The aim of this thesis is to analyse Zibaldone di pensieri, the private diary of Italian poet, writer and philosopher Giacomo Leopardi. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to Leopardi's biography. We focus on his childhood, youth and on the events that had effect on his thinking. The crucial part of the thesis deals with the diary Zibaldone; with its structure, autobiographical features and with various ways in which we can look at this text. In the following part of the work we analyse some of the topics of Zibaldone. Observing the development of Leopardi's thinking, we deal with various phases of author's pessimism and with his perception of nature, reason, human destiny and ancient and modern world.

Our work aims to reflect on the post-metaphysical foundation of law and democracy. Forthis, we will face problems such as: language, reason, metaphysics, pluralism, complexity, characteristics of contemporary society. To fulfill the objective we have considered the philosopher Jürgen Habermas. Study the fundamentals post-metaphysical of Law and Democracy implies fundamentally resume the theoretical foundations of Habermas' philosophy evaluating his position theses modern and postmodern, causing the bridge to the implications of that plea. The biggest challenge faced is finding founding principles of social cohesion without resorting to metaphysical and religious principles that traditionally establish and legitimate. In this sense, Habermas goes beyond the metaphysical tradition and influenced by the yaw-linguistic posits language as an effective means for social cohesion, characterized, so as post-metaphysical. In a further step, we will seek to extend the principle of discourse about the validity of rights and democracy. For Habermas characterizes itself as a democratic and legitimate. Through the democratic process of legitimation of rights, where everyone can understand them, it is addressed and authors' rights, we understand that the possibility of maintenance of pluralism and social complexity. In this sense, we noted the possibility of a cohesive society with a post-metaphysical. / Nosso trabalho objetiva refletir sobre a fundamentação pós-metafísica do direito e da democracia. Para isso, enfrentamos problemas como: linguagem, razão, metafísica, pluralidade, complexidade, características da sociedade contemporânea. Para cumprir o objetivo estudamos o pensamento filosófico de Jürgen Habermas. Estudar os fundamentos pós-metafísicos do Direito e Democracia implica fundamentalmente retomar as bases teóricas da filosofia habermasiana avaliando seu posicionamento frente às teses modernas e pós-modernas, fazendo a ponte para as implicações desse fundamento. O maior desafio enfrentado foi encontrar princípios fundamentadores da coesão social sem lançar mão de princípios religiosos e metafísicos que tradicionalmente a fundamentavam e legitimavam. Nesse sentido, Habermas vai além da tradição metafísica e, influenciado pela guinadalinguística, postula a linguagem como um meio eficaz para a coesão social, caracterizando-se, por isso, como pós-metafísico. Num passo além, procuramos estender o princípio do discurso sobre a fundamentação dos direitos e da democracia. Para Habermas caracteriza-se como um processo democrático e legítimo. Através do processo democrático de legitimação dos direitos, no qual todos os possíveis envolvidos possam entender-se como destinatários e autores dos direitos, compreendemos que há possibilidade de manutenção do pluralismo e da complexidade social. Nesse sentido, evidenciamos a possibilidade de uma sociedade coesa, com um fundamento pós-metafísico.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The goal of this work is to provide a reconstruction of Heidegger's phenomenological interpretation of Critique of Pure Reason carried out in the late twenties in light of the task of a destruction of the history of ontology on the guideline of the problem of temporality. The reconstruction is focused on Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (1930) regarded in connection with textcourses from the period around Being and Time, in particular The Phenomenological Interpretation of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1927-28) and The Fundamental Problems of Phenomenology (1927). After an examination of the central methodological lines derived from the task of phenomenological destruction of the history of ontology the work presents the interpretation of Kant's thesis about being and the background in which it is formulated the thesis according to which Kant's Critique must be understood as a project to lay the foundations for metaphysics. By means of these considerations the work is able to reconstruct the phenomenological interpretation of Critique of Pure Reason as a laying of the foundation for metaphysics which inquires into the problem about the fore ontological understanding that enables entities to become manifest to finite human reason. In light of central orientations provided by the general ontological project of Being and Time the center of attention is the temporal nature of pure objectivity horizon which is developed by means of interpretations of transcendental schematism and transcendental deduction. Thus the work is intended to illuminate Heidegger's claim according to which Kant is the first and only one who traversed a stretch of the path toward the dimension of temporality . / O objetivo do trabalho é reconstruir a interpretação fenomenológica da Crítica da Razão Pura realizada por Heidegger ao final dos anos vinte à luz da tarefa de destruição da história da ontologia seguindo o fio condutor da problemática da temporalidade. A reconstrução é focada no livro Kant e o problema da Metafísica (1929), considerado em conexão com os cursos do período ao redor de Ser e Tempo, especialmente, Interpretação Fenomenológica da Crítica da Razão Pura de Kant (1927-28) e Problemas Fundamentais da Fenomenologia (1927). Após o exame das orientações metodológicas centrais derivadas da tarefa de desenvolver uma destruição fenomenológica da história da ontologia, o trabalho apresenta a interpretação da tese kantiana sobre o ser e reconstrói o pano de fundo em que é formulada a tese segundo a qual a Crítica de Kant deve ser compreendida enquanto um projeto de fundamentação da metafísica. Estas considerações permitem reconstruir a interpretação fenomenológica da Crítica da Razão Pura enquanto fundamentação da metafísica, a qual investiga o problema pela possibilidade de uma compreensão ontológica prévia que permite a manifestação do ente à razão humana finita. À luz das orientações do projeto ontológico de Ser e Tempo, a reconstrução centra o foco na problemática da natureza temporal do horizonte da objectualidade pura, desenvolvida por Heidegger mediante interpretações da doutrina do esquematismo e da dedução transcendental. Deste modo, o trabalho procura esclarecer a afirmação segundo a qual Kant foi o primeiro e único que se moveu durante um trecho do caminho da investigação na dimensão da temporalidade .

