Issue d'un questionnement initié dans une pratique professionnelle de psychosociologue qui interrogeait la place de l'animal dans des récits de nature autobiographique, cette recherche s'est construite dans le but d'explorer la thématique du rapport à l'animal, dans le cadre des Sciences de l'éducation. Pour construire cet objet de recherche, des références théoriques pluridisciplinaires ont été mobilisées, de même qu'une démarche de recherche inscrite dans un cadre clinique d’orientation psychanalytique, qui met en jeu les élaborations contre-transférentielles du chercheur. Un cheminement exploratoire a été enrichi par l’analyse de deux entretiens cliniques de recherche. Ce premier temps met en évidence l’impact positif du lien d’attachement à l’animal dans la construction psychique d’un être humain. Dans cette recherche, les références théoriques et cliniques sont principalement les concepts d'attachement, de construction du rapport au savoir ainsi que les apports de W. R. Bion et de D. W. Winnicott. C’est sur cette base que s'est effectué le choix des vétérinaires comme corpus de recherche, profession éminemment concernée par la relation à l'animal. Cinq entretiens cliniques semi-directifs ont été effectués auprès de vétérinaires en exercice libéral, puis analysés quant à leurs dynamiques psychiques latentes. Les principaux résultats montrent que, pour ces professionnels, le lien à l’animal développé dans l’enfance est à l’origine de leur choix professionnel. C'est également ce lien, transformé, qui semble mobilisé comme une ressource psychique pour investir et réussir leurs études. Il apparaît aussi que le rapport au savoir construit dans l’interaction de l'enfant à l'animal représente une ressource possible dans la compréhension de la relation du maître avec son animal dans les pratiques de consultation. Un autre résultat de cette recherche démontre que l’intérêt pour l’animal chez l’enfant permet à certains sujets de développer des capacités cognitives qui sont mobilisables dans un savoir relationnel et professionnel ultérieur. / Stemming from a questioning initiated in a professional practice of psychosociolog which questioned the place of the animal in autobiographical stories, this research was carried out with the aim of exploring the relationship with the animal within the framework of the educational sciences. To build this focus of research, multidisciplinary theoretical references were mobilized, together with a research process within the clinical framework of psychoanalytic orientation, taking into account the counter transferential process of the investigator.An exploratory pathway has been enriched through the analysis of two clinical interviews. This first step highlights the positive impact of the human-animal attachment in the construction of the psychic identity of the human being. In this research, the notions of attachment and the construction of the relation to knowledge are the key theoretical and clinical concepts, enriched by contributions of W. R Bion and D. W. Winnicott. It is on this basis that was made the choice of the veterinarians as a corpus of this research, as this profession is highly concerned by the relation to the animal. Five semi-directive clinical interviews were carried out with veterinarians practising in liberal exercise, then analysed on the basis of their latent psychological dynamic. The main results show that for these professionals, the link to the animal developed during childhood is at the origin of their career choice. Also, it is this link, evolved through the time, which seems mobilized as a psychic resource to invest and succeed their studies. It also appears that the approach to the knowledge built during their interaction with animals as a child represents a possible resource to better understand the relationship between the owner and his animal during a veterinary consultation. Another result of this research shows that the interest for the animal as a child allows some subjects to develop cognitive capabilities which are mobilisable in ulterior relational and professional skills.

