ABSTRACT Title: Relative Energy Deficiency in Female Collegiate Track & Field Athletes. Background: Energy deficiency and its consequences have long been studied in female athletes because of it’s potential for increasing risks of illness and injury. Sustaining an energy deficient diet while training and during competition may result in muscle loss and reduction in performance. Studies suggest that athletes competing in sports focusing on appearance or a lean physique are at high risk for energy deficiency. In 2014, the IOC developed the concept of ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S) to include new components not previously included in the Female Athlete Triad. A study has not yet been completed applying the RED-S paradigm in collegiate track and field athletes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of RED-S in female collegiate track and field athletes. It was hypothesized that the majority of collegiate track and field athletes experience RED-S. It was also hypothesized that a greater percentage of distance runners experience RED-S than other track and field athletes, including throwers, jumpers, and sprinters. The components of RED-S assessed were menstrual function, bone health, and energy expenditure. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study, obtaining data through the use of a questionnaire and a relative energy expenditure index on a population of 12 female collegiate track and field athletes. Data were obtained through the use of a LEAF-Q questionnaire, a three-day food and exercise recall, and body composition analysis. Results: The 12 athletes were a combination of distance runners (n=5), throwers (n=2), and sprinters (n=5). Average subject characteristics were: age (20.6 ±1. 44 years), height (165.6 ±7.5cm), weight (63.58 ± 16.97kg), and body fat percentage (20.9± 7.2). Average energy intake over three days was 2146 kcal (±627), and the average predicted energy expenditure was 2380 kcal (±458). Average hours spent in a catabolic (52.8 ± 24.0), highly catabolic (37.5 ± 25.0), anabolic (19.2 ± 24.0), and highly anabolic state (12.4 ± 21.0). Subjects were in a negative energy balance state the majority of the days analyzed, and 75% of the population had at least one day of dietary recall below 45 kcal/kg FFM/day. Spearman’s rho analysis found a significant inverse correlation between Day 1 hours spent in optimal energy balance (± 400 kcal) and body fat percent (p=0.024, rs= -0.643), and significant positive correlation between Day 1 hours spent in optimal energy balance (± 400 kcal) and fat free mass percentage (p=0.03, rs=0.625). Spearman’s rho analysis also found an inverse correlation between Day 1 hours spent in an energy deficit (s= -0.626), and a positive correlation between Day 1 hours spent in an energy deficit and body fat percentage (p=0.026, rs=0.636). Seven out of twelve participants scored ≥ 8 on the LEAF-Q putting them at risk for RED-S. Conclusion: The study highlights the misleading effect of averaging multiple days of dietary recall on energy balance. When participant’s dietary recalls were assessed day by day the majority of hours were spent in a catabolic state, however when the three days of the recall were averaged the severity of the hours spent in a catabolic state lessened. The associations in this study are consistent with previous studies evaluating the relationships between energy balance deficits and body composition, indicating that longer duration spent in an energy deficit is associated with lower lean and higher fat mass. The findings from the LEAF-Q show that 58% of participants were at risk for RED-S, and half of all participants had or were experiencing menstrual dysfunction.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-09-19T20:42:31Z (GMT) / Submitted by CAROLINE bernardino (caa.bernardino@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-01T13:18:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Bernardino Mestrado.pdf: 1776975 bytes, checksum: 634e6060780785a6707896f1d1e9307a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-03T12:49:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardino_c_me_bot.pdf: 1776975 bytes, checksum: 634e6060780785a6707896f1d1e9307a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T12:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardino_c_me_bot.pdf: 1776975 bytes, checksum: 634e6060780785a6707896f1d1e9307a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / A baixa disponibilidade energética, apresenta direta relação com problemas de saúde, podendo afetar desde sistema imunológico, muscular, ósseo, endócrino e reprodutor. Geralmente a preocupação com peso corporal por atletas, freqüentemente verificada em dançarinas, leva a mudanças no comportamento alimentar, sendo este considerado como principal fator desencadeador desde quadro. