Cette thèse prend pour point de départ la valorisation croissante de la nouveauté qui s’impose au cours de la modernité, et se radicalise au XXe siècle. Nous faisons le constat que l’omniprésence de cette notion à la fois puissante et familière soulève les questions du sens et de la valeur de la nouveauté, au-Delà même de son appropriation moderne. Du point de vue du sens, la question est de savoir comment traiter l’irréductible polysémie de la nouveauté. Nous montrons d’abord que, sous ses diverses modalités, la nouveauté se distingue non seulement par la différence avec le passé mise de l’avant par le discours moderniste, mais plus encore par sa dimension de commencement, que nous analysons comme introduction de puissance et ouverture d’avenir. Cela constitue le critère premier de toute nouveauté, et ce qui en fait un enjeu humain fondamental. La nouveauté est au cœur de notre expérience du temps, de la manière dont nous vivons notre finitude et particulièrement notre mortalité. Cependant, cela ne fait pas de la nouveauté une valeur à proprement parler. Ce lien doit être interrogé à travers la pluralité des temps et des activités humaines. Nous considérons donc ensuite comment se décline la nouveauté, concrètement, au sein de l’existence humaine. Ce deuxième volet est développé à travers un dialogue avec la pensée de Hannah Arendt. Par sa conception de l’homme comme être de naissance et d’innovation, et par l’articulation des multiples temporalités corrélatives de l’activité humaine, Arendt nous permet de poser les bases d’une articulation différentielle et raisonnée de la polysémie de la nouveauté, en lien avec les conditions de natalité et de mortalité. La question de la valeur de la nouveauté se pose alors en fonction du contexte et de la réalité où elle s’inscrit. Il apparaît que plus on s’approche de la dimension de la liberté humaine, plus se radicalise la nouveauté, en même temps que le jugement de valeur devient plus problématique, et se présente comme une tâche et une exigence pour le jugement. / This dissertation stems from the growing importance of the new throughout modernity, and its radicalization during the 20th century. The overwhelming presence of a notion so potent and yet so familiar raises the questions of the definition and of the value of novelty itself, beyond its modern appropriation. The problem with establishing its meaning lies in the polysemous nature of the notion. We show that novelty, in its multiple modalities, distinguishes itself not only as different from the past, something modernist discourses consistently insist upon, but more importantly, as a beginning. We understand this feature as a gain of power and an opening into the future. We also show that this constitutes the prime criteria for any novelty, and makes it a fundamental human issue. Novelty is at the core of how we experience time, our finitude and particularly our mortality. It does not follow, however, that novelty is a value or has value in itself. This must be examined through a study of the plurality of human temporalities and activities. Thus we also examine how novelty concretely manifests itself in human existence. This part of the dissertation is developed through a dialog with the thought of Hannah Arendt. Her conception of man as a being of birth and innovation, and her articulation of the multiple temporalities pertaining to human activity allows us to establish a differential and reasoned approach to the multiple meanings of novelty, in relation with the conditions of natality and mortality. The question of the value of novelty thus arises in relation to the context and reality in which it appears. As we get closer to the issue of human freedom, the more radical novelty gets, and the more the question of its value appears as a problem and as a task with which our judgment must deal.

This degree project cover renovation of sanitary rooms with focus on an exchange from a radiator system to an underfloor heating system out of the three aspects energy, moisture and thermal comfort. The used method is literature study, interview, case study and calculations. When a radiator system is replaced with an underfloor heating system the energy demand will decrease due to a possible temperature reduction. The power requirement for the bathrooms will be reduced if the finish material have a higher density and the volume of the room is small. The moisture aspect can in some cases deteriorate with the replacement of systems. It is possible to achieve the same thermal comfort with any system, but it is easier to adjust with an underfloor heating system. An exchange from a radiator system to an underfloor heating system is possible. The energy and thermal comfort aspects improves, but the moisture aspect will potentially degrade.