Nos connaissances scientifiques sur la reproduction humaine et l’éducation à la sexualité se renouvellent très rapidement. Leur transposition didactique également, en fonction de l’évolution de pratiques sociales liées à la santé sexuelle, à des comportements sociaux, mais aussi en interaction avec des représentations sociales et des valeurs. L’objectif de notre recherche est donc de clarifier ces interactions et d'identifier ce qui empêche ou retarde l'introduction, dans l'enseignement d'un pays, des dernières connaissances scientifiques sur la reproduction humaine et l’éducation sexuelle. Une première approche historique et épistémologique est relative à l’influence des facteurs culturels sur l’éducation à la sexualité dans le cadre de la culture arabo-islamique, sans oublier pour autant le cadre culturel occidental. Par ailleurs, une deuxième approche didactique porte sur l’analyse d’une part des programmes et manuels scolaires tunisiens (depuis 2004 jusqu’à nos jours), et d’autre part sur une analyse comparative des conceptions des enseignants en Tunisie et dans six pays francophones (Maroc, Algérie, Liban, Burkina Faso, Sénégal et la France). Afin de permettre un choix raisonné des contenus d’enseignement, nous avons trouvé utile l’approche suivante : l’étude de l’interaction entre les programmes, les manuels et les attentes des futurs enseignants. C’est dans cette perspective que nous avons tenté d’identifier les attentes et les interrogations des futurs enseignants tunisiens sur l’enseignement de l’éducation à la sexualité. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse analyse les conceptions d'enseignants dans sept pays francophones (Algérie, Burkina Faso, France, Liban, Maroc, Sénégal, Tunisie) sur la reproduction humaine et l’éducation à la sexualité. Notre contribution se veut une porte d'entrée à ce vaste domaine toujours en évolution, qu'est la sexualité dans une perspective éducative et citoyenne ; elle veut poser la question du statut moral et culturel de la sexualité dans notre société. En effet, l'analyse des conceptions des enseignants nous a conduits à caractériser la notion de « rapport à la culture » qui se rapproche du concept de « rapport au savoir ». La mise en évidence de l’incidence de la culture musulmane sur le sujet traité nous a permis de tirer des conclusions quant au lien entre la culture et les conceptions / Our scientific knowledge about Human Reproduction and Sex Education is constantly changing. Its didactic transposition is also changing according to the evolution of social practices linked to reproductive health, social behaviours, and in its interaction with values. The aim of our research is therefore to clarify these interactions and to identify the factors that prevent or promote the introduction of the lastest scientific knowledge on Human Reproduction and Sex Education into a country’s teaching syllabus. Firstly, a historical and epistemological approach was used to study the influence of cultural factors on sex education in the Arabic-Muslim culture, without neglecting the Western culture. Secondly, a didactic approach was used to critically analyse Tunisian school textbooks on Human Reproduction and Sex Education (from 2004 to 2011), and equally to carry out a comparative analysis of teachers' conceptions in Tunisia and in six francophone countries (Morocco, Algeria, Lebanon, Burkina Faso, Senegal and France). In order to choose an appropriate teaching content, we thought it wise to use the approach of studying the interaction between the syllabus, the textbooks and the student teachers’ expectations on the teaching of human reproduction and sexuality. It is in this perspective that we attempted to identify the expectations and worries of student teachers on issues related to the teaching of sex education. The last chapter of this work analyses the conceptions of teachers in seven francophones countries (Algeria, Burkina Faso, France, Lebanon, Morocco, Senegal, Tunisia) on Human Reproduction and Sex Education. This work intends to make its contribution to the vast and constantly evolving domain of Human sexuality, especially in the perspective of citizenship education. It intends to discuss the question of culture and moral status of sexuality in our society. In fact, the analysis of teachers' conceptions about sex education led us to characterize the notion of "relation to culture" which approaches the concept of "relation to knowledge". Highlighting the impact of Muslim culture on the topic has permitted us to draw conclusions about the link between culture and conceptions

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-12T12:38:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 singularidade_atividade.pdf: 968669 bytes, checksum: 121cc6b63ad2ee3f41ca4a395cc5b467 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T12:38:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 singularidade_atividade.pdf: 968669 bytes, checksum: 121cc6b63ad2ee3f41ca4a395cc5b467 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar e compreender a singularidade do trabalhador presente nas situações de trabalho, quando, em atividade de trabalho. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma indústria do segmento automotivo, situada em Porto Alegre, junto a trabalhadores que, atualmente, ocupam o cargo de montador de produção. O referencial teórico foi sustentado por dois pilares. A perspectiva ergológica, por Yves Schwartz, tomou uma representação significativa nesta pesquisa pelo fato de ter uma visão filosófica sobre a atividade de trabalho, considerando a singularidade, valores, escolhas e saberes do trabalhador em atividade. A segunda perspectiva incorporada foi de Bernard Charlot - antropológica - ao estudar a relação que o sujeito estabelece com seu saber. A partir do aporte teórico, juntamente com os dados coletados, foi possível realizar uma discussão e entender que os trabalhadores procuram, singularmente, criar, recriar e renormalizar em situações de trabalho. Isso se torna factível porque a atividade é um momento a ser vivido pelos trabalhadores. Por mais prescrita que seja a atividade, sempre haverá lacunas. O trabalho representa um objeto duplo para os trabalhadores. Por um lado, há o objetivo de atender às necessidades de independência financeira e de estar inserido socialmente. Por outro, o trabalho atendeu estes trabalhadores como objeto de desejo. Nas situações de trabalho, foi possível identificá-los investindo emocionalmente, se movimentando, se mobilizando para atender além do que havia sido prescrito pela empresa. Pode-se inferir que tal mobilização tenha ocorrido a partir da relação que constituíram com seus familiares, pais, amigos, colegas e professores, como também pela noção de classe: ser metalúrgico. Ao se colocar uma lupa na singularidade do trabalhador, emerge um grande desafio que é considerar as consequências para a formação do trabalhador da singularidade presente na sua atividade de trabalho e na sua relação com o saber. Assim, poderá influenciar nos fundamentos da educação de trabalhadores em nosso país. / This study aimed to analyze and understand the singularity of worker in labor situations, when in work activity. Data collection was performed in an automotive industry, located in Porto Alegre, with workers who currently occupy the position of production assembler. The theoretical reference was supported by two pillars. The ergological perspective, by Yves Schwartz, took a significant representation in this research, because it has a philosophical view on the work activity, considering the singularity, values, choices and knowledge of the worker in activity. The second incorporated perspective was anthropological, by Bernard Charlot, when studying the relation the subject establishes with his knowledge. From the theoretical contribution, with the data collected, it was possible to make a discussion and understand that workers seek, in a singular way, to create, to recreate and to renomalizate in work situations. This becomes feasible because the activity is a moment to be experienced by workers. However, it is prescribed, there will always be gaps. The work represents a double object to workers. On the one hand there is the objective of meeting the needs of financial independence and being placed socially. Second, the work met these workers as objects of desire. In work situations, it was possible to identify them investing emotionally, moving, preparing to meet beyond what had been prescribed by the company. It can be inferred that such mobilization occurred from the relationship that formed with their families, parents, friends, colleagues and teachers, but also by the notion of class: being metallurgists. When putting a magnifying glass on the singularity of the employee, it emerges a big challenge: to consider the consequences for the training worker of the singularity present in the work activity and its relationship with the knowledge. Thus, it can influence education workers fundaments in our country.

The present research is linked to the studies of the academic master's degree in Teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the Universidade Federal de Sergipe / UFS in order to know how and what repercussions the new proposal of the test of the National High School Examination - ENEM determines the educational practice of teachers of Mathematics in High School in the public network of the State of Ceará. The central question of the research is: Which teaching practices of the mathematics teacher are worked on in his classes in High School, and how are these practices articulated to the new conception of the ENEM? This question unfolds in other guiding questions, through the relation of the teacher with the knowledge and its pedagogical discourse. Conceptual approach focuses on the following categories: relationship with knowledge (CHARLOT, 2000, 2005, 2013; SOUZA, 2009), public policies (MACEDO, 2012, MACEDO, DIÓGENES, 2014, LIBÈNEO, 2014), , 1998, 1999, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2015), and Mathematics Teaching (FIORENTINI, LORENZATO, 2006; MOREIRA, DAVID, 2010; COUNTRY, 2013) And ENEM (BRASIL, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2012; DIAS, 2009; MACHADO, 2009; RABELO, 2013 and MOREIRA, 2014). The main subjects of the research were sixteen mathematics teachers from three schools of the state of Ceará (schools A, B and C) and the secondary subjects were seven school coordinators of these respective units of education. The research was structured in two stages, starting with the application of a questionnaire to the subjects participating in the study, whose objective was to collect personal and professional data. The second stage refers to the focus group, carried out with the nine mathematics teachers of two schools (B and C), since the teachers of school A did not make themselves available to participate in the focus group. With the meetings of the focus group some issues related to educational practices were deepened under the perspective of the new conception of ENEM. Research mathematics teachers develop educational practices, such as lesson planning and execution, "long classrooms" (ENEM