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do ingestão alimentar, composição corporal e indicadores bioquímicos sobre disponibilidade energética em dançarinas de ballet. MÉTODOS: Em estudo de delineamento transversal, 17 dançarinas de ballet (19,1+7,1 anos) foram inicialmente submetidas a avaliação do consumo alimentar, de forma quantitativa e qualitativa (Recordatório de 24 horas e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar), para posterior cálculo dietético e da disponibilidade energética. Adicionalmente foram submetidas a avaliação de composição corporal (Impedância Bioelétrica), do gasto energético de repouso (Fitmate) e análise de indicadores sanguíneos-bioquímicos. Os dados contínuos foram apresentados em média, mediana e desvio padrão e os categóricos em frequências e percentual. Para análise estatística foi utilizada correlação de Pearson e Regressão Múltipla Stepwise. (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: As dançarinas relataram auto percepção do estado de saúde classificada como boa, sendo que 52,9% já apresentaram quadros de amenorréia. Em relação a composição corporal apresentaram % de gordura elevado para dançarinas (24,5%) e sarcopenia (IMM=6,62kg/m²). 50% da amostra apresentou preocupação com o corpo, sujeitas a transtornos alimentares. A ingestão energética (1248±385 kcal/d) equivaleu a 56% do gasto energético total e a disponibilidade energética inadequada em 82,3% delas (22,48±13,1 kcal/kgMLG/d). A ingestão de carboidrato e a proteína apresentaram as maiores inadequações (94,8% e 83,2% respectivamente), a dieta pode ser considerada como variada (12,3) e de baixa qualidade (67,9 pontos pelo IAS). A disponibilidade energética apresentou correlação positiva com Massa muscular (kg), Valor calórico total (kcal), carboidrato, gorduras e proteína (p<0,05). As variáveis dietéticas mais influentes na disponibilidade energética foram carboidrato e proteína (g/kg) (r²= 0,88 e 0.95; p<0,05). Das variáveis bioquímicas, houve correlação positiva entre densidade calórica com ferro e colesterol (p<0,005), enquanto a variedade da dieta apresentou correlação negativa com Alanina aminotransferase e Índice de Alimentação Saudável com Aspartato aminotransferase (p<0.05). Assim, temos que a adequação nutricional, para suporte a modalidade esportiva, é de extrema importância. O ajuste na ingestão de macronutrientes, principalmente carboidrato e proteína, bem como na qualidade global da dieta, apresentam influencia direta na melhoria da disponibilidade energética e indicadores bioquímicos, otimizando desempenho físico e saúde das dançarinas. / The low energy availability status is directly related to health problems, affecting immune system, muscular, skeletal, endocrine and reproductive systems. Now a days, the athletes used to control the body weight focused on sports performance, commonly verified in dancers, and this behavior is often related to eating disorders. This practice is considered the most important trigger to the worst clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the influence of food intake, body composition and biochemical indicators on energy availability in ballet dancers. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 17 ballet dancers (19.1+ 7.1 years) were submmited to food consumption assessment, quantitatively and qualitatively (24-hour dietary recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire) followed by diet composition calculation and energy availability determination. The subjects were submitted to Body composition analysis (Bioelectrical Impedance) and resting energy expenditure measurement (Fitmate®). After night fasting period, blood samples was collected to biochemistry indicators analysis. Continuous data were presented as mean, median and standard deviation and categorical data as frequencies and percentages. Statistical analysis was perfomed by Pearson's correlation and Multiple Stepwise Regression. (p <0.05). RESULTS: The dancers reported self-perception of health status rated as good, and 52.9% already had amenorrhea's episodes. In relation to body composition they presented high %fat to dancers (24.5%) and sarcopenia's diagnosis (MMI= 6,62kg/m²). 50% of the sample showed concern with the body, suggesting eating disorders development. Energy intake (1248 ± 385 kcal/d) were equivalent to 56% of total energy expenditure and was detected 82.3% of inadequate energy availability (22.48 ± 13.1 kcal/kgFFM/d). The carbohydrate and protein intake presented the highest inadequacies (94.8% and 83.2% respectively), the diet can be considered as varied (12.3) and low quality (67.9 points by HEI). Energy availability was positively correlated with muscle mass (kg), total caloric intake (kcal), carbohydrate, fat and protein (p <0.05). The dietary energy availability were most influencied by carbohydrate and protein (g/kg) (r²=0.88 and 0.95; p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between caloric density and iron with cholesterol (p <0.005), while dietary variety were negatively correlated with Alanine aminotransferase, as well as Healthy Eating Index with Aspartate aminotransferase (p <0.05). So, we known that food adequacy, based on sports modality, is the major key point. The adjustment of macronutrient intake, especially carbohydrates and protein, as well as the overall quality of the diet, promotes the energy availability and biochemical indicators improvement, optimizing exercise performance and health of the ballet dancers.

