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How can local governments in the absence of national regulations or incentive schemesmotivate private owners of post-war mass-housing for investments into ambitious retrofittingfor energy efficiency? The million-program houses’ lifecycle currently makes renovationsnecessary and this would be an excellent opportunity to realize an upgrading of their energyefficiencystatus. Private owners do however show no inclination to do so. An intertwinedarray of barriers towards energy-efficient renovation is explored in this study, while it seeks tofind out which new drivers are needed to overcome these barriers and create an intrinsicmotivation for the owners to undertake the anticipated investments. In an exploratory casestudy, these points are investigated in the context of the exemplifying case of the Bygga omDialogen project in Malmö, Sweden.Bygga om Dialogen, is reframing the situation of investments into energy-efficiency in abroader socio-economic context and thrives to create new drivers pushing the owners toundertake the investments via the tools of strategic niche management and reflexivegovernance. This study explores how a strategic niche management and reflexive governancecan be used to motivate a variety of stakeholders to scrutinize and reconsider theirassumptions of the renovation-business-case and how this can stimulate the owners to activelycontribute to the establishment of a new, innovative, cross-sectoral approach seeking torealize energy-efficient investments in the context of holistic sustainable development in theneighborhood of Lindängen. Additionally it is explored how strategic niche management canbe used to deal with the contextual, strategic and institutional uncertainties that the establishednetwork is facing. Ideally the vision of mutually realizing energy-efficient renovations as partof an inclusive socio-economic upgrading of the neighborhood, could act as a building blockand exemplifying case for similar neighborhoods nationwide- or even all over Europe.

The renovation and maintenance projects in the “Million program” areas are currently ongoing in many parts of the country. As the stocks in many descriptions have similar conditions with regard to urban structure, construction technology and socio-economic situation, there is great potential for comparison. This means that different results from a renovation may be linked to other factors than the execution and choice of measures. In this thesis two different “Million program” areas have been compared, one in the suburbs of a big city and one in the suburbs of a small town (which will be referred to as ftS and fts in the report). The comparison will be evaluated from the three sustainability perspectives: social, ecologic and economic. To make these three perspektive interact is difficult but when all perspectives are considered as sustainable the “Point of Optimization” has been achieved. The projects that have been involved in this bachelor thesis are Nystad 1, which is owned by Svenska Bostäder, and Drabanten 3, which is owned by Nybro Bostad. Nystad 1 is placed in Akalla which is a suburb to the big city Stockholm and Drabanten 3 is placed in Kungshall which is a suburb to the small town Nybro. Both projects change the ventilation system to FTX, replace windows, put solar cell systems on the roof, renovate the kitchen and the bathroom and additional insulation to varying degrees. The scale of the renovation in Akalla is larger as the entire building to the core gets removed and rebuilt and a total refurbishment of the yard is also included in the project. The purpose of the report is to produce values linked to each perspective of sustainability that are comparable in both projects to evaluate the connection between the results and the placement in either ftS or fts. To produce results that are measurable within every aspect a customer survey was sent out, the reduced usage of energy were calculated and the economic profit was estimated. The project in Akalla is more extensive and the total cost amounts to just under 1,3 million SEK per apartment. Prior to the renovation the rent was 971 SEK/m2 which will be increased with 25% after the renovation. For Kungshall the total cost amounted to roughly 1 million per apartment and led to an increase of rent by 28% from the original rent which was 795 SEK/m2. The participation rate of the customer survey in Akalla was lower than in Kungshall which got a better result in all categories. The reduced use of energy of the project in Akalla is estimated to 32% while the project in Kungshall merly reached 21%. The use of method in this report determine that none of the projects successfully reached economic