is, to a level which is less than the actual current foreign market share. In real terms, this implies that U.S. auto industry must be further liberalized to acquire additional domestic benefits under a VER policy, whereas the U.S. should restrict foreign market share below 10 percent to maximize domestic welfare levels under a quota policy. This will occur if the net consumer surplus is in excess of producer net excess profits under an imperfect market structure. / Graduation date: 1993

In this mixed methods study, I explore the reasons for the low level of women in elected office in Europe. I analyze the impact of three structural factors (number of years since women's suffrage was enacted, type of electoral system, and presence of legal gender quotas) and three attitudinal factors (level of gender equality, percentage of female professionals, and level of religiosity) on the percentage of women in national legislatures in each of the European countries. Specifically, I pose the following research question: Which structural and/or attitudinal factors are more influential for women's political representation in European countries? In order to answer this question, I begin by performing ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses of the variables. My Europe-wide and Western Europe regression results indicate that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the favorability of a country's electoral system to the election of women and the level of women's political representation in that country. Proportional representation electoral systems are particularly beneficial to female candidates. In addition, unlike previous scholars who focus on the dominant religion, I apply the concept of religiosity (the importance of religion to a country's citizens) to women's political representation. I find a statistically significant negative relationship between the level of religiosity in a country and the level of women's political representation in that country. Countries in which citizens are particularly religious tend to be conservative and less likely to encourage the election of women. However, none of the variables are statistically significant in the regression analysis of Eastern Europe, which indicates the need to take regional factors into consideration. In the second part of the study, I examine four case studies (Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, and Macedonia). The case studies permit in-depth analyses of the individual countries, and show the manner in which structural and attitudinal factors interact in a particular country context. In the case of Macedonia, structural factors have mitigated the effects of negative attitudinal factors. In most of the case studies, however, a combination of structural (electoral system and gender quotas) and attitudinal factors (gender equality and religiosity) affect the level of women's political representation in the country. Ultimately, the case studies demonstrate how the country-specific context impacts the election of women to parliament.

The purpose of this dissertation is to map and analyze the spatial and temporal variation in women’s political representation at both the national and local level. In the dissertation it is argued that women’s political representation is the outcome of the interplay between structures, institutions and actors. The perspective is a comparative one, in which quantitative analyses and more qualitative case-studies complement each other. When analysing spatial variation a mainly quantitative approach is taken, while the case-study approach is applied to the temporal variation. The first empirical chapter examines whether female representation in the lower houses of the world’s parliaments co-varies with other indicators of the political situation of women in order to ensure the validity of the analysis. In the second empirical chapter female representation in parliaments of the world during the post-war period is analyzed. In the third empirical chapter the focus narrows down to women’s political representation in Western Europe during the post-war period, where both the national and local level is analysed. The fourth empirical chapter consists of case studies of six countries. Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands feature high female representation; France, Greece and Ireland low female representation. In the fifth empirical chapter women’s political representation at the local level in Norway and Sweden is analysed during the post-war period. In the sixth empirical chapter the temporal variation in female representation in a number of Swedish municipalities is analysed, from the introduction of female suffrage in 1921 until 2002. The result is that both structures, institutions and actors are necessary to explain the spatial and temporal variation in female representation. There is no direct link between structures and female representation. The structure does affect the actors and co-varies with the institutions, but successful actors as entrepreneurs might boost female representation. Actors are important. The increase in female representation cannot be seen as an automatic process taking care of itself. Conscious actors are necessary both to affect and to monitor the development. An unfavourable structural context might be compensated for by actors and institutions which favour female representation.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 119-126).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-126) Also available in print.