Orientador: Roberto Carlos Burini / Resumo: A baixa disponibilidade energética, apresenta direta relação com problemas de saúde, podendo afetar desde sistema imunológico, muscular, ósseo, endócrino e reprodutor. Geralmente a preocupação com peso corporal por atletas, freqüentemente verificada em dançarinas, leva a mudanças no comportamento alimentar, sendo este considerado como principal fator desencadeador desde quadro. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do ingestão alimentar, composição corporal e indicadores bioquímicos sobre disponibilidade energética em dançarinas de ballet. MÉTODOS: Em estudo de delineamento transversal, 17 dançarinas de ballet (19,1+7,1 anos) foram inicialmente submetidas a avaliação do consumo alimentar, de forma quantitativa e qualitativa (Recordatório de 24 horas e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar), para posterior cálculo dietético e da disponibilidade energética. Adicionalmente foram submetidas a avaliação de composição corporal (Impedância Bioelétrica), do gasto energético de repouso (Fitmate) e análise de indicadores sanguíneos-bioquímicos. Os dados contínuos foram apresentados em média, mediana e desvio padrão e os categóricos em frequências e percentual. Para análise estatística foi utilizada correlação de Pearson e Regressão Múltipla Stepwise. (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: As dançarinas relataram auto percepção do estado de saúde classificada como boa, sendo que 52,9% já apresentaram quadros de amenorréia. Em relação a composição corporal apresentaram % de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l’analyse mathématique théorique et numérique des équations deNavier-Stokes compressibles en régime barotrope. La plupart des travaux présentés ici combinent desméthodes d’analyse des équations aux dérivées partielles et des méthodes d’analyse numérique afin de clarifierla notion de solution faible ainsi que les mécanismes de convergence de méthodes numériques approximant cessolutions faibles. En effet les équations de Navier-Stokes compressibles sont fortement non linéaires et leuranalyse mathématique repose nécessairement sur la structure de ces équations. Plus précisément, nousprouvons dans la partie théorique l’existence de solutions faibles pour un modèle d’écoulement compressibled’entropie variable où l’entropie du système est transportée. Nous utilisons les méthodes classiques permettantde prouver l’existence de solutions faibles aux équations de Navier-Stokes compressibles en regime barotrope.Nous étudions aussi dans cette partie la réduction de dimension 3D/2D dans les équations de Navier-Stokescompressibles en utilisant la méthode d’énergie relative. Dans la partie numérique nous nous intéressons auxestimations d’erreur inconditionnelles pour des schémas numériques approximant les solutions faibles deséquations de Navier-Stokes compressibles. Ces estimations d’erreur sont obtenues à l’aide d’une versiondiscrète de l’énergie relative satisfaite par les solutions discrètes de ces schémas. Ces estimations d’erreur sontobtenues pour un schéma numérique académique de type volumes finis/éléments finis ainsi que pour le schémanumérique Marker-and-Cell. Nous prouvons aussi que le schéma Marker-and-Cell est inconditionnellement etuniformément asymptotiquement stable en régime bas Mach. Ces résultats constituent les premiers résultatsd’estimations d’erreur inconditionnelles pour des schémas numériques pour les équations de Navier-Stokescompressibles en régime barorope. / In this thesis, we deal with mathematical and numerical analysis of compressible Navier-Stokes equations inbarotropic regime. Most of these works presented here combine mathematical analysis of partial differentialequations and numerical methods with aim to shred more light on the construction of weak solutions on oneside and on the convergence mechanisms of numerical methods approximating these weak solutions on theother side. Indeed, the compressible Navier-Stokes equations are strongly nonlinear and their mathematicalanalysis necessarily relies on the structure of equations. More precisely, we prove in the theorical part theexistence of weak solutions for a model a flow of compressible viscous fluid with variable entropy where theentropy is transported. We use the classical techniques to prove the existence of weak solutions for thecompressible Navier-Stokes equations in barotropic regime. We also investigate the 3D/2D dimensionreduction in the compressible Navier-Stokes equations using the relative energy method. In the numerical wedeal with unconditionally error estimates for numerical schemes approximating weak solutions of thecompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These error estimates are obtained by using the discrete version of therelative energy method. These error estimates are obtained for a academic finite volume/finite element schemeand for the Marker-and-Cell scheme. We also prove that the Marker-and-cell scheme is unconditionally anduniformly asymptotically stable at the Low Mach number regime. These are the first results onunconditionally error estimates for numerical schemes approximating the compressible Navier-Stokesequations in barotropic regime.