profit with their own company-specific calculation interest. However, the analysis of vulnerability shows that after 30 years Kunghall has gained a profit of 3.2 million SEK. Akalla is expected to reach sustainability from a social and ecological perspective but not from an economic perspective. In Kungshall the social and economic perspective are assessed to be sustainable while the ecological perspective is not, due to the fact that it did not reach “Klimatiniativets” goal at a reduced energy usage of 30 %. The result in this thesis concludes that the placement in either ftS or fts impacts the sustainability from the social perspective and normally also from the economic perspective, although not with the specific circumstances regarding this ftS due to Järvaavtalet. The sustainability from the ecological perspective is not connected to the placement but merely a result of choice of measures and execution. However, as the sustainable development is an interplay between the different perspectives, the result from the ecological perspective is also indirectly affected by the placement in either ftS or fts. / Renovering och underhållsprojekt i miljonprogramsområden är pågående i flera olika delar av landet. Bestånden har i många avseende liknande förutsättningar med hänseende till stadsstruktur, byggteknik och socioekonomisk situation. Det finns således stor potential för jämförelse och därför kan resultat av en renovering eventuellt kopplas till andra faktorer än utförande och val av åtgärder. I detta examensarbete jämförs två olika miljonprogramsområden, ett i förort till storstad och ett i förort till småstad, (som i rapporten benämns som ftS och fts) och utvärderas ur de tre hållbarhetsperspektiven socialt, ekologiskt och ekonomiskt. Samspelet mellan dessa tre perspektiven är i många fall svårt och när samtliga perspektiv anses som hållbara så har den så kallade “Optimeringspunkten” uppnåtts. De projekt som detta examensarbete behandlar är Nystad 1, som ägs av Svenska Bostäder, och Drabanten 3, som ägs av Nybro Bostad AB. Nystad 1 ligger i Akalla som är en förort till storstaden Stockholm och Drabanten 3 ligger i Kungshall som är en förort till småstaden Nybro. Båda projekten utför byte till FTX-system, fönsterbyte, solcellsanläggning på tak, renovering av kök och badrum och tilläggsisolering i olika omfattningar. Renoveringen i Akalla utförs i större skala, hela byggnaden görs stomren och en total upprustning av gården ingår också i projektet. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram jämförbara värden kopplat till varje hållbarhetsaspekt för att sedan kunna avgöra om resultaten som speglas i dessa värden kan kopplas till att projektet är placerat i antingen ftS eller fts. För att ta fram mätbara resultat inom varje aspekt skickades kundundersökningar ut, energiberäkningar utfördes och nuvärdeskalkyler ställdes upp baserat på material som tillhandahållits av respektive projektledare eller inhämtats från andra källor. Renoveringen i Akalla är mer omfattande och den totala projektkostnaden uppgår till strax under 1,3 miljoner per lägenhet. Innan renoveringen uppgick hyran i 971 kr/m2 och höjdes efter renoveringen med drygt 25%. Den totala projektkostnaden i Kungshall uppgick i strax över 1 miljon per lägenhet och resulterade i en hyreshöjning på strax under 28% från den ursprungliga hyran på 795 kr/m2. Akalla hade lägre deltagandeandel på kundundersökningarna och fick sämre resultat än Kungshall i samtliga kategorier. Akalla förväntas uppnå en total energibesparing på 32% medan Kungshall enbart uppnådde 21%. Inget av projekten lyckades, enligt rapportens metod, nå företagsekonomisk lönsamhet med de företagsspecifika kalkylräntor som delgetts, dock så lyckades Kungshall generera en vinst på 3.2 miljoner efter 30 år utifrån känslighetsanalysen. Akalla bedöms nå en social- och ekologisk hållbarhet men inte en ekonomisk hållbarhet. Kungshall bedöms ha nått en social- och ekonomisk hållbarhet men utefter “Klimatiniativets” mål på en energiminskning med 30 % efter renoveringen så bedöms inte en ekologisk hållbarhet uppnås.Arbetet kommer fram till att resultatet ur det sociala perspektivet är bundet till placeringen i antingen ftS eller fts. Det ekologisk resultatet beror främst på utförande och val av åtgärder men eftersom den hållbara utvecklingen är ett samspelet mellan de olika perspektiven så påverkas även det ekologiska resultatet indirekt av placeringen i antingen ftS eller fts. Det ekonomiska resultatet bedöms i normalfallet vara starkt kopplat till placeringen i antingen ftS eller fts. I detta specifika fall har placeringen i ftS eller fts inte en avgörande roll eftersom det ekonomiska resultatet för projektet i ftS beror på involveringen i Järvaavtalet.