L’année 1401 marque un tournant dans la carrière littéraire de Christine de Pizan. Son engagement dans la querelle sur Le Roman de la Rose n’est pas anodin. En affrontant les représentants du premier humanisme français, l’écrivaine réfute le discours misogyne véhiculé par Jean de Meun. Opposant Dante à Jean de Meun, elle critique un usage de la glose qui ne relève pas d’une intention d’auteur clairement définie et se livre à une réflexion sur la question de l’interprétation des textes littéraires. Sa défense morale des femmes, dans Le débat sur le Roman de la Rose et Le livre de la Cité des dames révèle un engagement profond dans la politique de son époque. En prenant position en faveur de la régente Isabeau de Bavière, Christine développe un discours sur les vertus, destiné aux lecteurs désireux d’illustrer les qualités qui aident à bien gouverner. L’Epistre Othea et Le livre de l’advision Cristine illustrent l’importance de la glose, à même de guider le lecteur dans la construction du sens. S’inscrivant dans le sillage de Nicole Oresme et de Thomas d’Aquin, Christine propose une réflexion claire sur les vertus intellectuelles et morales qui permet de comprendre et de retrouver le sens de la justice à une époque où les nombreuses crises de folie de Charles VI mettent l’équilibre du royaume en péril. Le livre du chemin de long estude, Le livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V, Le livre de l’advision Cristine , Le livre du corps de policie, Le livre de la Mutacion de Fortune développent une poétique de la justice qui devient une solution possible à l’instabilité politique. / The year 1401 marked a turning point in the literary career of Christine de Pizan. Her interventions in the debate about the Roman de la Rose were not harmless. In confronting the representatives of the first wave of French humanism, Christine sought to refute the misogynist discourse proposed by Jean de Meun. In contrasting Jean de Meun with Dante, she criticizes Jean de Meun’s recurrent and unfulfilled promise of a gloss which mystifies authorial intention, and in so doing initiates a new reflection on how literary texts should be interpreted. Her moral defense of women during the debate on the Roman de la Rose and The Book of the City of Ladies also reveals a profound involvement in the politics of her age. As part of her taking a clear position in favour of the regency of Isabeau de Bavière during her husband’s periods of mental illness, Christine developed a particular discourse on the virtues aimed at illustrating for interested readers those qualities necessary for good government. L’Epistre Othea and Le livre de l’advision Christine illustrate the importance of a genuine gloss, particularly in guiding readers toward elucidating the sense of a text. Her reflections here follow in the wake of the works of Thomas Aquinas and Nicole Oresme and propose an unambiguous meditation on the intellectual and moral virtues which is designed to aid readers to discover and to understand better the meaning of justice in an age during which the period’s of Charles VI’s mental illusion endangered the stability of the kingdom. Le livre du chemin de long estude, Le livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V, Le livre de l’advision Cristine , Le livre du corps de policie, Le livre de la Mutacion de Fortune all elaborate a poetics of justice which Christine proposes as a possible solution to the political instability of her time.