Energy-nutrient conversion ratios, as a measure of relative agricultural efficiency for Mexico, India, in the United States, and Japan between 1951 and 1974, were calculated for protein, B-vitamins, calcium, iron and food energy production. Estimates from the different nutrient ratios showed a range in percent change of production efficiency over the twenty-four year period. Indian estimates were the most consistent with only a 7 percent variability. Japan (23 percent), United States (42 percent), and Mexico (43 percent) each showed greater variability in their efficiency estimate ranges from aggregate energy-nutrient conversion ratios. Japan was the only country for which negative trends in efficiency were observed, as estimated from calcium and iron data. There did not appear to be any pattern in the relationship of one estimate to another in the countries studied. The variability of different nutrient efficiencies suggested that conventional methods of efficiency estimation based on a conversion ratio for a single nutrient may be inappropriate. There were significant differences in mean production efficiency estimates between countries but there was no uniformity among the determinations from different nutrients. The relative rank of efficiency for the countries changed for each of the efficiency estimates, except B-vitamins, over the time period studied. Diminishing returns in energy efficiency occurred as useful energy inputs increased. In addition, individual crops displayed tendencies toward diminishing returns. Plant foods were shown to be more efficient than animal sources of food. Efficiency increases appear to be related to increased use of effective energy inputs such as fertilizers.

Syfte och frågeställningar Studien syfte var att undersöka kunskapen om RED-S bland tränare inom svensk truppgymnastik och få en översikt om tränarna kände till Svenska Gymnastikförbundets eller Internationella Olympiska Kommitténs åtgärdsplan för identifiering, behandling och återgång till idrottande. Detta undersöktes med följande frågeställningar: 1) ”Hur mycket kunskap om RED-S har dagens tränare inom truppgymnastik?” 2) ”Skiljer tränares kunskaper åt beroende på kön, division och erfarenhet i år?” och 3) ”Har tränarnas förening en åtgärdsplan för RED-S?”. Metod En digital enkät baserad på liknande studier och IOC’s rekommendationer, skickades ut till både en sluten Facebookgrupp och via mail till föreningar på subelitnivå. Enkäten bestod av 28 frågor där de första åtta frågorna riktade sig mot tränarnas karaktärsdrag och de följande tjugo frågorna riktade sig mot kunskaper kring RED-S enligt IOC’s rekommendationer. All data analyserades i Google Excel och via SPSS. För att avgöra kunskapsnivån bland tränarna skapades ett poängsystem för frågorna om RED-S medan en icke parametriskt T-test genomfördes för att upptäcka eventuella kunskapsskillnader mellan gruppfördelningarna kön, division och erfarenhet. Resultat Inga tränare följde en åtgärdsplan för RED-S och ingen kände till Gymnastikförbundets eller IOC’s åtgärdsplan för RED-S. Det fanns inga kunskapsskillnader mellan gruppfördelningarna och utifrån resultaten är tränarnas kunskaper högre i frågor om återgång och behandling, men lägre i frågor om identifiering och grundläggande kunskaper. Av 35 deltagande var det endast 20% som tidigare hört talas om RED-S. Slutsats Denna studie upptäckte att det fanns kunskaper om RED-S men inte tillräckligt för att tränare skulle kunna hjälpa gymnaster som är utsatta eller löper risk för RED-S. Däremot var intresset att lära sig mer om ämnet högt bland deltagarna. På grund av bristande deltagande är studien inte representativ för svenska trupptränare på subelitnivå och kräver fler studier för att fastställa resultaten. / Aim The aim of the study was to investigate how much knowledge Swedish teamgym coaches have about the syndrome called RED-S. The study was also used to gather an overview of how many teamgym coaches that follow the action plan made to identify, treat and return to play, by either the Swedish gymnastics association or the International Olympic Committee. To reach the aim, three questions of the issue were made: 1) ”How much knowledge does teamgym coaches have about RED-S?” 2) ”Is there any difference between the coaches knowledge based on their gender, division or experience?” och 3) ”Does the coaches union have an action plan for RED-S?”. Method A digital survey based on similar studies and the recommendations by IOC, was shared on a private Facebook platform and also by email to unions competing in the sub-elite series. The survey included 28 questions where the first eight focused on the characteristics of the coach, while the next twenty questions were related to RED-S based on the recommendations from IOC. All data was analysed with Google Excel and run by SPSS. A point-system was created to determine the coaches knowledge of RED-S, while a non-parametric T-test was used to discover any differences between the coaches based on their characteristics; gender, division and experience. Result No coaches followed an action plan or were acknowledged about the action plan made by either the Swedish gymnastics association or IOC. There were no differences in knowledge based on the coaches characteristics and according to the results, the coaches had a higher knowledge with questions related to return to play and treatment, but lower in questions related to identification and basic information. Only 20% of the participants had ever heard of the syndrom RED-S before. Conclusion This study discovered that the coaches have some knowledge of RED-S, but not enough to be able to help gymnasts that have or are at risk to develop RED-S. There was a high interest among the coaches to learn more of the subject, but because of few participants these results won’t be able to represent Swedish teamgym coaches in the sub-elite. More studies needs to determine the results.