Stockholm stads kommunstyrelse har under de senaste 5 - 10 åren gradvis infört nya riktlinjer för förvaltningen av bostäder och hur dess dotterbolag ska arbeta för att uppnå en hållbar utveckling. Denna studie har av den anledningen syftat till att klargöra några av frågorna om hur de offentliga bostadsbolagen i Stockholms stad arbetar för att uppnå en hållbar utveckling och uppnå stadens uppsatta mål, samtidigt som de förbättrar gårdsmiljöer och byggnadernas omedelbara omgivning. Studien har bestått av flera intervjuer med representanter för Stockholms kommunala bostadsföretag. Information har samlats in från företagens webbplatser, tidigare rapporter och från offentliga institutioner som publicerar ekonomiska och finansiella rapporter. Studien drar slutsatsen att de offentliga bostadsföretagen som ingår i studien har genomfört stora förändringar i sina arbetsmetoder det senaste årtiondet. Med större fokus på ekologiska och sociala ståndpunkter, där ändringarna tillämpas hela vägen från planeringsstadiet till implementeringen av nya förvaltningsstrategier. Genom att involvera hyresgäster i investeringsprocessen har några av företaget lyckats maximera fördelarna med avslutade projekt och nå högre nivåer av nöjdhet hos kunderna. Vissa bolag har fått ökade investeringsanslag som i förlängningen kan innebära ökade investeringsmöjligheter på gårdsmiljön. Men utvecklingen av framtida projekt kan istället försvåras av interna åtstramningar som försvårar anställning av kompetent personal och riskerar att försämra kommunikationslänkarna i organisationen, särskilt mellan företagens planeringssektioner och förvaltningsavdelningar / The council in the city of Stockholm has for the last 5 – 10 years gradually been implementing new guidelines regarding public housing management and how its subsidiaries should work to achieve a sustainable development. This study therefore aims to clear some of the questions regarding how named companies work towards sustainable development and city goals while improving courtyards and the immediate surroundings of the buildings.T he study has consisted of several interviews with representatives of Stockholm’s main public housing companies. Furthermore, has information been gathered from the company’s websites, previous reports and public housing institutions containing economic and financial reports. The report concludes that the public housing companies that are part of the study have changed their working methods considerably. With more focus on ecological and social standpoints, these changes are been applied all the way from the planification stage to the implementation of new investment strategies. By involving tenants in the investment process some of the companies have managed to maximize the benefits from concluded projects and reach higher levels of customer satisfaction. Furthermore, some of the companies have received larger investment budgets making it possible to increase their inversion capabilities. However, the companies are also insecure about how future projects will be managed if additional internal budget restrictions are applied, especially because it might aggravate their possibilities to hire competent staff. This supposes a risk of worsening the communication abilities in the organizations between the planning departments and the management divisions of the companies.

This dissertation defines and develops transitional space of housing, which is adaptable to the Chinese environment. It is the integration of community, culture element and sustainable development. Although the lifestyle is changing today, the concept of courtyard which comes from the Chinese vernacular building remains in peoples’ minds. It’s not only a form but also an expression of national culture and a sense of space. There are some attempts for Chinese architects to renovate or reconstruct the “courtyard”, but most of them are low-rise buildings. Facing with the high density, high volume urban living environment, Chinese architects only set vii the first floor yard and roof garden in multi-story or high-rise buildings. To improve the community environment, various levels courtyard space, such as the courtyard among units, community courtyard, are set. These courtyards are regarded as public space which not only plays the role of landscaping but also make people feel comfortable. However, there are still some problems, such as sustainable development, privacy. While there are some good attempts for foreign architects to design courtyard in terms of sustainable technology, the housing they design lack the Chinese culture character. So the design of multi-function transitional space raises the interesting questions for future research and development.

Improving energy efficiency in buildings is essential for curbing greenhouse gas emissions, addressing climate change, and achieving cost savings while enhancing occupant comfort. This study examines the energy performance of Nordiska Folkhögskolan, a Swedish school building, before and after renovation, benefiting from Sweden's advanced energy-efficienttechnologies and supportive policies. Energy consumption data analysis reveals significant reductions in district heating and electricity usage post-renovation, attributed to enhancements in insulation, heating systems, and energy management. Notably, there is a consistent decline in energy consumption, particularly during winter months, emphasizing the effectiveness of holistic approaches to energy-efficient building design and highlighting the importance of targeted energy efficiency measures in reducing heat losses through the building envelope.  The successful mitigation of energy loss through enhanced insulation and ventilation systems underscores the necessity of comprehensive energy-efficient design strategies. Despite promising outcomes, variations in energy consumption patterns post-renovation require ongoing evaluation and supplementary measures. Recommendations include adopting advanced exterior wall designs, continuous energy monitoring, integrating renewable energy solutions, conducting educational outreach initiatives, and investing in energy-efficient infrastructure. These strategies collectively promote conservation and establish sustainable learning environments, contributing valuable insights into enhancing energy efficiency in school buildings globally.

