Miljonprogrammet är namnet på det politiska projektet som pågick mellan åren 1965 och 1974 då riksdagen fattat ett beslut om att en miljon nya bostäder skulle byggas i Sverige, för att råda bot på bostadsbristen. Nu är det mer än 40 år sedan byggnaderna uppfördes och renoveringsbehovet är ett faktum, vilket gör ämnet aktuellt. Huvudsyftet med studien är att kartlägga de tre största städernas hantering av renoveringsbehovet. Huvudfrågan för studien är hur miljonprogrammets bostäder hanteras idag. Samtidigt har en rad andra frågor besvarats i studien; vilka skillnader som finns i lagarna då och nu, hur miljonprogramsområdena ser ut i de olika städerna och hur de behandlas i översiktsplanerna, vilka följder som uppstår av att husen behöver renoveras samt om det finns någon ekonomi i att renovera husen.Studien har genomförts med en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. En kvalitativ genomgång av skrivet material med anknytning till miljonprogrammet i de tre städerna har gjorts. Därutöver har också en kvantitativ enkätundersökning skickats ut till de tre kommunerna och dess kommunala bostadsbolag.Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö har både likheter och skillnader gällande planering och visioner. Både Stockholm och Göteborg har valt att placera sina miljonprogramsområden utanför stadskärnan medan Malmös ligger i nära anslutning till centrum. De har alla visioner i sina översiktsplaner om att skapa en mer enhetlig och sammankopplad stad genom ökad integration och bättre kommunikationer mellan stadens olika delar.Det uppstod en renoveringsvåg under 80- och 90-talet i samband med ROT-avdraget och idag pågår flera projekt kring miljonprogrammet. Fasadrenovering är vanligt i alla tre städerna och även till viss del upprustning av balkonger och fönster. Göteborg har satsat mycket på energieffektiviserande åtgärder och i Stockholm har det blivit allt vanligare med energi-besparade ingrepp såsom tilläggsisolering.Lagstiftningen i Sverige har stor betydelse vid renoveringen då det idag finns krav på bl.a. energieffektivitet men även under renoveringsvågen på 80- och 90-talet då varsamhetskravet infördes i PBL 1987. Stommen i bostäderna är bra och de är funktionellt byggda vilket gör att renovering är mer kostnadseffektivt än att riva och bygga nytt. Problemet ligger alltså inte i renoveringsbehovet, då de flesta hus behöver renoveras efter så pass många år, utan antalet hus som behöver renoveras. / The million programme is a building era that took place between the years 1965 to 1974 when a politic decision was made to build a million new residences in Sweden, to correct the housing shortage. It´s now been more than 40 years since these residences were built and the need to renovate is a necessity, which makes this programme a very current subject. The purpose of this study is to map the three largest city´s handling of the need for renovation. The main question of this study is how the buildings of the million programme is being handled today. Meanwhile a series of other questions have been answered in this study; the difference between laws now and then, how the million programme areas looks in the different cities and how they are treated in the layout plans, what the need for renovation might lead to, and if there is any profit in restoring the buildings.It is a qualitative study as it is a situation in a few cities that are being studied, but through a survey this study gets a quantitative mixture as well. A survey was dispatched to the three municipalities and their communal real estate companies.Malmo, Gothenburg and Stockholm are both similar and different regarding planning and visions. Both Gothenburg and Stockholm placed their million programmes outside of the city´s core, whilst Malmo´s was located close to the centre of the city. They all have visions in their layout plans to create a more unified and connected city through increased integration and better communication between the city areas.There was a wave of renovation in the eighties and nineties because of the ROT-deduction and many projects concerning the million programme are still ongoing to this day. Facade renovation is common in all three cities and, to a certain degree, restoration of balconies and windows. Gothenburg has invested a lot in energy efficient measures and in Stockholm it has become increasingly more common with energy saving interventions like adding increased isolation. The image of the million programme´s constructions is "concrete ghettos", but the most common houses consists of three storeys with apartment size 3 rok.The Swedish legislation are of great importance during the renovation as there now are requirements on energy efficiency amongst other things, but also during the wave of renovation in the eighties and nineties when the demand of discretion was enforced in PBL 1987. The foundation in the million programme houses is satisfactory and they are functionally built which makes a renovation more cost-efficient than it would be to tear it down and build new buildings. The problem then does not reside in the need for renovation, as most houses needs restoration after so many years, but in the sheer number of buildings that would require a renovation.