Bakgrund: Återhämtning och nutrition är viktiga aspekter för att minimera risken för skador hos idrottare. Ett för lågt energiintag kan leda till flera negativa fysiologiska effekter då kroppens energibehov inte tillgodoses. Hos kvinnor är menstruationsdysfunktion (MD) ett vanligt symptom på långvarig låg energitillgänglighet och hög förekomst har främst rapporterats hos kvinnliga idrottare inom viktkänsliga idrotter såsom uthållighetsidrott. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var därför att beskriva skadebilden hos svenska och danska kvinnliga landslagsidrottare på seniornivå samt undersöka eventuella samband mellan förekomst av skador och menstruation. Metod: Alla danska och svenska kvinnliga landslagsidrottare blev kontaktade per mejl och tillfrågade om deltagande via online-enkät där frågor om skador det senaste året och menstruation ingick. Deltagare blev klassificerade att ha MD om de uppgav att de aldrig haft menstruation, ingen menstruation de senaste tre månaderna, menstruationscykler med längre intervall än 35 dagar eller &lt;9 menstruationscykler de senaste 12 månaderna. Alla deltagare blev klassificerade som antingen icke-viktkänsliga (t.ex. bollsport) eller viktkänslig idrottare (t.ex. uthålligsidrott). Resultat: Totalt svarade 634 (25%) idrottare på enkäten. Den rapporterade skadeprevalensen under de senaste 12 månaderna för samtliga inkluderade deltagare var 57%. 30% av deltagarna blev klassificerade att ha MD med en högre förekomst i viktkänsliga idrotter (39% vs 24%; P = &lt;0,001). Deltagare med MD rapporterade fler skador under de senaste 12 månaderna (P = 0,004) och hade en högre risk för skada (OR = 1,52; 95% CI = 1,06–2,19; P = 0,024) samt högre risk för att ha varit långvarigt skadad (&gt;22 dagar) (OR = 1,87; 95% CI = 1,23–2,55; P = 0,003) jämfört med deltagare med regelbunden menstruation. Deltagare från viktkänsliga idrotter hade en högre risk för skada (OR = 1,50; 95% CI = 1,02–2,21; P = 0,039) och högre risk för att ha varit långvarigt skadad (OR = 2,11; 95% CI = 1,38–3,24; P = &lt;0,001) jämfört med deltagare från icke-viktkänsliga idrotter. Konklusion: Resultaten indikerar att kvinnliga landslagsidrottare med självrapporterad MD har en ökad skaderisk, speciellt inom viktkänsliga idrotter som uthållighetsidrott. Menstruationsdysfunktion bör därför tas i beaktning då det har negativ inverkan på idrottares hälsa och prestation. Vidare finns det ett stort behov av mer kunskap för att implementera effektiva kön- och idrottsspecifika preventionsåtgärder. / Background: Recovery and nutrition are important aspects in order to minimize injury risk in athletes. Multiple negative physiological impairments have been recognized in athletes due to low energy intake. One common symptom of prolonged low energy availability in females is menstrual dysfunction (MD) and high prevalence has been reported mostly in female athletes in weight-sensitive sports like endurance sports. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe injuries among Swedish and Danish female national team athletes and to investigate potential connections between injury prevalence and menstruation. Method: All Swedish and Danish national team athletes were invited via e-mail to complete an anonymous online survey, which held questions about injuries the past year and menstruation. Participants were classified with MD if they stated that they never had menstruation, no menstruation the last three months, menstruation cycles with longer intervals than 35 days or &lt;9 menstruation cycles the last 12 months. The participants were also divided in groups of non-weight sensitive athletes (e.g. ball game) or weight sensitive athletes (e.g. endurance sport). Results: A total of 634 (25%) athletes completed