Syftet med det här arbetet är att ge förslag på renoveringsåtgärder som kan förbättra energieffektiviteten i en kulturmärkt tegelbyggnad utan att riskera den befintliga konstruktionens karaktär. För att uppnå syftet undersöks en byggnad med ett stort kulturhistoriskt värde beläget i Halmstads stadskärna. I denna studie genomförs en energiinventering av byggnadens konstruktion och dess installationer. Energiinventeringen genomförs genom en intervju med en brukare av byggnaden, sammanställning av tidigare dokumentation om byggnaden och annan litteratur. Förslag på renoveringsåtgärder för byggnaden undersöks genom att studera slutsatser från tidigare forskning. Därefter undersöks det vilka åtgärder som kan tillämpas på byggnaden. För att fastställa hur renoveringsåtgärderna kan förbättra energieffektiviteten beräknas den nya genomsnittliga värmegenomgångskoefficienten och det nya primärenergitalet för byggnaden. Dessa beräkningar utförs med beprövade byggfysikaliska formler. I resultatet av studien framgår det att de valda renoveringsåtgärderna förbättrar byggnadens isolerande förmåga, vilket minskar behovet för uppvärmning. Detta sänker byggnadens primärenergital. Däremot uppnår inte det nya beräknade primärenergitalet det krav som ställs för nyproducerade byggnader. En möjlig anledning till att primärenergitalet inte uppnår kraven är att användningen av fastighetsel för byggnaden är mycket hög. Om de föreslagna renoveringsåtgärderna från detta arbete appliceras på en byggnad där fastighetselen är lägre hade möjligen ett lägre primärenergital uppnåtts. / This paper aims to suggest renovation measures to enhance energy efficiency in a historically significant brick building without altering its character. The case study focuses on a building with a high cultural value in the city center of Halmstad. An energy inventory is conducted through interviews, documentation of the building, and other relevant literature. Proposed renovation measures are examined by analyzing prior research and assessing how these solutions can be applied to the case study. The new average thermal transmittance and the new primary energy number are calculated using established building physics formulas to determine the potential energy efficiency improvements. Results show that the proposed renovation measures improve the building’s insulation, reducing the need for heating, which in turn lowers the primary energy number.  However, the new primary energy number does not meet the standards for new constructions, possibly due to high property electricity consumption in the reference building. If the proposed renovation measures were applied to a building with a lower property electricity consumption, a more significant reduction in the primary energy number might be achieved.

Reducing energy consumption and transitioning to renewable energy are critical priorities today. As a major contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the building sector plays a crucial role in these efforts. In Sweden, district heating is the primary heat source for residential buildings, so this issue makes it essential to increase efficiency and the proportion of renewable energy in this sector to benefit both society and the environment. The 4th generation of district heating operates at lower supply and return temperatures than the current generation, soit can provide the opportunity to use more efficient technologies such as renewable energy sources. This transition requires significant infrastructure changes on both the distribution and supply sides. Additionally, certain practices on the demand side can facilitate integration with lower-temperature district heating systems. This study employs a PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technical) to evaluate the transition and integration of 4th generation district heating for detached houses in Sweden, which are major energy consumers in the country. A SWOT analysis is conducted based on the provided context following the PEST analysis. Finally, the resulting SWOT strategies offer recommendations for district heating providers, households, and regulators to simplify the transition to 4th generation district heating and its integration with renovation practices.