The aim of the dissertation is to improve the efficiency of the refurbishment process of public buildings by using methods of multiple criteria analysis, the developed model for integrated analysis of the lifecycle of a public building, the model for integrated analysis of the negotiations process for refurbishment of buildings and the Multiple Criteria Decision Support System for Refurbishment of Public Buildings developed on then basis of these models.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos rekonstrukcijos atsiradimo priežastys, kompleksinės daugiabučių gyvenamųjų namų rekonstrukcijos problematika. Tyrimo objektas – gyvenamųjų namų ir juos supančios aplinkos rekonstrukcija. Šiuo metu gyvenamųjų namų modernizavimas vykdomas tvarkant atskirus pastatus ir pagrinde termodinaminiu požiūriu. Darbe tyrimo objektas išplečiamas iki kvartalo (mikrorajono) apibūdinant tai kompleksine rekonstrukcija. Analizuojamos pagrindinių sąvokų - renovacija, rekonstrukcija, kapitaliai renovuojamas pastatas, reikšmės. Pabrėžiami pagrindiniai kompleksinės rekonstrukcijos tyrimo ir vykdymo etapai. Aptariamos statinio statybos rūšys ir formos rekonstrukcijos vykdymui įgyvendinti. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys: įvadas, du skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 60 p. teksto be priedų, 17 iliustr., 5 schemos, 2 lent., 41 bibliografinis šaltinis. / The final master’s paper deals with the reasons of the origin of reconstruction as well as with the problematics of complex reconstruction of apartment houses. Subject of the research is reconstruction of dwelling houses and surrounding environment thereof. For the time being, modernisation of dwelling houses is carried out through reconstruction of individual buildings, basically in terms of thermodynamics. In the paper, the subject of the research is evolved into a quarter (microdistrict) characterising this by complex reconstruction. The meanings of the main concepts, i.e. renovation, reconstruction, building under major renovation, are analysed. The main stages of complex reconstruction research and implementation are highlighted. Building construction types and forms for implementation of reconstruction are discussed. The paper consists of the following 5 parts: introduction, two sections, conclusions, list of references. Size of the paper contains 60 pages of text without annexes, 17 illustrations, 5 diagrams, 2 tables, 41 references.

Syftet med enkätstudien var att undersöka hur en omfattande renovering av en lågstadieskola Huutoniemen ala-aste ändrade elevernas subjektiva upplevelse av skolmiljön samt elevernas besvär och symptom. Som jämförelse undersöktes även en referensskola Palosaaren ala-aste som redan tidigare hade genomgått en omfattande renovering. Synpunkter och annan information insamlades med en standardiserad och prövad enkät utarbetad av Yrkesmedicinska kliniken i Örebro, Sverige. Enkäten delades ut till samtliga ca 470 elever i skolorna före och efter renoveringen och vid samma tidpunkt av åren 1997 och 2000. Tekniska mätningar av inomhusluftens CO2, relativa fuktighet och temperatur gjordes före och efter renoveringen och på samma tid av året i 6-8 klassrum/skola. Elevernas svar (Huutoniemen ala-aste) från tiden före renoveringen 1997 jämfördes med motsvarande svar efter renoveringen 2000. På samma sätt jämfördes elevernas svar i Huutoniemen ala-aste och elevernas svar från referensskolan år 1997. Resultatet testades med SPSS med Chi Square test av beroende (p&lt;0,05 eller p&lt;0,01). Elevernas subjektiva bedömning av skolmiljön i formav luftkvalitet, utrymmen, temperatur städning, belysning och bullerförhållanden var sämre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men blev signifikant bättre efter renoveringen. Prevalensen av elevernas hösnuva och långdragna hostperioder var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant efter renoveringen. Prevalensen av elevernas nuvarande symtom av huvudvärk samt besvär av ögonen var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant i objektskolan efter renoveringen.Elevernas subjektiva bedömning av skolan somorsak till nuvarande symtom: trötthet, huvudvärk, besvär av ögonen eller näsa, hosta, besvär av hud i ansiktet, fjällning/klåda i hårbotten/öron samt torr/kliande rodnad hud på händerna var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant efter renoveringen. Medelvärdet av CO2 minskade i den renoverade skolan drastiskt under lektioner från en nivå 2220ppm till 870 ppm och var efter renoveringen på en ungefär samma nivå som i referensskolan. Renoveringen av Huutoniemen ala-aste har givit mycket bättre skolmiljö för elever och lärare. / The aim of the questionnaire study was to investigate what kind of changes a large renovation of the primaryschool Huutoniemen ala-aste had for the subjective experience of the environment as well as complaints and symptoms of the pupils. The reference school was the primary school Palosaaren ala-aste in which a major renovation was made earlier. The opinions of the pupils and other information were collected with a standardized and verified questionnaire produced byClinic of Occupational Medicine in the City ofÖrebro, Sweden. The questionnaire was sent to over 470 pupils in both schools before and after the renovation at the same time of the year in 1997 and 2000. Technical measurements of CO2, relative humidity and temperature in the indoor air were made before and after the renovation and at the same time of the year in 6-8 classrooms/school. The answers of the pupils in Huutoniemen ala-aste from the time before the renovation 1997 were compared to the answers after the renovation in 2000. In a similar way answers of the pupils in Huutoniemen ala-aste were compared to the answers from the reference school in 1997. The results were tested by the SPSS with Chi Square test for independence (p&lt;0,05 or p&lt;0,01). The subjective evaluation of the pupils of the environment as air quality, rooms, temperature, cleaning, lighting and noise were significantly worse in the object school than inthe reference school but became significantly better after the renovation. The prevalence of hay fever and long periods of cough duringthe previous yearwere