the survey. Among all participants an injury prevalence of 57% was observed and 30% were classified with MD. Higher prevalence of MD was reported in weight-sensitive sports (39% vs. 24%; P = &lt;0,001). Athletes with MD sustained more injuries (P = 0,004), reported higher risk of injury (OR = 1,52; 95% CI = 1,06–2,19; P = 0,024) and to be long-term injured (&gt;22 days) (OR = 1,87; 95% CI = 1,23–2,55; P = 0,003) compared to athletes with regular menstruation. In athletes from weight-sensitive sports a higher risk of injury was observed (OR = 1,50; 95% CI = 1,02–2,21; P = 0,039) and also to be long-term injured (OR = 2,11; 95% CI = 1,38–3,24; P = &lt;0,001) compared to athletes from non weight-sensitive sports. Conclusion: The result indicates that female national team athletes with self-reported MD have increased injury risk, especially in weight-sensitive sports like endurance sports. Menstrual dysfunction has a negative impact on both health and performance, and therefore athletes and coaches need to pay attention to menstrual function. More research is needed to implement effective sex and sport-specific preventive measures.

Bakgrund: En del elitidrottare, exempelvis inom uthållighetsgrenar, genomför högträningsvolym vilket stressar kroppen. Hög träningsvolym resulterar i högenergiförbrukning vilket kräver ett stort energiintag. Ett otillräckligt energiintag påverkarkroppen fysiologiskt på ett flertal sätt och kan leda till syndromet relativ energibrist iidrott (REI - S). Syftet Studiens syfte var att studera samband mellankroppssammansättning och viloomsättning (RMR) korrelerat till relativ energibrist hossvenska elitidrottare. Metod/Urval: Studien följde en tvärsnittsstudiedesign. Mätning avkroppskomposition (fettmassa och fettfri massa) samt viloomsättning (RMR) utfördes.RMRratio beräknades genom mätt RMR (mRMR) delat på beräknad RMR (pRMR).mRMR beräknades under laborationen och pRMR beräknades genom Cunningham1991ekvationen. Urvalet bestod av 23 svenska elitidrottare från olika sporter med ettåldersspann från 18 år - 43 år. Resultat: Procentuell fettfri massa (FFM %) och RMR -värde korrelerade positivt (r = 0,47, p = 0,023). En negativ måttligt stark korrelationberäknades mellan procentuell fettmassa (FM %) och RMR - värde (r = -0,47, p = 0,024). Slutsats Därmed korrelerade kroppssammansättning och viloomsättning hos svenskaelitidrottare. Viloomsättning korrelerade positivt med FFM % och negativt med FM %. / Background Some elite athletes, such as endurance runners, undergo extreme levels of training volume which stresses the body. High training volume results in high energy expenditure which requires a large energy intake. Consequences of insufficient amounts of energy intake are physiological dysfunctions and may lead to relative energy deficiency in sports (RED- S). Purpose The aim of the study was to research relations between body composition (FM, FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in correlation with RED-S amongst Swedish elite athletes. Method/Subjects This research follows a cross-sectional study design. Measurements to calculate body composition and RMR were performed. RMRratio was calculated by measured RMR (mRMR) divided by predicted RMR (pRMR). The Cunningham1991 equation was used to calculate pRMR. A total of 23 healthy Swedish elite athletes from different sports were measured, age ranging from 18 - 43 year olds. Results The percentage of fat free mass (FFM %) correlated positively with RMR (r = 0,47, p = 0,023). Percentage of fat mass (FM %) correlated negatively with RMR (r = - 0,47, p = 0,024). Conclusion A correlation between body composition and RMR amongst Swedish elite athletes was discovered. RMR correlated positively with FFM%  and negatively with FM%.