specific classes that usually involve students of 3 years of each shift, with the purpose of discussing and solving items From Mathematics Proof of previous editions of the exam), simulated and other activities, based on the principles and guidelines present in the official documents, therefore, with a new conception of ENEM. In this sense, his discourse presents itself with pedagogical practices that have invisible and visible rules. They are invisible when, for their work, not for instructional discourse; and visible, when they intentionally plan actions. Also, it was noticed that the relation with the knowledge teachers present themselves, the reflection on the fragilities of the teacher formation; The official pedagogical discourse is a practice of its own. / A presente pesquisa está vinculada aos estudos do mestrado acadêmico em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e Matemática pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe/UFS com o propósito de saber como e quais repercussões a nova proposta da prova do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio – ENEM determina a prática educativa dos professores de Matemática no Ensino Médio na rede pública do Estado do Ceará. A questão central da pesquisa é: Quais práticas de ensino do professor de matemática são trabalhadas nas suas aulas no Ensino Médio, e como essas práticas estão articuladas à nova concepção do ENEM? Essa questão desdobra-se em outras questões norteadoras, por meio da relação do professor com o saber e do seu discurso pedagógico. Abordagem conceitual tem como foco as seguintes categorias: relação com o saber (CHARLOT, 2000, 2005, 2013; SOUZA, 2009), as políticas públicas (MACEDO, 2012, MACEDO; DIÓGENES, 2014; LIBÂNEO, 2014), Ensino Médio (BRASIL, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2015; FELIPPE, 2000; KUENZER, 2007; CARNEIRO, 2012), ensino de matemática (FIORENTINI; LORENZATO, 2006; MOREIRA; DAVID, 2010, PAIS, 2013) e o Ensino Médio e ENEM (BRASIL, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2012; DIAS, 2009; MACHADO, 2009; RABELO, 2013; MOREIRA, 2014). Os sujeitos principais da pesquisa foram dezesseis professores de Matemática de três escolas da rede estadual cearense (escolas A, B e C) e os sujeitos secundários foram sete coordenadores escolares dessas respectivas unidades de ensino. A pesquisa foi estruturada em duas etapas, iniciando com aplicação de um questionário aos sujeitos participantes do estudo, cujo objetivo foi levantar dados pessoais e profissionais. A segunda etapa refere-se ao grupo focal, realizado com os nove professores de Matemática de duas escolas (B e C), visto que os professores da escola A não se disponibilizaram a participar do grupo focal. Com os encontros do grupo focal foram aprofundadas algumas questões relacionadas às práticas educativas sob a perspectiva da nova concepção de ENEM. Os professores de Matemática desta pesquisa desenvolvem práticas educativas, como o planejamento e a realização de aulas, “aulões” (aulas específicas para o ENEM que, em geral, envolvem os alunos dos 3º anos de cada turno, com o objetivo de discutir e resolver itens da prova de Matemática de edições anteriores do exame), simulados e outras atividades, com base nos parâmetros e diretrizes presentes nos documentos oficiais, portanto, com ênfase na nova concepção de ENEM. Nesse sentido, o seu discurso apresenta-se com práticas pedagógicas que têm regras invisíveis e visíveis. São invisíveis quando, ao realizarem seu trabalho, não tomam consciência do discurso instrucional; e visíveis, quando planejam ações de forma intencional. Também, percebeu-se que a relação com o saber desses professores se apresenta, ao refletirem sobre as fragilidades da formação docente; o discurso pedagógico oficial e a própria prática.

La présente thèse dont la problématique émerge de l'existence des rapports sociaux de sexe sur la scène sociale au Liban, vise à y trouver une contribution du système scolaire dans la formation de l'identité sexuée chez les élèves au primaire. Son objectif principal est d'explorer les façons dont l'institution scolaire traite les élèves des deux sexes, et qui engendre ensuite son rôle indéniable dans l'édification du genre chez eux-elles. L'hypothèse principale suppose à cet égard qu'une telle construction identitaire ne s'effectue pas de la même manière chez les filles et les garçons au sein des classes. Au début, les démarches méthodiques du travail, basées sur une pré-enquête par entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des directeurs de 18 établissements scolaires au sud-Liban, ont décelé chez ces responsables, la présence d'une mentalité sexiste. A noter qu'ensuite, lors d'une série de 225 séances d'observation dans 11 classes du primaire, durant 4 mois successifs, on a pu affirmer la présence des effets enseignant-élève différenciés selon le sexe, tout en soulignant l'inculpation des pratiques des instituteurs-trices, puisqu'ils-elles prédéterminent souvent, et selon son sexe, la manière d'interagir avec l'enfant, d'ici découle la discrimination préalable. A côté de ça, l'analyse du contenu des manuels scolaires, faite sur six livres de maths à l'usage des classes enquêtées, a vérifié que ces livres motivent nettement une représentation stéréotypée de la société, d'où surgissent des positions sexuellement différenciées, témoignées par leur contenu. D'autre part, la majorité des classes observées, semble prêter à la socialisation sexuée, ce que montre l'étude de plusieurs variables durant les séances d'apprentissage, et qui peut aboutir, d'une façon ou d'autre, à