significantly higher in the object school than in the reference school but were reduced significantly in the object school after the renovation. The prevalence of the present symptoms with headache and eye irritation was higher in the object school than in the reference school but was reduced in the object school significantlyafter the renovation. The subjective view whether the school was the cause of the present symptoms as tiredness, head-ache, eye irritation, symptoms of the nose, cough and the skin of the face and itch/tickle on the hair scalp/ears and symptomsof the skin of the hands were higher in the object school than in the reference school but were reduced significantly after the renovation. The medium level of the CO2 decreased dramatically in the object school during the lectures froma level of about 2220 ppm to about 870 ppmafter the renovation and was approximately at the same level as in the reference school. The renovation of the primary school Huutoniemen ala-aste gave a much better environment in the school for the pupils and teachers. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-108-3</p>

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar o que se nomeia demanda de saúde mental na articulação entre ESF e NASF de uma determinada Gerência Distrital da Secretaria de Saúde da cidade de Porto Alegre. A partir disso, pretendeu-se conhecer e compreender a relação entre equipes ESFs e NASF na área da saúde mental, assim como as demandas e as ações construídas na articulação entre os serviços na perspectiva da gestão do trabalho e do cuidado compartilhado em saúde mental. Particularizou-se a escolha pelo estudo da relação entre ESF e NASF, pois verificou-se que tais dispositivos vêm sendo investidos como política pública para a consolidação do cuidado de saúde mental na rede básica. Optou-se em pesquisar duas ESFs que se diferenciavam na sua relação com NASF, uma mais solicitante do apoio do NASF e outra menos solicitante. Para esta pesquisa, foram utilizados os instrumentos da entrevista semiestruturada e diário de campo. Para análise do material, utilizou-se a técnica da Análise de Conteúdo e decidiu-se pela modalidade de Análise Temática. Observou-se que a demanda de saúde mental está sendo aceita no repertório de intervenções das equipes ESFs, entretanto, percebeu-se que a ESF que aciona mais intensamente o NASF é a que se ocupa da saúde mental de uma maneira mais autônoma e se reconhece como gestora do cuidado no território. Além de apresentar-se como uma equipe multiprofissional que tenta trabalhar de forma mais integrada e não hierarquizada. Como potencialidades, o NASF foi indicado como dispositivo que aproxima as especialidades na ESF, além de proporcionar espaço para o exercício da clínica ampliada e a educação permanente como novas tecnologias de cuidado na atenção básica. A articulação com a RAPS e rede intersetorial apareceu nas experiências tanto do NASF quanto da ESF. O NASF, contudo, apresentou-se como ponto articulador para a rede de saúde mental. Quanto as limitações do NASF foram consideradas a falta de recursos materiais e de locomoção até as ESFs referenciadas, provocando uma dificuldade na atenção à saúde mental e prejudicando o trabalho na atenção básica. Portanto, observou-se que o NASF é um dispositivo que tensiona a gestão do cuidado de saúde mental na atenção básica, pois garante retaguarda e “pressiona” a ESF a acolher e acompanhar saúde mental. Esse novo dispositivo, o NASF, mostrou-se potente para o cuidado de saúde mental, reforçando a rede de atenção psicossocial e contribuindo para o avanço da Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira. / The main objective of this study is the analysis of what is designated as mental health demand, in the articulation between two health service structures of the Health Office in the city of Porto Alegre: Family Health Strategy (ESF) and Family Health Support Committee (NASF). From that objective, the relations between the teams of ESFs and NASFs was scrutinized, in order to better understand their dynamics and their actions, in response to health services management and shared care in mental health. The focus on the relations between ESF and NASF was due to the perception that such apparatus has been receiving investments as a public policy for the consolidation of mental health care in basic health system. Two ESFs were chosen for this research, based on the different relations held with NASF teams: one of them requests NASF support more often than the other. For this study, instruments used were semi structured interviews and field notes. To execute the analysis of the collected material, the approach chosen was Content Analysis, focused on Themebased Analysis. It was observed that the mental health demand is being well accepted in the repertory of interventions of ESF teams. However, analysis showed that the ESF that requested NASF support more frequently was the one that showed a more autonomous attitude and that took on the position of healthcare manager in the territory where it is located. Beyond that, such ESF has a multi-professional team working in a more integrated and non-hierarchical way. For its potentialities, NASF was indicated as an apparatus to bring specialties closer in ESF, other than providing space for the exercise of amplified clinics and permanent education as new care technologies in basic health attention. The articulation with RAPS and the intersectoral network appeared both in NASF and ESF experience reports. NASF, however, is an articulating point for the mental health network. As to the limitations of NASF, the lack of material resources and transportations means to ESFs of reference were mentioned during field research, and these problems cause encumbrance both in mental health services and in basic services. Therefore, it was observed NASF is an apparatus that tenses the management of mental healthcare in basic health services, as it guarantees and reinforces the admission and accompaniment of mental health cases in the ESF. This new device – NASF – presents itself as a potency in mental healthcare, reinforcing the psychosocial attention network and contributing to the advance of Brazilian Psychiatric Renovation.