Bakgrund: Relativ energibrist, att gå med energiunderskott över tid, är en realitet inom idrotten och det är också starkt kopplat till ätstörningar och stört ätbeteende. Forskningen pekar på att coacherna, på grund av sin närhet till de aktiva, är i en bra position för att upptäcka och agera på symptom på relativ energibrist, ätstörningar och stört ätbeteende. Man menar vidare att coacherna har för dålig kunskap på området. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera hur elitcoacher ser på sin kunskap, sin roll och sitt ansvar i den elitidrottskontext de tillhör när det gäller relativ energibrist, ätstörningar och stört ätbeteende inom idrotten och vad detta får för konsekvenser.Metod: Studien är genomförd med kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med 12 elitcoacher. Urvalet gav en bred representation vad gäller idrotters viktkänslighet. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av Côte och Gilberts kunskapsformer och en modifierad modell av Henriksens ATDE – modell. Resultat: Resultatet visar att coachernas roller ser mycket olika ut i fråga om närheten till de aktiva. Detta påverkar i sin tur coachernas upplevelse av ansvar när det gäller upptäckt och agerande vad gäller relativ energibrist, ätstörningar och stört ätbeteende. Coacherna upplever ämnet relativ energibrist, ätstörningar och stört ätbeteende som laddat och känner sig inte bekväma att ta upp det med de aktiva. Man är rädd att trigga någon till ett stört ätbeteende eller en ätstörning och man menar att det finns ett tabu runt ämnet hos kollegor och specialidrottsförbund. Kunskapsluckor visar sig när det kommer till pedagogiska verktyg och interpersonell kunskap för att applicera sin kunskap i kost och nutrition när det gäller relativ energibrist, ätstörningar och stört ätbeteende. Slutsatser: En bredare kunskapssyn, utanför den teoretiska professionella kunskapen rekommenderas. Förslag på att vända på synen på coachernas kunskap, roll och ansvar föreslås: Börja med att titta på vilket ansvar man vill att coacherna ska ta, vilken roll kräver detta ansvar att coacherna har och till sist vilken kunskap saknas för att i rollen kunna ta det ansvar man önskar att coacherna skall ta. / Background: Relative energy deficiency, to be in an energy defiency over time, is a reality in sport and is conected to eating disorders and disorded eating. According to research, coaches are in a position that could facilitate identification and early interventions on symptoms of relative energy deficiency, eating disorder and disorded eating. Research also notes that the coaches lack in knowledge on the subject. Purpose: The aim of this thesis was to identify how elite coaches perceive their knowledge, role and responsibility when it comes to relative energy deficinecy, eating disorder and disorded eating and the consecvenses that may follow.Method: The research is done with a qualitative approach through 12 semi-structured interviews with swedish elite coaches from a wide range of sports when it comes to weight- sensitivity. The interviews were alanlysed with help of Côte ang Gilberts model of knowledge and a modified version of Henriksens ATDE- model. Result: The result reveals that the role of the coaches differs a lot when it comes to the closeness to the athlete. This affects how the coaches perceive their responsibility when it comes to identification and early intervention in case of relative energy deficiency, eating disorder and disordered eating. The Coaches perceive relative energy deficiency, eating disoder and disordered eating as a loaded subject and they feel uncomfortable to talk about it with the athletes. They are afraid to trigger someone to disorded eating or an eating disorder and they sense a tabu with their colleagues and in the sports federation. There are gaps in coaches knowledge in pedagogy and interpersonal knowledge when it come to the application of knowledge about nutrition linked to relative energy deficiency, eating disorders and disorded eating. Conclusions: A broader view on knowledge, outside the theoretical professional knowledge is recommended. A proposal to change the order in which we think of the problem is formed. Start with figuring out what responsibility you want the coaches to have, then what role they need to have with that responsibility and last, what knowledge do the coaches need for theire role and what responibility you wish they should take.

The main goal of the diploma thesis is to examine the issue of psycho-social contexts of eating habits and their experience in athletes. The theoretical part summarizes the findings to date on the issue of nutrition and eating disorders in athletes and possible preventive measures. The empirical part presents qualitative research on a sample of six Czech and Slovak athletes. The research is carried out through a semi-structured in-depth interview and three diagnostic questionnaires. The information obtained is processed into individual case studies and an overall summary. Due to the size of the research population and the nature of the study, it is not possible to generalize the results to the entire population of athletes. In a specific research cohort, all respondents had a negative comment related to body weight or physical appearance as a risk factor leading to nutritional problems. The main protective factor for all respondents was social support and support from their relatives. The outputs provide many recommendations for athletes, coaches and other specialists who work with athletes. Keywords psycho-social factors of eating habits, disordered eating, eating disorders in sport, female athlete triad, relative energy deficiency in sport, LMI, prevention of eating disorders in sport