Orientador: Veronica Fabrini Machado de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DalaCosta_AldianeAparecida_M.pdf: 2623676 bytes, checksum: 3a3f8413fff1baa0b634bfcc01c1d22e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa, intitulada Razão e emoção na criação de uma dramaturgia do corpo em dança teatral, foi inspirada na obra Paradoxo sobre o comediante de Denis Diderot, que coloca a questão sobre razão e emoção como um paradoxo do trabalho do ator. Com esse ponto de partida apresentamos a discussão sobre razão e emoção no processo criativo em artes cênicas dando ênfase para esta discussão na construção prática de uma dramaturgia do corpo em dança teatral chamada A pálida luz das estrelas Ofélia Liquefeita. Identificamos conexões entre a indagação teórica referente a relação entre emoção e razão no trabalho criativo, a experiência inscrita no corpo durante os anos de formação e atividade profissional na área de dança e teatro e o desenvolvimento histórico da dramaturgia que tornou possível a noção de dramaturgia do corpo. Através do levantamento histórico sobre as abordagens do termo razão e emoção na história da dramaturgia do corpo em dança e teatro encontramos elementos para problematizar o trabalho prático de criação, assim como, a partir da experiência de criação de uma dramaturgia do corpo e a partir dos conhecimentos inscritos no corpo construímos uma base a partir da qual a teoria é abordada / Abstract: This research, entitled Reason and emotion in creating a body's dramaturgy in dance theater, was inspired in Paradox of comedian by Denis Diderot, which raises the question of reason and emotion as a paradox of the actor's work. Based on this principle we present the discussion of reason and emotion in the creative process in dramatical arts with an emphasis, in this discussion, in the practic construction of body's dramaturgy in dance theater called The pale light of stars Ophelia liquefied. We identify connections among the theoretical question about the relationship between emotion and reason in the creative work, the experience included in the body during the years of training and professional activity in the area of dance and theater and the historical development of drama that made the notion of body's dramaturgy possible. Through the historical survey about the approaches of the term reason and emotion in the history of body's dramaturgy in dance and theater we find out elements to problematize the practical work of creation, as well as from the experience of creating a body's dramaturgy and from the knowledge entered the body we build a base from which the theory is discussed / Mestrado / Mestre em Artes

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabio_gabriel_breitenbach.pdf: 979915 bytes, checksum: 4fded123c6720e4b745a2e82bd2ebf2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / All legal systems, are of common law or civil law, dealing with precedent. Brazil, despite the arguably be a country of civil law tradition, also attaches importance to the judicial precedents. In legislative terms, we are on the eve of the new Civil Procedure Code, that positive a precedent system. The law must be consistent, because it is not formed only by the legal texts but also by judicial decisions. Different decisions in similar factual and legal situations reveal an inconsistent, unfair and unreasonable law. The study will demonstrate that mandatory compliance with the precedent, and the binding effect of the conference they constitute tools to ensure equality and predictability in and to the legal system. Faced with a decision, especially when emanating from the Supreme Courts (Supreme Court and High Court of Justice), the society believes that others cases may/must be decided in the same direction. Also the study will show, which is wrong the idea that only the law can give binding effect to judicial decisions emanating from that court. The Supreme Court has the task of telling the meaning and scope of the Constitution of the Brazilian Federal Republic of 1988, including binding effect, while the Supreme Court has the function of guiding how it should be interpreted the federal infra-constitutional legislation and task of unifying the country jurisprudence. This shows that the justice system is designed to be uniform, refuting contradictions between the organs that compose it. The study will present the techniques for proper training, identification, distinction and overcoming of the precedents. It will be suggested that, for proper elaboration of precedents, the Supreme Court and High Court of Justice must modify the way that they decide. It is recognized that, from the same factual and legal context, it is possible to extract more than a specific interpretation; however, it will be shown that it is not rational to keep the divergent position when the responsible courts in conferring the proper interpretation of federal constitutional and infra-constitutional norms have positioned themselves, eliminating the scenario that allowed the divergent interpretations. It will be shown that, in the formation of the precedent, to ensure integrity and consistency, should be guided by the north of the possibility of universal decision. The justification of universality in decision adds value to the theory of the precedents, precisely because that it encompasses, besides the principle of equality or legal certainty, the intention of rationality for judicial decisions. / Todos os ordenamentos jurídicos, sejam de tradição de common law ou de civil law, lidam com precedentes. O Brasil, apesar de indiscutivelmente ser um país de tradição civil law, também confere importância para os precedentes judiciais. No plano normativo, estamos às vésperas da vigência de um novo Código