Submitted by Joao Rodrigo Maier (jmaier@tavanomaier.com.br) on 2018-09-19T22:59:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T14:12:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T16:06:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-20T16:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Com o objetivo de aferir a aplicação de lei supletiva quando facultativa e quando obrigatória, notadamente para compreender as implicações da sujeição da sociedade limitada às normas das sociedades anônimas decorrente da opção dos sócios, este trabalho analisa algumas possibilidades de aplicabilidade da regência supletiva da Lei das Sociedades Anônimas à sociedade limitada em razão da faculdade prevista no parágrafo único do artigo 1.053 do Código Civil. Procura verificar também, mediante análise da doutrina e jurisprudência dos tribunais superiores e de alguns tribunais estaduais, em que circunstâncias era aplicada a Lei das Sociedades Anônimas na vigência do Decreto nº 3.708/19, que determinava, de forma imperativa, a aplicação da lei do anonimato. Pretende-se, por conseguinte, neste trabalho, mostrar a importância de fazer constar no contrato social ex ante, situações específicas estabelecidas na Lei das Sociedades Anônimas - convenientes aos sócios e à sociedade - e não albergadas no Código Civil, ainda que haja previsão genérica da aplicação supletiva da lei do anonimato, de forma a permitir que os sócios tenham mecanismos pré-definidos para condução dos negócios sociais e mitigar, nestes pontos, a possibilidade de intervenção judicial. / With the purpose of ascertaining the application of an alternative law, when it is optional and when it is mandatory, notably to understand the implications of the subjection of a limited liability company to the rules of joint-stock companies, as a result of a choice by the quotaholders, this paper analyzes some of the possibilities of alternative application of the Corporations Law to a limited liability company, due to the option given in the sole paragraph of article 1,053 of the Civil Code. It also seeks to verify, by means of an analysis of the doctrine and the case law of the superior courts and some state courts, under which circumstances the Corporations Law was applied during the term of effectiveness of Decree No. 3,708/19, which set forth, in an imperative manner, the application of the law of joint-stock companies. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to show the importance of including in the ex ante articles of association specific situations established in the Corporations Law – convenient to the quotaholders and to the company – and not covered by the Civil Code, even if there is a generic provision for the alternative application of the joint-stock companies law, so as to allow the quotaholders to have previously defined mechanisms to carry out the company’s businesses and mitigate, in such points, the possibility of court intervention.

On the surface, Sweden and Denmark are two similar countries, but behind the closed boardroom doors, things look different. These two countries have chosen different approaches to achieving their goals and the diversification within the boards differs markedly. As a result, the study tries to emphasize the differences, and see if it is possible to distinguish different gender effects. The purpose of the study is to investigate the possible effects of gender quotas in corporate governance and the impact women does have on reducing risk in a corporate governance context as well as their connection to R&D investments based on a performance measure of earnings per share. The study has chosen a deductive approach with regards to a cross-sectional design to make it possible to make various comparisons between the collected variables. The hypotheses of the study have been formulated with help of the theories: tokenism, institutional theory, social role theory, resource mobilization theory, resource-based theory, economic growth theory and the theory of the firm. The study finds gender effects for Denmark however cannot conclude if this is an effect of women on the board of directors or a tokenism problem arising due to males’ dominance causing women to be pushed away or men having a different risk appetite. For Sweden no gender effects can be concluded neither for the 3-year or the year-to-year results. This suggests that Swedish companies board of directors have achieved great synergy effects due to institutional and social pressures, however a tokenism problem cannot be ruled out. / Sverige och Danmark är till ytan två lika länder men bakom de stängda styrelsedörrarna så ser det annorlunda ut. Dessa två länder har valt olika tillvägagångssätt för att uppnå sina mål och diversifieringen inom styrelserna skiljer sig markant. Till följd detta försöker studien betona skillnaderna, samt se om det går att urskilja olika könseffekter. Syftet med studien är att undersöka de möjliga effekterna av könskvotering i bolagsstyrning och vilken inverkan kvinnor har på att minska risken i ett bolagsstyrningssammanhang, samt deras koppling till forskning och utvecklings investeringar baserat på prestationsmått på vinst per aktie. Studien har valt ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt med avseende på en tvärsnittsdesign för att göra det möjligt att göra olika jämförelser mellan de insamlade variablerna. Studiens hypoteser har formulerats med hjälp av teorierna: tokenism, institutionell teori, social rollteori, resursmobiliseringsteori, resursbaserad teori, ekonomisk tillväxtteori och företagets teori. Studien finner könseffekter för Danmark men kan inte dra slutsatsen om detta är en effekt av kvinnor i styrelsen eller ett tokenismproblem som uppstår på grund av mäns dominans som gör att kvinnor trängs undan eller att män möjligen har en annan riskaptit. För Sverige kan inga könseffekter konstateras varken för 3-års- eller årsresultatet. Detta tyder på att den svenska styrelsen har uppnått stora synergieffekter på grund av institutionella och sociala påtryckningar, men ett tokenismproblem kan inte uteslutas.

La recherche d'une mesure mondiale et corrective des émissions de gaz à effet de serreafin de réduire l'impact de l'activité aérienne internationale sur les changements climatiques a étéconfrontée à l'émergence d'obstacles, sous forme de conflits de normes, liés au défi général del'interaction entre le droit international de l'aviation civile, le droit international des changementsclimatiques et le droit de l'Union européenne. La conciliation des normes matérielles etinstitutionnelles concernées, sur la base d'une interprétation évolutive de la convention de Chicago,est alors apparue comme l'unique solution pour remédier aux situations conflictuelles constatées.Le recours à cette démarche interprétative maintient néanmoins un climat d'insécurité juridique etpose la question des limites à l'adaptation du droit international de l'aviation civile au défi d'uneprotection du climat mondial. Ce travail d'analyse vise alors à démontrer qu'un recours à cettedémarche interprétative n'est pas toujours nécessaire et qu'une application rigoureuse de ladistinction intrinsèque au droit international de l'aviation civile séparant le domaine de lanavigation aérienne du domaine du transport aérien international est la clef du problème. Ellepermet en effet de proposer une solution corrective respectueuse des ordres juridiques fonctionnelsconcernés tout en rétablissant un climat de sécurité juridique indispensable au développementsoutenable de l'aviation civile internationale. / Looking for a global and corrective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions frominternational civil aviation has been facing legal obstacles. These obstacles took the form ofconflicts of norms linked to the general challenge of the interactions between international aviationlaw, climate change law and the law of the European Union. Using evolutionary interpretation ofthe Chicago Convention in order to reconcile norms of substantive and institutional nature emergedas the best solution. However, this method perpetuates legal uncertainty and poses the generalchallenge of flexibly and elasticity of the Chicago Convention in response to the climate changechallenge. This study examines the above mentioned issues of interactions between legal ordersand provides recommendations to restore legal certainty needed to ensure sustainable developmentof international civil aviation. More specifically, this study reveals the underestimated relevance ofthe ongoing distinction between the legal regimes of air navigation and air transport, which is a keylegal element in the search for a global and corrective solution to the impact of international civilaviation on climate change.