Le secteur du bâtiment est l’un secteur des plus énergivore, sa consommation énergétique importante découle d’une part de la dégradation des matériaux propre à leur vieillissement et d’autre part, au manque d’un cadre réglementaire énergétique plus strict accompagnant la conception. Enfin cette consommation énergétique est due à la présence des usagers. Ceci est d’autant plus vrai pour le secteur tertiaire au travers leurs activités, leurs comportements et leur degré d’appartenance que les usagers donnent à ces types de bâtiments. En effet, même si tout le monde les utilise, personne ne se sent responsable de leur maintenance. Le travail présenté ici met en avant la relation entre la consommation énergétique dans les campus universitaires et le comportement des usagers. Les résultats sont analysés dans un contexte climatique comparable (paramètre clé les Degrés Jours Unifiés - DJU), avec indicateurs d’évaluation partageables (ce qui ont été judicieusement choisis à partir d’une comparaison entre différents systèmes d’évaluation) et traduit dans une méthodologie d’évaluation (basée sur les méthodes multicritères). Celle-ci tient compte de la multiplicité d’usages, d’usagers et d’attentes énergétiques, environnementales et de confort présents dans ce type de secteur tertiaire. L’objectif principal de cette étude a été d’élaborer une démarche d’amélioration environnementale et énergétique pour l’exploitation des bâtiments tertiaires, pour aller vers la réhabilitation thermique et énergétique, en considérant d’une part, la satisfaction des usagers et d’autre part les performances énergétiques et environnementales améliorées des bâtiments analysés. Ce mémoire de thèse est construit autour la logique suivante : une mise en situation des problématiques énergétiques internationales et nationales (France et du Chili). Un focus sur l’énergie dans le secteur tertiaire, permet de s’imprégner des différents dispositifs mis en place pour atteindre l’objectif de réduction de la consommation d’énergie et des émissions de CO2. Une grille de comparaison qui va nous permettre de réaliser les analyses de consommations énergétiques à différentes périodes de l’année avec un seul paramètre climatologique le DJU, est mise en avant. Ensuite les différents campus et sites universitaires sur lesquels nous appuyons la réflexion sont présentés. Dans ceux-ci, nous analysons à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles et avec différents types d’analyses qualitatives et quantitatives, les variables discriminantes qui seront essentielles pour parvenir à une amélioration énergétique au fil du temps. Par la suite, une ligne de base de critères et indicateurs qui vont nous permettre d’évaluer avec la même échelle d’évaluation, la performance énergétique et environnementale des bâtiments dans leur état actuel est crée. Pour, ensuite, les comparer dans un état optimisé lorsque les améliorations énergétiques ont été mises en place. Enfin nous proposons une méthodologie d’évaluation et d’amélioration environnementale pour l’exploitation des bâtiments tertiaires qui va mettre en relation de façon originale les besoins énergétiques, environnementaux, économiques et de confort des gestionnaires et des usagers universitaires. Une modélisation thermique de solutions de réhabilitation et un modèle économique, assez simple, sont proposés pour illustrer l’application de la méthodologie. / The buildings sector is one of the largest energy consuming sectors, its high energy consumption stems to construction materials degradation on the one hand and to the lack of a stricter regulatory context in design step on the other hand. Finally, this energy consumption is due to the presence of users. This is especially true for the service sector through its activities, its behavior and the sense of belonging of users to this type of buildings. Even if everyone uses them, nobody feels responsible for their maintenance.The work presented here highlights the relationship between energy consumption in university campuses and user’s behavior. The results are analyzed in a comparable climatic context (the key parameter Unified Degree Days - UDD) with sharable assessment indicators (which have been carefully selected from a comparison between different assessment systems). Then, the results are translated into an evaluation methodology (based on multicriterio analysis). The methodology takes into account the multiplicity of uses, users and energy resources, environment and comfort requirements expected in this service sector.This study aims to develop an environmental and energy improvement approach for the operation of tertiary buildings, to move towards a thermal and energy rehabilitation, considering on the one hand, user satisfaction and on the other hand the energy and environmental improved performance of the studied buildings.This manuscript of thesis is built around the following logic: an overview of national and international energy issues (France and Chile). A specific reference to energy in the tertiary sector emphasizes the different mechanisms put in place to achieve the reduction target of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. A comparison grid is built to analyze energy consumptions at different times of the year with a single climate parameter: the DDU (Unified Degree Days). Then, the different campuses and universities supported by the reflection are presented. In these study cases, we analyzed at different spatio-temporal scales and with different types of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the