The theses called Volby do městské rady v Soběslavi v první polovině 18. století is daeling with a city administration in Soběslav of schwarzenberg nobility in the first half of 18th century. In the first part of my theses I introduce a form of the city administration with an emphasis on its most important institutions as a city council, a group of municipal older and a reeve. In the next chapter I describe a way of a councillor election, a group of municipal older election and a reeve election in which the city community participated. I use unique survived lists originated from elections that registered votes. In the third part of my theses I focus on a ceremony of ending activity of city institutions and replacing free places with successors. The Master theses comes from sources placed in the city archive Tábor in the fund of Archive of the city Soběslav and in the archive Třeboň in the fund of Large estate Třeboň.

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse se situent dans une problématique d’aide à la conception d’enveloppes isolantes pour la rénovation thermique de bâtiments résidentiels collectifs. Ces enveloppes isolantes sont composées de panneaux multifonctionnels rectangulaires, configurables et préfabriqués en usine. Leur conception repose sur les cinq caractéristiques suivantes. Premièrement, le nombre de panneaux nécessaires pour concevoir une enveloppe ainsi que leur taille respective ne sont pas
 connus au début de la rénovation (mais leur taille est cependant bornée). Deuxièmement, en raison des contraintes de fabrication, chaque fenêtre et chaque porte présentes sur la façade à rénover doivent être insérées dans un et un seul panneau. Troisièmement, les panneaux sont fixés à des endroits spécifiques de la façade, assez résistants pour supporter leur poids, nommés zones d’accroche. Quatrièmement, ni trous (zone non couverte), ni chevauchements entre panneaux ne sont autorisés. Cinquièmement, afin de garantir une isolation thermique performante tout en minimisant son coût, les enveloppes doivent être
 composées d’un nombre minimal de panneaux. Aux vues de la complexité de ce problème, nous restreignons nos travaux de recherche aux façades rectangulaires portant des menuiseries et des zones d’accroche rectangulaires. Compte tenu des cinq caractéristiques énoncées et de l’hypothèse de forme rectangulaire des éléments traités (panneaux, façades, menuiseries, zones d’accroche), la conception des enveloppes est à la fois un problème de découpe et de conditionnement à deux dimensions et un problème de configuration. Ce problème est formalisé et traité comme un problème de satisfaction de contraintes et a pour but d’aider la conception dédites enveloppes isolantes. En tant que tel, les travaux de cette thèse présentent deux contributions majeures. En raison des caractéristiques originales du problème de calepinage de façades, sa description et sa formalisation comme un problème de satisfaction de contraintes constituent la première contribution de ces travaux de thèse. Deuxièmement, les solutions algorithmiques basées sur les contraintes constituent notre seconde contribution. En particulier, ces travaux de thèse présentent deux solutions manuelles et trois automatiques pour le problème de conception d’enveloppes isolantes. / The research presented in this thesis falls within the problem of supporting the design of thermal insulating envelopes for the renovation of collective residential buildings. These insulating envelopes are composed of rectangular multi-functional panels, configurable and prefabricated in the factory. Their design is based on the following five characteristics. First, the number of panels needed to design an envelope and their size are not known at the beginning of the renovation (but their size is however bounded). Second, because of manufacturing constraints, every window and every door present on the facade to be renovated must be inserted into one and only one panel. Third, panels are attached to specific areas of the facade strong enough to support their weight, called supporting areas. Fourth, neither holes (uncovered area) or overlapping between panels are allowed. Fifth, to ensure efficient thermal insulation while minimizing cost, envelopes should be composed of a minimum number of panels. In view of the complexity of this problem, we restrict our research to rectangular facades with rectangular joinery and supporting areas. Given the five stated characteristics and the assumption of rectangular elements (panels, facades, 
joinery, supporting areas), the envelopes design is both a two-dimensional Cutting & Packing problem as well as a configuration one. This problem is formalized and treated as a constraint satisfaction problem and aims to support the design of such insulating structures. As such, the thesis presents two major contributions. Given the original features of the building renovation problem, its description and its formalization as a constraint satisfaction problem are the first contribution of the work. Second, constraint-based algorithmic solution’s are our second contribution. In particular, the thesis presents two manual and three automatic solutions for the design problem of insulating envelopes.