The equality is to be seen as a right to be guaranteed by the State in an equivalent proportion to the different citizens; equality means that each person may be different, and while being assisted by the State to minimize the situations that may put them at a disadvantage. It is inefficient to treat individuals in a generic and abstract way. It is necessary the specification of the subject of law, which must be seen in its particularities and peculiarities, considered the cultural contexts in which it is inserted, their history. In Brazil, as it has occurred in the USA in 1960 s, Affirmative Actions were adopted, aiming the realization of the equal opportunities and the neutralization of the effects of racial discrimination, gender, age, national origin and physical complexion, which materialize, for example, by reserving vacancies by public institutions of higher education in their student selection contests. Along these lines, this present research was conducted within the line Formation, knowledge and professional development - LP1, where I propose intercultural education as a dialogical solution of the conflicts arising from new relations established in the classroom with the admission of students in Universities through the system of quotas. The quota policy aims to reduce the given inequality to social groups historically marginalized in the society. However, the faculty and students of the institutions has been directly affected by the diversity of opinions, often expressed through words, often in attitudes. Passing through the historical origins of affirmative policies, that originated the quota system, as well as the legal foundations that supported its implementation, we sought to investigate possible ways of mobilizing teacher training , through theoretical and epistemological contributions from the perspective of Intercultural Education integrated into the faculty act, as a proposal for dialogue solution of tensions arising from the arrival of 'new' students to higher education Institutions. To carry out this study, I adopted the qualitative research as methodology, and also, as a process of execution of the methodology itself, being method, the way to be gone to achieve the proposed objectives. At the end, I conclude, therefore, that it is necessary to be developed teacher training towards teaching methodologies that integrates these new students to the classroom, which are proposed, occurs in intercultural perspective. / A igualdade há de ser vista como um direito a ser garantido pelo Estado de forma proporcionalmente equivalente aos diferentes cidadãos; igualdade significa que cada pessoa possa ser diferente, e ao mesmo tempo ser assistida pelo Estado na minimização das situações que possam lhe colocar em desvantagem. É ineficiente, portanto, tratar os indivíduos de forma genérica e abstrata. Faz-se necessária a especificação do sujeito de direito, que deve ser visto em suas peculiaridades e particularidades, considerados os contextos culturais em que está inserido, sua história. No Brasil, a exemplo do que ocorreu nos EUA na década de 1960, foram adotadas Ações Afirmativas, visando à concretização da igualdade de oportunidades e à neutralização dos efeitos da discriminação racial, de gênero, de idade, de origem nacional e de compleição física, que se materializam, no caso da presente pesquisa, através da reserva de vagas pelas instituições públicas de educação superior em seus concursos de seleção de alunos. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida dentro da linha Formação, saberes e desenvolvimento profissional LP1, onde proponho a educação intercultural como solução dialógica dos conflitos decorrentes das novas relações estabelecidas em sala de aula com o ingresso de alunos nas Universidades através do sistema de cotas. A política de cotas visa diminuir a desigualdade imprimida a grupos sociais historicamente marginalizados na sociedade. Contudo, o corpo docente e discente das instituições tem sido diretamente afetado pela diversidade de opiniões, por vezes manifestada por meio de palavras, por vezes em atitudes. Passando pelas origens históricas das políticas afirmativas, que originaram o sistema de cotas, assim como, pelos fundamentos jurídicos que sustentaram a sua implementação, buscou-se investigar as possíveis formas de mobilizar a formação de professores, através de contribuições teóricas e epistemológicas da perspectiva de Educação Intercultural integrada no fazer docente, como proposta de solução dialógica de tensões advindas da chegada de novos alunos às instituições de ensino superior. Para a realização deste estudo, adotei a pesquisa qualitativa como metodologia, e também, como um processo de execução da própria metodologia, sendo método, o caminho a ser percorrido para atingir os objetivos propostos. Ao final, concluo, pois, que, é necessário que seja desenvolvida a formação de professores em direção à metodologias de ensino que integrem esses novos alunos à sala de aula, o que propõem-se, ocorra na perspectiva intercultural.