discrimination of critical variables to achieve energy improvements over time. Subsequently, a baseline of criteria and indicators is developed to evaluate the energy and environmental performance of buildings in their current state with the same rating scale. Then energy improvements are implemented to compare them in an optimized state. Finally, we propose an evaluation methodology and environmental improvements for the operation of tertiary buildings which will bring together in an original way the energy, environmental, economic and comfort managers and users universities needs. Thermal modeling solutions and economic rehabilitation rather simple model are provided to illustrate the application of the methodology. / El sector de la construcción es uno de los sectores que más energía consume, este consumo se debe en parte a la degradación de sus materiales, propia al paso del tiempo, a la falta de un marco legal energético más estricto que regule su diseño-concepción y por otra a la presencia de sus usuarios. Este fenómeno se vuelve más recurrente en el sector terciario debido a sus actividades, sus comportamientos y el grado de pertenencia que los usuarios le dan a este tipo de edificios. De hecho, si es cierto que todo el mundo los puede utilizar, no todos se sienten responsables de su cuidado.El trabajo que aquí se ha desarrollado presenta la relación entre el consumo energético de los campus universitarios y el comportamiento de sus usuarios. Los resultados se han analizado bajo un contexto climático comparable (parámetro clave los Grados Días Unificados - GDU), indicadores de evaluación adaptables (que han sido cuidadosamente seleccionados a partir de una comparación entre distintos sistemas de evaluación - certificaciones) y que se han traducido a través de una metodología de evaluación (basada en métodos de multicriterio). Esta metodología considera la multiplicidad de usos, de usuarios y de requerimientos energéticos, medioambientales y de confort presentes en este tipo de sector terciario.El objetivo principal de este estudio ha sido desarrollar una metodología de mejora energética y medioambiental para la operación de edificios terciarios, que permitirá además de considerar una rehabilitación térmica y energética, teniendo en cuenta, por una parte, la satisfacción de los usuarios y por otra el desempeño energético y medioambiental mejorado de los edificios analizados.La memoria de la tesis ha sido construida bajo la siguiente lógica: la presentación de las problemáticas energéticas internacionales y nacionales (de Francia y de Chile). Una visión de la energía en el sector terciario, permite ahondar sobre los diferentes mecanismos establecidos para lograr el objetivo de reducir el consumo energético y las emisiones de CO2. Un sistema de comparación nos permite analizar el consumo energético en diferentes periodos del año, a través de un único parámetro climático, el GDU. A continuación se presentan los diferentes campus y sitios universitarios en los que nos apoyamos para el análisis. En ellos, analizamos a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales y con diferentes tipos de análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos, las variables discriminantes que serán fundamentales para lograr la mejora de la eficiencia energética a través del tiempo. Posteriormente, construimos una línea de base de criterios e indicadores que nos permitirá evaluar a través de una misma escala de evaluación, el desempeño energético y medioambiental de los edificios en su estado actual, para luego compararlos en un estado óptimo cuando diferentes mejoras energéticas se han implementado. Por último, proponemos una metodología de evaluación y de mejoras energéticas para la operación de edificios terciarios, dicha metodología relaciona de manera original las necesidades energéticas, medioambientales, económicas y de confort de gestores y de usuarios universitarios. Finalmente, proponemos para ilustrar la aplicación de la metodología, un modelo térmico de soluciones de rehabilitación y un modelo económico simplificados.

A vedação de fachada, incluindo esquadrias e revestimento, um dos mais relevantes subsistemas do edifício, é responsável pelas condições de habitabilidade e estética, contribui para a valorização do empreendimento e tem um papel importante com relação à sustentabilidade. Além disso, os custos de execução e de manutenção da fachada são expressivos com relação aos dos outros subsistemas. Pela sua importância técnica e econômica, as tecnologias construtivas responsáveis pela execução das fachadas, frequentemente, passam por evoluções, como o surgimento das tecnologias de fachadas leves, as quais podem ser empregadas em vários segmentos da construção. Dois desses segmentos são o da construção de edifícios comerciais e o de reabilitação ou renovação de edifícios. Entretanto, essas tecnologias ainda são carentes de desenvolvimentos tecnológicos nacionais mais específicos e projetos melhor elaborados, nos quais se considerem questões do processo de projeto e de execução, bem como do desempenho da fachada em uso, como segurança, eficiência energética, isolamento acústico, estanqueidade à água, durabilidade e manutenabilidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento do processo de projeto de vedações de fachada, particularizados para as tecnologias de fachadas leves, para edifícios comerciais de múltiplos pavimentos, considerando tanto a possibilidade da construção quanto da renovação, discutindo-se aspectos de gestão e tecnologia. A proposição da metodologia foi baseada em estudos bibliográficos e em comparações entre exemplos reais do processo da produção de empreendimentos de construção e renovação no Brasil e na França. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento e conclusão deste trabalho foram divididos em quatro grupos: estudos no Brasil; estudos na França; análise comparativa dos resultados desses estudos; e elaboração da metodologia e sua discussão. A metodologia proposta considera de forma sistêmica alguns aspectos do processo de projeto, particularizados para as tecnologias de fachadas leves, contemplando aspectos de gestão e de tecnologia, incorporando contribuições de um grupo de profissionais. / The facades are considered one of the most relevant building subsystems, contributing both to building valuation and its performance, and has a great importance concerning the sustainability. In addition, its execution and maintenance costs are expressive when compared to others subsystems. Because of its economical and technical importance, the façade technologies have been passing through constant evolution, for example the development of the lightweight façades system that can be used in many construction segments, as commercial building construction and building renovation. Although the use of lightweight façades technologies is increasing worldwide, its application in Brazil requires more precise researches regarding design and construction management and also performance requirements, as security, thermal and acoustic isolation, energy efficiency, watertightness, durability and maintenance. In this context, the objective of this work is to propose a methodology to develop the design process of the lightweight facade system for office buildings, applicable either to construction either to building renovation, discussing management and technology aspects. This work will be based on existing bibliography and on comparative study between Brazilian and French construction and renovation building practices. Thus, this work was divided in four stages: Brazilian studies; French studies; comparative analyses between these studies; and elaboration of the methodology. Concluding, the methodology proposed considers some aspects of the design process, particularized to lightweight façade technologies, taking into account management (agents, design management phases and aims, interfaces, technology selection and design and product critical analyses) and technological aspects (façade performance specifications).

O processo de degradação das regiões centrais e a requalificação desses espaços, que aparecem como algo comum nas grandes cidades do mundo capitalista globalizado, começaram nas grandes cidades dos países centrais e nas últimas décadas se expandiram para os países periféricos.Nesta dissertação o espaço analisado é o Centro Histórico de São Paulo que passou pelo processo de degradação urbana a partir dos anos 60. Processo que esvaziou esse espaço.Algumas décadas depois, osetor público se uniu ao privado com o objetivo de requalificar o espaço urbano analisado. Esses investimentos foram possíveis por meio da criação de Operações Urbanas e leis, cujo objetivo era reduzir obstáculos e possíveis conflitos com os atuais usuários do espaço, o que possibilitou a requalificação urbana da região. Essa requalificação gerou uma acelerada valorização imobiliária fazendo com que a região tivesse uma valorização superior à grande parte das outras regiões da cidade de São Paulo. / The degradation process of the central regions and the renovation of these spaces, that appear as something common in large cities of the globalized capitalist world, started in large cities of core countries and in recent decades expanded to peripheral countries.This dissertation analyzed the space of São Paulo History Center that went through the process of urban decay from the 60s. The process emptied\" this space.A few decades later, the public sector joined the private in order to requalify urban space analyzed. These investments were made possible through the creation of Urban Operations and laws which aim was to reduce obstacles and possible conflicts with current users of the space, that allowed the urban renewal of the area. This reclassification generated a rapid real estate appreciation making the region had a higher appreciation to the majority of other regions of São Paulo. This reclassification generated a rapid real estate appreciation making the region had a higher appreciation to the majority of other regions of São Paulo.

La SFIO des années 1960 est un parti politique sur le déclin. Son incapacité à répondre aux défis politiques du temps, son inadaptation à la Vème République et la volonté inaltérable de Guy Mollet de garder le contrôle sur l’organisation empêchent toute évolution profonde de la « vieille maison ». La conduite par la SFIO des négociations préparatoires à la création du NPS ne permet pas de sauver le parti aux yeux de l’opinion. La « vieille maison » disparaît le 4 mai 1969 lors du congrès d’Alfortville. / The 1960s SFIO is a political party on the decline. Its inability to respond to the political challenges of the time, its unsuitability to the Fifth Republic and Guy Mollet's unalterable desire to maintain control over the organization prevent any profound evolution of the "vieille maison". The management by the SFIO of the preparatory negotiations for the creation of the NPS does not save the party in the opinion. The "vieille maison" disappears on May 4, 1969 at the Alfortville convention.