Le secteur du bâtiment représente le principal gisement d'économies d'énergie exploitable immédiatement, en effet il consomme plus de 40 % de l'énergie finale et contribue pour près du quart aux émissions françaises de gaz à effet de serre. Un plan de rénovation énergétique et thermique des bâtiments existants, réalisé à grande échelle et cadré par le Grenelle de l'Environnement, vise à réduire durablement les dépenses énergétiques. Avec près de 20 millions de logements construits avant 1975, sans aucune isolation thermique, la surface de parois à isoler est donc considérable et met en évidence une problématique de volume d'isolant et la nécessiter de proposer de nouveaux matériaux isolants en appliquant une approche système. Les travaux présentés ont pour objectif d'améliorer la compréhension des interactions microstructures / propriétés et à partir de ces connaissances de produire des outils d'aide à la formulation pour la rénovation du bâti ancien. L'exercice de la formulation de matériau est abordé avec une approche composite expérimentale et numérique à plusieurs échelles. En effet l'optimisation d'un matériau nécessite de décrire et de connaître finement les interactions entre les composants (liant organique et/ou minéral, fibres, squelette granulaire, structure poreuse). Nous nous intéressons dans une première partie à l'intégration d'un renfort dans un matériau poreux organo-minéral, afin de mieux comprendre comment conserver les propriétés hydriques du matériau (perméabilité vapeur) tout en améliorant ses propriétés mécaniques en traction. Les mesures expérimentales confirment la nécessité de coupler la rhéologie et la mécanique des composites pour proposer un outil d'aide à la formulation dédié à l'Isolation Thermique par l'Extérieur. La seconde partie aborde le verrou scientifique de la formulation de la matrice des matériaux isolants et plus particulièrement leur caractère non fissurant dans une gamme de température et d'hygrométrie classiquement rencontrée lors d'une exposition réelle sur site. Nous cherchons une meilleure illustration des propriétés mécaniques élastiques du matériau en lien avec les observations microstructurales effectuées en microscopie environnementale. Ceci se traduit par une meilleure compréhension de la structure organo-minérale formée. La troisième partie se focalise sur l'étude des renforts utilisés dans ces matériaux composites et vise à définir des outils statistiques pour caractériser leurs performances. Nous proposons un couplage AFM / Essai sur fil, et une analyse via une loi normale pour caractériser les renforts, et définir des indices de performances utilisables dans des modèles de formulation. La dernière partie se place à l'échelle d'une paroi composite de bâtiment et cherche à développer des outils aptes à qualifier les performances d'un matériau fracturé, en lien avec une évaluation non destructive du matériau. Le caractère fragile et fissurant des matériaux de construction est ainsi intégré des la conception du matériau et pris en compte dans un modèle thermique et hydrique couplé. In fine des seuils de performance devraient pouvoir être proposés et déclencher des maintenances préventives à l'image des procédures déjà en place sur les structures génie civil.

This paper presents an analytical framework of governing innovative building practices at a municipal level based on conclusions drawn from the Strategic Niche Management (SNM) approach. The analytical framework viewed the Village House Block demonstration project and EnSURE transnational research collaboration as important facilitators to create the necessary conditions for governing innovation during the renovation of the outdated building stock located in the 3rd District Municipality of Budapest, Hungary. These necessary conditions were articulated in accordance with the three internal processes (the articulation of expectations and visions, the building of social networks and the fostering of learning processes) defined by SNM research. Additionally, the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) methodology was considered as a viable tool to guide energy efficient urban development in the district. It was found in this research that the Village House Block renovation represented a local technological niche project during which the feasibility of active and passive building technology was tested. This study revealed that the necessary conditions for governing innovation were present in this project. EnSURE was a collaborative research project which did not represent a clear example of technological niche development. It was defined as an important initiative to collect and accumulate knowledge and experiences from local niche projects to create a strategic tool for supporting energy efficient urban development at the municipal level. In this case study, the tool was the Sustainable Energy Action Plan. Overall, it was found that the necessary conditions did not only appear in technological niche projects, such as the Village House Block demonstration project but also in other types of projects, such as EnSURE. Furthermore, it could be argued that the governance of innovative approaches requires an operational framework in which different projects are managed to create these necessary conditions for local technological niche development. At global niche-level, it was revealed that the SEAP or other action plan methodologies could offer a tool to utilise experiences gained from local niches to create an energy efficient urban development strategy. In practice, it was shown that the importance of experimentation with new technologies and the governance of innovation on a strategic way still in its infancy in the 3rd District.