The concern for the rights of people with disabilities is not an issue unrelated to Labor Law. From the ban on firing a worker with a supervening disability to permissions for medical treatments, the fact is that Labor Law has provided various special protections.However, recent regulations provide additional protection for people with disabilities: The New Labor Procedure Act and the Regulation of the General Law on Persons with Disabilities. In this interview, the subject of the duties imposed to the employer is treated, as well as their implications on labor relations. / La preocupación por los derechos de las personas con discapacidad no es un tema ajeno al Derecho del Trabajo. Desde la prohibición de despedir a un trabajador por una incapacidad sobreviniente hasta permisos por tratamientos médicos, lo cierto es que el Derecho Laboral haprevisto diversas protecciones especiales.Sin embargo, recientes legislaciones establecen una protección adicional para las personas con discapacidad: La Nueva Ley Procesal del Trabajo y el Reglamento de la Ley General de la Persona con Discapacidad. En la presente entrevista se hace referencia a los deberes que dichas normas imponen al empleador y sus implicancias en las relaciones laborales.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE- DETERMINANTES DA EQUIDADE NO ENSINO SUPERIOR.pdf: 9409433 bytes, checksum: b1956a95233516393e85f617f4b97242 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Capes / Este trabalho tem como foco contribuir com as discussões referentes às políticas de ações afirmativas, buscando entender seus efeitos nos resultados acadêmicos alcançados pelos estudantes cotistas durante seu processo de formação, assim como compreender os fatores que influenciam no rendimento acadêmico. Tem como objetivo geral investigar se existe diferença no desempenho acadêmico entre cotistas e não cotistas na conclusão do curso de graduação nas universidades federais da Região Nordeste no Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudante (Enade) de 2013 e 2014. Para realização desta pesquisa, utilizamos a abordagem quantitativa, com aplicação de técnicas estatísticas, como a análise descritiva, o modelo de resposta gradual na estimação dos construtos nível socioeconômico, hábito de estudo, contribuições dos professores, dos cursos e da infraestrutura das instituições. Estes construtos foram utilizados como variáveis explicativas nos modelos de regressão multinível. A partir das análises realizadas, verificamos que, em geral, os estudantes cotistas apresentaram desempenho inferior aos não cotistas na prova do Enade 2013 e 2014. Em sua maioria, os cotistas são oriundos da rede pública de ensino, pardos e pretos, que se concentram nas menores faixas de renda, os pais possuem baixa escolaridade, tendo frequentado, principalmente, até o Ensino Fundamental. Ao analisar o desempenho por curso, observamos que, mesmo os cotistas apresentando desempenho menor, somente, foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos cursos de Odontologia, Medicina, Farmácia, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Engenharias, Pedagogia e Música. Observamos que o efeito das cotas é intermediado pelo nível socioeconômico dos estudantes na prova do Enade, sendo este o fator de maior impacto no desempenho acadêmico. / ABSTRACT This research intends to contribute to the studies about affirmative action policies. Also, it seeks to understand their effects in the academic results reached by quota holders, as well as the factors that influences academic performance of these students. It has as the main objective to investigate whether there is a difference in academic achievement between quota holders and non-quota holders from federal universities of the Northeast Region, in the national student performance exam (Enade) of 2013 and 2014. In this sense, we used the quantitative approach, and statistic tools such as descriptive analysis, the model of gradual response in the estimation of socioeconomic constructs, study habits, teacher’s contributions and courses and institutional infrastructure. These constructs were used as explanatory variables in the multilevel regression models. Based on the analyzes carried out, we found that in general the quota students had lower performance than non-quota holders in the 2013 and 2014 Enade tests. Most of the quota holders are poor, black people and come from public school system. Besides that, their parents have a low level of schooling and attended only elementary school. By the analysis we found statistically significant differences only in Dentistry, Medicine, Pharmacy, Architecture and Urbanism, Engineering, Pedagogy and Music undergraduate courses. Also, we observed that the effect of the quotas is intermediated by the socioeconomic level of the students in the Enade test, therefore it impacts their academic performance. / RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como foco contribuir en las discusiones referidas a las políticas de acciones afirmativas buscando entender los efectos de estas políticas en los resultados académicos alcanzados por los estudiantes cuotistas, así como, comprender los factores que influencian el desempeño académico. El objetivo general es investigar si existe diferencia en el desempeño académico entre cuotistas y no cuotistas en la conclusión del curso universitario en las universidades federales de la Región Noreste, en el Examen Nacional de Desempeño del Estudiante (Enade) de 2013 y 2014. Para realizar esta investigación utilizamos un abordaje cuantitativo, con aplicación de técnicas estadísticas, como el análisis descriptivo, el modelo de respuesta gradual en la estimación de los constructos nivel socioeconómico, hábito de estudio, contribuciones de los profesores, de los cursos y de la infraestructura de las instituciones. Estos constructos fueron utilizados como variables explicativas en los modelos de regresión multinivel. A partir de los análisis realizados verificamos que, en general, los estudiantes cuotistas presentaron desempeño inferior al de los no cuotistas en la prueba del Enade 2013 y 2014. En su mayoría, los cuotistas provienen de la red pública de enseñanza, morenos y negros, que se concentran en los menores rangos de ingresos, cuyos padres poseen baja escolaridad habiendo frecuentado, principalmente, hasta el nivel de Enseñanza Fundamental I. Al analizar el desempeño por curso observamos que, ante la presentación de un menor desempeño por parte de los cuotistas, sólo fueron encontradas diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los cursos de Odontología, Medicina, Farmacia, Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Ingenierías, Pedagogía y Música. Se observó que el efecto de las cuotas es intermediado por el nivel socioeconómico de los estudiantes en la prueba del Enade, siendo este factor el de mayor impacto en el desempeño académico.