<p>Mellan åren 1965-1974 genomfördes ett unikt bostadsbyggnadsprojekt i Sveriges historia. För att lösa den dåvarande bostadsbristen beslöt Riksdagen att det under en tioårsperiod skulle byggas en miljon bostäder. Detta projekt kallas således för <em>miljonprogrammet. </em>Under årens gång har många kritiker gjort sig hörda då de kritiserat fenomenet på flera nivåer. Ord som segregation, visuell monotoni och storskalighet har använts i beskrivandet av miljonprogramsområdena. Byggnader från miljonprogrammet har idag uppnått den ålder då omfattande underhåll- och renoveringsåtgärder är högst aktuella. Idag ägs och förvaltas många miljonprogramsbestånd av kommunala bostadsbolag, de står idag inför beslut gällande upprustning.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda hur sju kommunala bostadsbolag själva ser och resonerar kring sina flerbostadshus som ingår i beståndet från miljonprogrammet. Vidare vill vi ta reda på vilka de bakomliggande faktorerna i beslutsprocessen är gällande om upprustning ska ske eller inte. Efter de empiriska studierna som genomfördes med hjälp av telefonintervjuer kan vi konstatera att bostadsbolagens allmänna syn på miljonprogramsbeståndet är lika positiv som negativ. Bostadsbolagen uppfattar dock med gemensam stämma att det föreligger problematik med dessa byggnader. Åsikterna skiljer sig emellertid åt gällande vilka problem som skulle vara de mest primära och uppenbara. Det framhålls dock att lägenheterna är tacksamma ur föränderlighetssynpunkt, ljusa och välplanerade.</p><p>Bostadsbolagen har höga ambitioner när det gäller den kontinuerliga och långsiktiga upprustningen. Vi kan fastslå att bostadsbolagen tar hänsyn till tre faktorer vid beslutsprocessen kring upprustningsåtgärderna. Ekonomin är en starkt påverkande faktor då finansieringen till stor del tycks påverka vad som i realiteten genomförs. De resterande två faktorerna som ständigt påverkar beslutsprocessen är den sociala hänsynen och den tekniska kvaliteten och funktionen.</p> / <p>Between the years 1965 -1974, a unique residential construction project was completed which today is significant in Swedish history. To solve the current lack of housing the Swedish parliament decided that Sweden would build one million dwellings in a decade. Therefore the project is called <em>"The Million Programme".</em> Many critics have made themselves heard over the years, criticizing the phenomenon on several issues. Words like segregation, visual monotony and large-scale productions have been used to describe the Million Programme areas. Buildings from the Million Programme have now reached the age when extensive maintenance and renovations are needed. Most of the properties from the Million Programme are today owned and managed by municipal housing companies, who often face decisions concerning renovations.<strong></strong></p><p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate what perspective and opinions, seven municipal housing companies have concerning their apartment blocks from the Million Programme. Furthermore we would like to investigate the underlying factors which affect the decision-making process as to whether renovation will be done or not. After the empirical studies, which were proceeded by telephone interviews, we established that the general perception of the properties from the Million Programme is as much positive as negative. The housing companies have a mutual opinion that there is a problem with these buildings. However, the opinions differ between the housing companies regarding their most primary and obvious problems. The housing companies stress that the usage of the apartments can be easily changed for other purposes and that the apartments often are very bright and very well organized.    </p><p>We can establish that the housing companies take three factors into consideration in their decision-making process regarding the renovations. The housing companies have high ambitions concerning the continuous and long-term renovations. An important factor affecting the renovations is the economy, which in reality, decides what changes can take place. The social perspective and the technical quality and function are the two remaining factors affecting the decision-making.</p><p> </p>

Mellan åren 1965-1974 genomfördes ett unikt bostadsbyggnadsprojekt i Sveriges historia. För att lösa den dåvarande bostadsbristen beslöt Riksdagen att det under en tioårsperiod skulle byggas en miljon bostäder. Detta projekt kallas således för miljonprogrammet. Under årens gång har många kritiker gjort sig hörda då de kritiserat fenomenet på flera nivåer. Ord som segregation, visuell monotoni och storskalighet har använts i beskrivandet av miljonprogramsområdena. Byggnader från miljonprogrammet har idag uppnått den ålder då omfattande underhåll- och renoveringsåtgärder är högst aktuella. Idag ägs och förvaltas många miljonprogramsbestånd av kommunala bostadsbolag, de står idag inför beslut gällande upprustning. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda hur sju kommunala bostadsbolag själva ser och resonerar kring sina flerbostadshus som ingår i beståndet från miljonprogrammet. Vidare vill vi ta reda på vilka de bakomliggande faktorerna i beslutsprocessen är gällande om upprustning ska ske eller inte. Efter de empiriska studierna som genomfördes med hjälp av telefonintervjuer kan vi konstatera att bostadsbolagens allmänna syn på miljonprogramsbeståndet är lika positiv som negativ. Bostadsbolagen uppfattar dock med gemensam stämma att det föreligger problematik med dessa byggnader. Åsikterna skiljer sig emellertid åt gällande vilka problem som skulle vara de mest primära och uppenbara. Det framhålls dock att lägenheterna är tacksamma ur föränderlighetssynpunkt, ljusa och välplanerade. Bostadsbolagen har höga ambitioner när det gäller den kontinuerliga och långsiktiga upprustningen. Vi kan fastslå att bostadsbolagen tar hänsyn till tre faktorer vid beslutsprocessen kring upprustningsåtgärderna. Ekonomin är en starkt påverkande faktor då finansieringen till stor del tycks påverka vad som i realiteten genomförs. De resterande två faktorerna som ständigt påverkar beslutsprocessen är den sociala hänsynen och den tekniska kvaliteten och funktionen. / Between the years 1965 -1974, a unique residential construction project was completed which today is significant in Swedish history. To solve the current lack of housing the Swedish parliament decided that Sweden would build one million dwellings in a decade. Therefore the project is called "The Million Programme". Many critics have made themselves heard over the years, criticizing the phenomenon on several issues. Words like segregation, visual monotony and large-scale productions have been used to describe the Million Programme areas. Buildings from the Million Programme have now reached the age when extensive maintenance and renovations are needed. Most of the properties from the Million Programme are today owned and managed by municipal housing companies, who often face decisions concerning renovations. The purpose of this essay is to investigate what perspective and opinions, seven municipal housing companies have concerning their apartment blocks from the Million Programme. Furthermore we would like to investigate the underlying factors which affect the decision-making process as to whether renovation will be done or not. After the empirical studies, which were proceeded by telephone interviews, we established that the general perception of the properties from the Million Programme is as much positive as negative. The housing companies have a mutual opinion that there is a problem with these buildings. However, the opinions differ between the housing companies regarding their most primary and obvious problems. The housing companies stress that the usage of the apartments can be easily changed for other purposes and that the apartments often are very bright and very well organized.     We can establish that the housing companies take three factors into consideration in their decision-making process regarding the renovations. The housing companies have high ambitions concerning the continuous and long-term renovations. An important factor affecting the renovations is the economy, which in reality, decides what changes can take place. The social perspective and the technical quality and function are the two remaining factors affecting the decision-making.

Miljöfrågor är i dagsläget ett ämne som intresserar och engagerar mångamänniskor på olika plan och inom olika ämnesområden. Kraven från vår regeringoch från EU blir allt stramare och inom området byggteknik finns idag krav på enbyggnads specifika energianvändning vid nybyggnation. Problemet är att det intefinns något specifikt krav på det befintliga beståndet och dessa byggnader har oftahög energiförbrukning. Möjligheten att det inom en snar framtid kommer kommakrav på det befintliga beståndet, likt det som finns för nybyggnation, är inteorimligt. Det är därför viktigt att redan nu se på vilka åtgärder det finns att vidtaför att sänka energiförbrukningen hos äldre byggnader och som riktlinje strävaefter att nå det krav som ställs på nybyggnation. Det finns många möjligheter och tillvägagångssätt till att energieffektivisera detäldre beståndet av bostäder. För att uppnå kvalitet i arbetet har en avgränsninggjorts till att endast studera 1960-talshus och se vilka åtgärder det finns att vidtasamt dess lönsamhet. För att kunna ge ett svar har tre frågeställningar tagits framsom behandlar energideklarationer för 1960-talshus inom Jönköpings kommun,samt en fallstudie av ett 1960-talshus. Studien av energideklarationerna gav kunskap om de vanligaste energibovarna ochvilka kostnadseffektiva åtgärder som kommunen rekommenderar. De vanligasteenergibovarna konstaterades vara köldbryggor, självdragventilation,varmvattenförluster samt värmeförluster via öppen spis. Kommunensrekommenderade kostnadseffektiva åtgärder visade sig som förväntat hautgångspunkt i de vanligaste energibovarna och är vattenbesparingsprodukter, nyregleringsteknik för inomhustemperaturen, fönsteråtgärder, tilläggsisolering avvind samt installation av kassett i öppen spis. Fallstudien med dessenergiberäkningar av 1960-talshuset visade på samma energibovar som varvanligast enligt energideklarationerna. För att förbättra byggnaden urenergisynpunkt togs olika totalrenoveringsförslag