Renovation of the existing buildings in Sweden represents a great potential to achieve the energy efficiency and carbon emission targets set by the European Union and the Swedish government. The Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is regarded as an efficient way to manage and to outsource the risks of energy efficiency (EE) measures. The thesis aims to identify the theoretical framework of EPC in the Swedish scenario and, through a real case, develop a model that relates EE measures and its results considering the capital investment versus running costs of renovation projects. The work is based on the incorporation with the Morastrand AB. The research expects to assess EPC processes and measures as in Energy Service Companies (ESCO) and consequently help in the decision making and the management of the projects. The thesis is composed of two parts. The first part identifies the theoretical framework of energy contract models focusing on the EPC, while a case study with Morastrand AB is subsequently presented. It is suggested one approach for the preliminary comparison of different renovation measures in EE projects, corresponding to the first step of the planning phase of an EPC. General recommendations and sensitive factors were identified and can assist Morastrand AB to effectively implement EE projects in the future. For orienting investments, the Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a method to study solutions under economic aspects and further it can be extended to the complete Lifecycle Assessment of the upcoming projects. The theoretical framework of the EPC is composed by identifying the projects, performing the technical analysis, determinizing the potential in energy savings, deepening the analysis with auditions, tendering the project, designing and executing the project, commissioning, operating and supporting the systems with constant monitoring and maintenance. The biggest challenge for the EPC in Sweden is the relation between the ESCOs and their clients. The figure of the facilitator could improve the results and balance the knowledge gap between the parts. The actors of these projects are the ESCO, the client, the facilitator and the financing part. In Sweden, very frequently the client finances the operation. There are a few models of contracting, and the most popular are guaranteed savings and shared savings. The thesis performed the LCCA of three options for window replacement in a building at the end of its lifespan. The results show that the trends in prices and interest rates are sensitive factors. In this case, the projects with higher initial investments were more profitable. Those solutions can shield the company against energy prices escalates and contribute to the green policies.

This masters thesis deals with renovations expensive spare parts for the use of special engineering technologies. The aim was to compare and evaluate the technical and economical technological processes used components renovations. In the theoretical part are written information obtained from literature sources dealing with the basic concepts, definitions and describes the most commonly used technology renovation. In their study were selected components for renovation, where it is necessary to use special methods of engineering technologies. The first part was chosen balancer shaft used for four-cylinder diesel engine Volkswagen. For component was suggested special technological process of repair, so as to achieve low prices, but also guarantee a high quality repair and threaten further damage. Price repairs were compared against the cost of a new spare part. Another component was selected renovation speed bump for truck Scania. For component was suggested technological process of repair. Prices renovations by various techniques were compared.

Adaptations of Prague Castle in the Time of the First Czechoslovak Republic The main subject of this thesis is to analyse one of the latest stages of the development of Prague Castle. The extent of the changes the historic core of the Czechoslovak state went through in the time of the first Republic is comparable only to the Theresian reconstruction in the second half of the 18th century, which unified the appearance of the castle and had a definite impact on the panorama of Hradčany. The period between 1918 and 1938, called the first Czechoslovak Republic, is connected with the development of a new democratic state. To offer a complete picture, the building activities in the area of Prague Castle shortly before 1918 are summarized as well; in some cases it was inevitable for the understanding of the modern reconstruction to insert short overviews of the whole building history. The analysis and the attempt to evaluate the mentioned important stage in the development of Prague Castle are based on a detailed study of the building activities that originally followed different goals. These activities concerned various parts of the castle and can be divided into three groups according to architects and builders: Kamil Hilbert, Josip Plečnik and Karel Fiala. The characters of the structures and of the...