The education in Swedish schools today should be for all children. This means that even if a pupil has reading and writing disabilities the education should be in the classroom with the rest of the pupils. The education should include every one. The aim of my study was to investigate the education with pupils that have reading and writing disabilities. I wanted to get a deeper knowledge about working methods that are used for pupils with these problems. In my study I have used qualitative research methods. I have used group interviews and observational studies. In addition to this I have also used informal interviews during the observational studies. One class teacher and one special teacher was interviewed and observed in the study. My results showed that pupils with reading and writing disabilities often were excluded from the classroom during a few lessons per week. The results also showed that the working methods that the class teacher and the special teacher use are different. The class teacher worked with the same working methods for all the children in the class while the special teacher was using the computer as a compensatory aid. For pupils with reading and writing disabilities the work with a computer as a compensatory aid is a motivating working method. The result also showed that cooperation between the class teacher and the special teacher is of great importance.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheters skilda sätt att uppfatta användandet av talsyntes. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med nio elever i grundskolans årskurs tre till nio. Studien har utgått från en fenomenografisk ansats. I resultatet framkommer sex skilda uppfattningar om användandet av talsyntes. De sex kategorierna är: talsyntesen i användning, viktiga andra, autonomi och självständighet, lärande, delaktighet och förändring samt engagemang och attityd. Majoriteten av eleverna upplever användandet av talsyntes positivt. Studien pekar på att talsyntesen ökar elevernas lärande, motivation och delaktighet hos de allra flesta av eleverna. Elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter är en heterogen grupp med olika behov beroende av vad som orsakar deras svårigheter och talsyntesens betydelse och användningsområden kan därför variera.  Studien visar att det är viktigt att införandet av talsyntes sker i dialog med eleven och att hon eller han har stora möjligheter att själv bestämma över när, hur och var den ska användas. Resultatet visar också att det är viktigt att det finns en god stöttning i början av användandet. / The aim of the study is to examine students with reading and writing difficulties different ways of perceiving the use of text-to speech. Qualitative interviews were conducted with nine students in the primary grades three to nine. The study was based on a phenomenographic approach. The result shows six different views on the use of text-to-speech. The six description categories are: text-to-speech  in use, significant others, autonomy and independence,  learning, participation and change and commitment and attitude. The majority of students experience the use of text-to-speech positively. The study indicates that text-to-speech increases student learning, motivation and participation of the vast majority of students. Students with reading and writing difficulties are a heterogeneous group with different needs depending on what is causing their difficulties and the importance and use of text-to-speech may therefore vary. It is important that the introduction of text-to-speech through discussion with the student and that she or he has great opportunity to decide when, how and where to use it. The result also shows that it is important with scaffolding at the beginning of use.

This study is concerned with Swedish as a school subject, with teachers in Swedish and with the relevance of teacher training, all of which I discuss in the perspective of professionalism. When it comes to content, the Swedish subject is characterized by disruption. The informants describe different subjects, but communicative skills seem to be their most important objective. And among the informants the collective view on the Swedish subject is that of Swedish as Skills. Furthermore, the concept of integrated studies in secondary school is interpreted and construed in two different ways, formal subject integration and one that might be called “true” subject integration. The study also points to discrepancies between teacher education and the profession. One such discrepancy concerns the core of Swedish as a subject. Another concerns the teaching and responsibility of children with reading and writing disabilities and other states of difficulties, such as ADHD. The teachers in this study did not get such proficiency during teacher training, and this causes frustration and feelings of inadequacy. At the same time the Swedish educational authorities presuppose that this area is the concern of every teacher, and not solely the concern of teachers of the Swedish subject. The subject concept, the use and ideology of steering documents, subject integration as well as the status of teacher training are factors that seem to have an impact on the autonomy and status of teachers.

Syftet med den kvantitativa undersökningen var att jämföra ASL (att skriva sig till läsning) i ett helordsperspektiv med den traditionella ljudmetoden gällande elevers tidiga läs- och skrivutveckling. Jämförelsen gjordes också för att se vilken läsinlärningsmetod som är mest gynnsam och om någon av dessa har bättre möjligheter att förebygga läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Undersökningen bygger på sekundärdata från cirka 200 elever med olika läsinlärningsmetoder där i första hand ordavkodningsförmågan jämförs. Resultat gällande fonologisk medvetenhet, ordavkodningsförmåga, stavning samt nationella prov i svenska samlades in från två parallellgrupper (ASL - ljudmetod). Testmaterialet har hämtats från förskoleklass till och med årskurs 3. Resultatet visade bättre ordavkodningsförmåga för de flesta elever som har haft ASL som läsinlärningsmetod. Detsamma gäller för elever som hade hög ordavkodningsförmåga från årskurs 1. För elever med låg ordavkodningsförmåga visade resultaten däremot ingen skillnad mellan de båda metoderna. En tolkning skulle kunna göras att ASL gynnar ordavkodningsförmågan för många elever, men inte har större möjligheter än ljudmetoden att förebygga läs- och skrivsvårigheter. / The purpose of the quantitative study was to compare WTR (writing to read) in a whole language perspective with the traditional phonics regarding students' early literacy development. The comparison was also made to see which literacy learning method that is most favourable and if any of them is more able to prevent reading and writing disabilities. The study is based on secondary data from approximately 200 students with different methods of teaching reading in which primarily word decoding ability was compared. Results regarding phonological awareness, word decoding ability, spelling and National tests in Swedish were gathered from two parallel groups (WTR - phonics). The test material has been taken from pre-school to grade 3. The results showed better word decoding ability for most students who have had WTR as literacy learning method. The same applies to students who had high word decoding ability from grade 1. Results from students with low word decoding ability showed however no difference between the two methods. One interpretation would be that WTR favours word decoding ability for many students, but does not have more opportunities than phonics of preventing reading and writing disabilities.

This study aims to examine the regard paid to the use of Assistive Technology (AT) when assessing the knowledge of Year 9 pupils with dyslexia in the subject Swedish. A starting point was to examine the knowledge of a group of teachers in the areas of dyslexia and AT. The issues then developed as to which AT a dyslexic pupil is allowed to use in an assessment situation and how the use of these tools affects the assessment. There was an examination of the guidelines that the teacher group can use as support when assessing the knowledge of dyslexic pupils on the basis of AT. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews. The group examined was made up of four subject teachers in Swedish. The results showed that the teacher group had limited knowledge of both dyslexia and AT. It also emerged that computers were the most common form of compensatory aid in assessment situations. The use of AT did not affect the assessments. The curriculum contained no guidelines for assessing knowledge on the basis of AT and left a lot of room for interpretation by individual teachers. The conclusions drawn were that there is a need for teacher training to include courses on dyslexia and the areas of application of AT. Greater knowledge would better ensure that the correct compensatory aid is chosen for each pupil in each assessment situation. Clear guidelines are also needed so that assessments can be regarded as fair and of equivalent value.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze how teachers can create participation in the work of classroom blogs for students in language-, reading- and writing difficulties. Another aim is also to see what challenges and possibilities it brings. The issue addressed in this study is how the educational work can be planned, how the teachers describe that they create participation for students with language-, reading- and writing difficulties, and the strengths and weaknesses that are present in this way of work. The purpose and issues of the study were answered through semi-structured interviews where the questions in an interview-guide were sent to the participants in advance, to give them the opportunity to reflect on the issues that should be addressed. The interviews have been recorded and then transcribed. All participants were selected from a list of active blogs and the main focus area was primary education grade 1-6. All teachers in the study have a broad experience of classroom blogging. The result showed how teachers, through their work with classroom blogs, create great variation in their teaching. Recipients for students' work were a big motivation factor for the students, and the teachers in the study invited the students in the educational planning. Thanks too many forms of expressions such as text production, images and moviemaking students are given the opportunity to express themselves in what way they feel comfortable in. It also offers good opportunities for participation for all students. One difficulty in this type of work is the teachers’ need of technical knowledge, and the anxiety students with language-, reading- and writing difficulties may feel when they are going to publish an online text. / Studiens syfte är att beskriva och analysera hur lärare kan skapa delaktighet kring arbetet med klassblogg hos elever i språk-, läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Syftet är också att se vilka utmaningar och möjligheter arbetet medför. De frågor som studien belyser är hur det pedagogiska arbete med klassblogg kan se ut, hur pedagogerna beskriver att de skapar delaktighet för elever i språk-, läs- och skrivsvårigheter samt vilka styrkor och svagheter som finns med detta arbetssätt. Frågeställningarna och studiens syfte är besvarade genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer där frågorna i intervjuguiden skickats ut till informanterna i förväg för att de innan intervjun skulle få möjlighet att fundera över frågorna som skulle behandlas. Intervjuerna har spelats in och sedan transkriberats. Samtliga informanter valdes ut ifrån webbstjärnans lista över aktuella bloggar och fokusområdet var årskurs 1-6. Samtliga pedagoger i studien har en bred erfarenhet av bloggar i undervisningen. Resultatet visade hur pedagogerna genom sitt arbete med klassbloggar skapar stor variation i sin undervisning. Eftersom att bloggarna är publika får elevernas texter en mottagare utanför klassrummet. Något som är en stor motivationsfaktor för eleverna. Pedagogerna i studien bjuder in eleverna i planeringen av undervisningen vilket skapar ett gott undervisningsklimat. Tack vare de många uttrycksformer så som text, bild och film eleverna kan använda i arbetet med sin klassblogg skapas goda möjligheter till delaktighet hos samtliga elever. En svårighet i arbetssättet med bloggar är det tekniska kunnande det fodrar av personalen. En annan svårighet som upplevs är oroskänslan som elever i språk-, läs och skrivsvårigheter kan känna när de skall publicera en text online.