för energieffektivisering avbyggnaden fram, och de olika förslagens lönsamhet beräknades.Renoveringsförslagen består av byte av uppvärmningskälla, tilläggsisolering avfasad, vind och grund, byte av fönster samt vilken effekt solfångare bidrar med.För att få fram lönsamheten ställs energiårskostnaden för de olikatotalrenoveringsförslagen mot det ursprungliga oljeuppvärmda husets årligaenergikostnad. De framtagna totalrenoveringsalternativen ger alla en lägre årligenergikostnad jämfört med det oljeuppvärmda ursprungshuset, och inom 20 år harman tjänat in renoveringen. Enligt beräkningar är det mest lönsammatotalrenoveringsalternativet att efter 15 år ha valt putsad fasad medpelletsuppvärmning, och efter 20 år har det varit mest lönsamt att välja putsadfasad med kombinerad sol- och pelletsuppvärmning. Nackdelen med totalrenoveringsförslagen är att alla inte har möjligheten att utföraallt, men att exempelvis enbart byta värmekälla och tilläggsisolera vinden kan göraen skillnad för plånbok och miljö. / Environmental issues are in the current situation a subject of interest and concernto many people at various levels and in different subject areas. The demands fromour government and the EU is becoming increasingly tight and the study ofconstruction technology available today requires a building's specific energyconsumption in new buildings. The problem is that there is no specificrequirement for existing buildings and these buildings often have high energyconsumption. The possibility that in the near future there will come demands forthe existing population, like the demands which exists for new construction, is notunreasonable. It is therefore important that we now look at what action that ispossible to take to reduce energy consumption in older buildings and as aguideline strive to achieve the requirements for new construction. There are many possibilities and approaches to energy efficiency of the olderpopulation of housing. In order to achieve quality of work has a boundary madeto only study house from the 1960s and see what actions it is possible to take andits profitability. In order to give an answer, three questions were presented dealingwith energy declarations for buildings from the 1960s in the municipality ofJönköping, and a case study of a 1960s building. The study of energy declarations gave knowledge of the most common energyleaks and the cost-effective measures that the municipality is recommended. Themost common energy leaks were found to be thermal bridges, natural ventilation,water loss and heat loss through the fireplace. The cost-effective measures that themunicipality’s recommended proved to be, as expected, based on the mostcommon energy leaks and are water saving products, new adjustment techniquesfor indoor temperature, window measures, supplementary insulation of the atticand an installation of a cassette in the fireplace. The case study with its energycalculations of the house from the 1960s showed the same energy villains whowere most common according to the energy declarations. In order to improve thebuilding from an energy perspective was different complete renovation proposalsfor improving energy efficiency of building raised, and the various proposalsprofitability was calculated. Renovation proposals consist of replacing the heatingsource, additional insulation of facade, wind and ground, the replacement ofwindows as well as solar power contribute to. To obtain profitability is annualenergy cost for the complete renovation proposals compared to the originaloil-heated house's annual energy costs. All the designed renovation options gives alower annual energy costs compared to the original oil-heated house, and within20 years it has earned the renovation. According to estimates, the most profitablecomplete renovation proposal after 15 years is to have chosen plaster façade withpellet heating, and after 20 years it has been most profitable to choose plasterfaçade with combined solar and pellet heating. The disadvantage of the complete renovation proposals is that not everyone hasthe ability to accomplish everything, but for example to only change the source ofheat and can make a difference both for his wallet and the environment.

This thesis examines the pre-design documentation from the renovation of three historic theaters located in Detroit, Michigan. Two theaters hired architectural firms to produce a pre-design document. The third theater utilized a design-build approach to renovation. Interviews were conducted to review the approach and final outcomes. It became evident through the analysis of the documentation and interviews that it was beneficial in the renovation of a historic theater to have a comprehensive predesign process that identifies: the nature of the pre-design document, the nature of the client, the nature of the pre-design team, and the scope of work and time available. It also became apparent that the organizational approach that would apply to most any document for a heritage building should follow the Problem Seeking format of: Form, Function, Time and Economy. Utilizing this format for a pre-design record should yield a document that is concise, comprehensive and flexible.