de Processo Civil, que positiva um sistema de precedentes. A ordem jurídica deve ser coerente, pois não é formada apenas pelos textos legais, mas também pelas decisões judiciais. Decisões diferentes em situações fático-jurídicas semelhantes revelam uma ordem jurídica incoerente, injusta e irracional. O estudo demonstrará que a observância obrigatória dos precedentes, e a conferência de efeito vinculante a eles, constituem ferramentas para assegurar isonomia e previsibilidade no e para o ordenamento jurídico. Diante de uma decisão, especialmente quando emanada das Cortes Supremas (Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça), a sociedade acredita que outros casos podem/ devem ser decididos no mesmo sentido. O estudo demonstrará, também, que é equivocada a ideia de que somente a lei pode conferir eficácia vinculante às decisões judiciais emanadas de determinado tribunal. O Supremo Tribunal Federal tem a tarefa de dizer o sentido e alcance da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, inclusive com efeito vinculante, enquanto que o Superior Tribunal de Justiça tem o papel de orientar como deve ser interpretada a legislação infraconstitucional federal e a tarefa de unificar a jurisprudência pátria. Isso revela que o sistema judiciário foi criado para ser uniforme, refutando contradições entre os órgãos que o compõem. O estudo apresentará as técnicas para adequada formação, identificação, distinção e superação dos precedentes. Será sugerido que, para adequada formação de precedentes, o STF e o STJ modifiquem a forma como decidem. É reconhecido que, a partir do mesmo contexto fático-jurídico, é possível extrair mais de uma norma concreta; contudo, será demonstrado que não é racional pretender manter a posição divergente quando os tribunais encarregados em conferir a adequada interpretação às normas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais federais já se posicionaram a respeito, eliminando o cenário que possibilitou as interpretações divergentes. Será evidenciado que, na formação do precedente, para garantir integridade e coerência, deve-se ter como norte a possibilidade de universalização da decisão. A justificação da decisão pela universalidade agrega valor à teoria dos precedentes, justamente porque engloba, além do princípio da igualdade ou da segurança jurídica, a pretensão de racionalidade às decisões judiciais.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-06-19T18:20:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 rosana_delane_campelo.pdf: 1000416 bytes, checksum: a21c1b4b4cc640362011e13f22791414 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T18:20:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 rosana_delane_campelo.pdf: 1000416 bytes, checksum: a21c1b4b4cc640362011e13f22791414 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-09 / Kierkegaard’s thinking is placed in the context of the philosophical critique of religion, which started with Hegel. Kierkegaard is opposed to the perspective of Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion, reducing Christianity to a system dominated by logic, as well as the union between religion and philosophy, where philosophical speculation justifies and explains faith in a rational manner. The problem of the relationship between reason and faith is the starting point for the defence of faith as passion. In the book Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard analyses the essence of the Christian faith in the biblical passage of the sacrifice of Isaac, asked by God to Abraham, in Genesis 22. Faith is understood as a dimension of subjectivity and, for Kierkegaard, “subjectivity is truth”. Such truth is attained in interiority and must make sense in the individual's life. It is from this emphasis on interiority that the philosopher establishes the discussion of authenticity and its criticism of Christianity. The objective of this paper is to outline the essence of the Christian faith in Kierkegaard, the passion of faith, to deepen the reflection on the meaning of Christianity and being a Christian today – in face of the confusion and crisis of values in contemporary society, the religious mercantilism of the Christian faith, the inconsistencies of fundamentalism and religious intolerance – giving directions to the discussion of otherness and Christian faith nowadays. / O pensamento de Kierkegaard está inserido no contexto da crítica filosófica da religião iniciada com Hegel. Kierkegaard opõe-se à perspectiva da Filosofia da Religião de Hegel de redução do cristianismo a um sistema dominado pela lógica. Ele discorda igualmente da junção entre religião e filosofia, em que a especulação filosófica justifica e explica racionalmente a fé. O problema da relação entre a razão e a fé é o ponto de partida da defesa da fé como paixão. No livro Temor e Tremor, Kierkegaard analisa a essência da fé cristã na passagem bíblica da história do sacrifício de Isaac, solicitado por Deus a Abraão, em Gênesis 22. A fé é compreendida como dimensão da subjetividade, e para Kierkegaard a “subjetividade é a verdade”. Essa verdade é apropriada na interioridade e precisa fazer sentido na vida do indivíduo. É a partir dessa ênfase na interioridade que o filósofo estabelece a discussão sobre a autenticidade e fundamenta a sua crítica à cristandade. A perspectiva do presente trabalho é esboçar a essência da fé cristã em Kierkegaard, a paixão da fé, para o aprofundamento da reflexão sobre o significado do cristianismo e do ser cristão hoje – diante da confusão e crise de valores da sociedade contemporânea, do mercantilismo religioso da fé cristã, das incoerências do fundamentalismo e da intolerância religiosa –, apontando direções para a discussão sobre alteridade e fé cristã na contemporaneidade.