généraliser l'universalisme masculin, et par suite à renforcer la domination masculine à travers des rapports hiérarchiques liés à l'appartenance sexuée des apprenant-e-s. / The present thesis whose problematical emerges from the existence of the socialized terms of sex on the Lebanese social scene, where it aims to find a contribution of its scholar system in the formation of sexual identity among the child students in the primary cycle. So the main objective is to explore the ways in which the scholar institution treats the students of both sexes, that gives rise to their obvious role in the edification of the gender in the students. In this respect, the principal hypothesis supposes that such an identity construction can’t be effected evenly with girls and boys in the classes. At the beginning, the methodic proceedings of the study, based on a pre-inquiry via semi-directive talks conducted with the directors of 18 scholar establishments in south-Lebanon, have revealed in those responsible, the presence of sexual mentality. Further note that during a series of 225 observation sessions of 11 primary classes, made successively in 4 months, we could affirm the presence of teacher-student differentiated effects related to the sex of the latter, while noting an inculpation of teacher’s practices, for he/she often predetermines according to his sex, the mode of interacting with a child, a preliminary discrimination can therefore be deduced. In addition to that, a content analysis of 6 maths manuals belonging to the classes concerned, has been done, it verifies that these books motivate clearly a stereotyped representation of the society, where loom up sexually differentiated positions witnessed by their contents.On the other hand, the majority of the observed classes seems to enhance sexualized socialization, which is shown by many variables during apprenticeship sessions, this may lead in certain manners to generalize the masculine universalism and to strengthen therely the domination of the strong sex, through hierarchical terms linked to the sex of the student.

This dissertation is the result of a qualitative research that had the overall objective of investigating the relationship that the students of Degree in Mathematics established with the pedagogical knowledge offered in their training. As theoretical assumptions were used the notion of relationship with Charlot´s knowledge and Pimenta´s and Tardif ´s teaching knowledge. The subjects were students and coordinators of the above course. Data were collected by Documental analysis, interviews and questionnaires. As a result of the document analysis, we concluded that the Basic training disciplines discuss the knowledge and Complementary Training courses have pedagogical knowledge, however, do not reach the study of pedagogical knowledge oriented training of the mathematics teacher. We inferred that, a possible gap in the training of these future teachers. In the interviews, we found in the speeches of the coordinators both understand teachers and pedagogical knowledge as those that are being worked on in the teaching subjects, assessment and curriculum practices and others, and teaching knowledge those worked in specific disciplines. In the questionnaires, according to the answers given by students we ascertained that they understand by teaching knowledge those worked in disciplines such as teaching, psychology of learning, assessment and curriculum and others, and knowledge of knowledge of the specific disciplines of mathematical calculation. And the relationship that is established between this knowledge will give according to their interpretations by pedagogical knowledge. / A presente dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa que teve o objetivo geral de investigar a relação que os discentes de um Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática estabelecem com os saberes pedagógicos ofertados em sua formação. Como pressupostos teóricos foram utilizadas as noções de relação com o saber, de Charlot (2000) e de saberes docentes, de Pimenta (2012) e Tardif (2014). Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram quatorze discentes concludentes de licenciatura em Matemática e dois coordenadores pedagógicos – um geral e outro específico – de um Centro Universitário no interior da Bahia. Os dados foram coletados pela análise documental, entrevistas e questionários. Como resultados da análise documental, concluímos que as disciplinas de cunho de formação básica discutem os saberes disciplinares e as disciplinas de formação complementar apresentam os saberes pedagógicos, contudo, não atingem o estudo dos saberes pedagógicos necessários à formação do professor de Matemática. Depreendemos, a partir disto, uma possível lacuna na formação desses futuros docentes. Nas entrevistas, constatamos nas falas dos coordenadores que ambos compreendem os saberes docentes - pedagógicos como aqueles que estão sendo trabalhados nas disciplinas de Didática, Avaliação e Currículo, práticas e outras, e por saberes docentes - conhecimento, aqueles trabalhados nas disciplinas específicas. Nos questionários, segundo as respostas dadas pelos discentes, averiguamos que eles entendem por saberes pedagógicos aqueles trabalhados em disciplinas como Didática, Psicologia da Aprendizagem, Avaliação e Currículo e outras, e, por saberes de conhecimento, as disciplinas específicas do Cálculo Matemático, sendo que a relação que é estabelecida entre esses saberes dar-se-á segundo suas interpretações pelos saberes pedagógicos.

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