Pour David Miller, l’inclusion des immigrants implique leur intégration culturelle. Une inclusion simplement politique sans ancrage culturel embrouille l’arrière-plan culturel de l’État-nation déjà mis à l’épreuve par la globalisation, les revendications identitaires et indépendantistes. Or, l’homogénéité culturelle lui assure une identité nationale solide, requise pour la citoyenneté, la délibération démocratique et la justice sociale. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de montrer que cette approche substantialiste est exigente outre mesure, que l’identité nationale ainsi comprise ne doit pas être un prérequis sine qua non pour une identité politique libérale viable, et qu’elle est en plus incompatible avec une société pluraliste. Ce mémoire propose donc une approche alternative fondée sur une interprétation spécifique de la théorie de la raison publique rawlsienne. Deux objectifs seront dès lors explorés : la plausible dissociation du régime libéral et de la culture au sens fort, et, par conséquent, la fondation en raison d’une société pluraliste. / For David Miller, the inclusion of immigrants requires their cultural integration. A mere political inclusion of immigrants without cultural anchoring muddles the cultural background of the nation-state, already tested by globalization, sub-state nationalisms and fragmented identities. Therefore, cultural homogeneity provides the nation-state a strong national identity required for citizenship, democratic deliberation and social justice. Our aim in this memorandum is to show that this substantialist approach is too strong a requirement, that this conception of national identity should not be a sine qua non prerequisite for a viable liberal political identity, and that it is incompatible with a pluralist society. We are proposing, instead, a political approach founded on a specific interpretation of Rawl’s public reason theory. Hence, two objectives will be explored: the plausible dissociation of national identity and citizenship, and consequently, the foundation of a pluralist society.

Objective: Chest pain is a common reason for an encounter in general practice. The present investigation was set out to characterize the consultation rate of chest pain, accompanying symptoms, frequency of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, and results of the encounter. Materials and Methods: Cross‑sectional data were collected from randomly selected patients in the German Sächsische Epidemiologische Studie in der Allgemeinmedizin 2 (SESAM 2) and analyzed from the Dutch Transition Project. Results: Overall, 270 patients from the SESAM 2 study consulted a general practitioner due to chest pain (3% of all consultations). Chest pain was more frequent in people aged over 45 years. The most common diagnostic interventions were physical examination, electrocardiogram at rest and analysis of blood parameters. For the majority of cases, the physicians arranged a follow‑up consultation or prescribed drugs. The transition project documented 8117 patients reporting chest pain with a frequency of 44.5/1000 patient years (1.7% of all consultations). Physical examination was also the most common diagnostic intervention, and physician’s advice the most relevant therapeutic one. Conclusion: The most common causes for chest pain were musculoskeletal problems followed by cardiovascular diseases. Ischemic heart disease, psychogenic problems, and respiratory diseases each account for about 10% of the cases. However, acutely dangerous causes are rare in general practice.

In Book VI of the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle makes the assumption that there are five states of the soul through which we interact with truth. He continues Book VI with a discussion of his intended meaning of each of these states of the soul. In this study the relevant discussions on each state are extracted from the text to enable a clearer understanding of these states, as Aristotle presents them. Subsequently, the role of each state is studied in the context of the entire Nicomachean Ethics. The primary focus is directed at a clearer understanding of Aristotle’s proposed intellectual virtues, and on their respective roles in the ethical life. Simultaneously, the ethical life that Aristotle presents, and its ultimate end eudaimonia, or happiness, are approached from this perspective. Aristotle argues that reason is the distinguishing feature of humans, and that man’s excellence must include the excellent use of this capacity. This study investigates how Aristotle proposes that the rational intellect should reach its completion, and comes to the conclusion that true mastery of the intellect can only result from the cooperation of the five states of the rational soul. It becomes evident that each state of the soul has a different nature and function, and that through directed cooperation they do not compete with one another, but are mutually enhanced. However, Aristotle repeatedly emphasises the importance of extending thought into action. This makes Aristotle’s ethical theory so attractive: he manages to consolidate his theorizing with the value of experienced reality. This is his essential key to happiness, which is experienced both in perception and in action. By approaching the Nicomachean Ethics from the perspective of the five states of the rational soul, an appreciation is acquired for the fine balance by which action and reason may combine to result in man’s fulfilment of his highest potential. It is in this balance that one finds the secret to eudaimonia. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted