This thesis deals with the postwar travelers between Czechoslovakia and Great Britain in 1945 - 1948 and it is thematiclly divided into three chapters. The first part focuses on the impacts of the war on European countries and mainly on Czechoslovakia, Breat Britain and Germany. It mainly emphasizes the state of transport infrastructure, which has played a key role in bringing people back home. An important part of these returns was also the sophisticated plan that the Czechoslovak government in exile created. The second part examines the development of Czechoslovak - British relations as well as the work of diplomatic and cultural institutions which played a key role in providing foreign internships and foreign study programs. Through study programs, many students and researchers could visit Great Britain. The work of Czechoslovak exiles and their influence on the British public is also taken into account in this work. The final part examines the travel conditions in post - war Europe. It tries to examine these travel conditions from historical sources and mainly the written and audiovisual memories of the witnesses. The emphasis here is on the description of repatriation from the United Kingdom and on the restoration of civilian transport routes, which have recovered quite quickly after 1945.

The study is an archaeological biography of the G'psgolox totem pole told from the Haisla people's perspective in Canada and adopts cultural relativism and the theory of ontology to highlight their experience and perspective on the repatriation process of the G'psgolox totem pole. The research has been limited to studying the totem pole only based on an emic perceptive, the Haisla people, and departures from secondary sources consisting of films, Haisla organizations websites, and literature where they shared their experiences. For the Haisla people, the G'psgolox totem pole is not like all other totem poles erected during their traditional potlatch ceremonies. This pole was created when Hailsa culture, society, traditions, beliefs, and identity were dying out due to, among other things, the European colonization and the consequences that it brought with it, such as "The Indian Act" in Canada. This act aimed to eradicate the country's indigenous cultures and inculcate the "white way," which turned into a mass extinction threat to different First Nations in Canada, such as the Haisla people. Therefore, since its creation, the G'psgolox totem pole has immeasurable value for Haisla's people since it symbolizes survival, strengthening of Haisla's culture and identity after almost disappearing. However, the pole was taken without consent ending in Sweden, which affected Haisla society and led to a series of international events, where the Haisla people strived to repatriate the G'psgolox totem pole to its origins. Previous studies of the repatriation process have, with some exceptions, mainly adopted the Western perspective, giving only the Western reality of the events, distorting the arguments in the repatriation debate to its advantages. The study shows that Haisla has a holistic perspective on their surroundings where everything is integrated, connected, and influences each other through time and space, including tangible and intangible material and across the living and spiritual world, which differs from the Western perspective, and more when it comes to the understanding of the value of cultural heritage. Therefore, through the repatriation process, the Western beliefs clash against Haisla's reality and value over their cultural heritage. Although this, the Western way tended to dominate the whole repatriation before, during, and after the process, minimizing, in this case, the Haisla peoples perspective and the cultural value that the G'psgolox totem pole could bring to them.

Syftet med denna studie är att analysera diskursens förändring i frågan om återlämnande av föremål från svenska museer till sina ursprungliga ägare. Huvudämnet i studien är den nuvarande repatrieringen av Benin-bronserna från Statens museer för världskultur till den nigerianska staten. Genom analys av nyhetsartiklar, som behandlat tidigare återlämningsärenden, har det gått att komma fram till att det finns en tydlig förändring kring diskursen för återlämnande av museiföremål som kan ha bidragit till det plötsliga beslutet om att själva begära att återlämna Benin-bronserna. Utöver detta inkluderar studien intervjuer med tre informanter som arbetar inom olika myndigheter, som behandlar återlämningen av Beninbronserna. Där kan det konstateras att målet för samtliga parter är att bidra till avkoloniseringen vare sig det handlar om den egna verksamheten (Sverige) eller sin egna historia (Nigeria).

This thesis focuses on repatriation of archives and records in a Swedish context with the aim to highlight the agency of the material object and its value in the repatriation process, as well as its connection to authenticity. The thesis consists of four case studie that focuses on different cases where some form of repatriation has occurred. Two of the four cases were completed before this thesis was written, and two were still ongoing processes while it was being written. All four processes took place in a Swedish context, for example between different nations where Sweden was one of them, or between different archival institutions in Sweden. The method that was used to study the cases was document analysis, a type of qualitative content analysis. The results of the study show that repatriation processes are complex and that they can be executed in several different ways with different motivations. In every process there are multiple claimants, values and contexts that effect it. The archives and records are connected to culture, history and identity and throughout these case studies it also becomes apparent that there exists an idea of them belonging in a specific place, whether that be in a na- tion, a city or within a community. The study also show that the claimants place an importance on the archive as the authentic original object and on the ownership of that object. This is a two-year master’s thesis in Archival Science.

This study examines the reintegration of South African political returnees into South African society from a sociological perspective after the unbanning of the African National Congress (ANC), South African Communist Party (SACP) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1990. It specifically looks at the role of liberation movements, government, the International Organization For Migration (10M), the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR) and the South African Council of Churches (SACC) in the pre- and post- 1994 period. This study contends that for refugee reintegration to succeed, primary prerequisites include a relatively good and sustainable economy and, most significantly, positive governmental intervention. A central argument of the study is that the ANC-Ied government has played a significant role in the repatriation and long-term reintegration of political returnees. Of significance is the economic dimension of this process since it facilitates reintegration at the social level. The assessment of the role of the ANC-Ied government in the political returnee reintegration process is undertaken primarily through the Special Pension and Demobilization Acts of 1996 which constitute the focal point of analysis of this study. The findings of this research are that the International Organization For Migration, the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees, the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, the South African Communist Party and the South African Council of Churches played a significant role in the repatriation and early reintegration of political returnees in South Africa in the pre-independence phase. In the post-independence period, the ANC led government played an important role in long-term reintegration through legislative means, namely, the Special Pension and Demobilization Acts of 1996. The recommendations of the study are that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees should continue conducting large scale political refugee repatriations because of its expertise in international repatriation, programmes and processes of this magnitude. More research on the long-term socio-economic implications of the refugee reintegration process needs to be conducted in view of the fact that this area of study has not been sufficiently problematized. Finally, from a policy perspective, there is a need for governments with returning refugee populations to be more proactive in addressing this problem through legislative measures. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

American families moving abroad are often informed of the initial difficulties they will encounter as residents in a new culture; however, they may not recognize the possible subsequent effects on their children, when returning home to their native cultures during the repatriation process. The children who experience the effect of living in a new culture and eventually repatriating are known as Third Culture Kids (TCK). As globalization and expatriate populations increase, it is important that society becomes aware of the Third Culture community. This qualitative research study focused on analyzing the repatriation transition process of four Adult Third Culture Kids (ATCK) and explored the relationship between their emotional intelligence and their third culture and repatriating experiences. This dissertation provides a profile for what type of citizen a TCK may become upon repatriation. Framed within a narrative inquiry approach this study utilized the Listening Guide method of analysis in order to capture the participants’ final narrative portraits. Storied themes emerged from the final narratives providing evidence for this research study’s five main conclusions: (a) home is not defined by one physical location, (b) assimilation and repatriation do not equate, (c) emotional intelligence may be a factor in repatriation success, (d) Third Culture experiences influence civic engagement, and (e) there is one incident that is perceived as signifying the completion of repatriation. These findings offer a new perspective of the repatriating experience and provide insight for families entering the expatriate culture and returning home.

L’augmentation rapide de l’interdépendance mondiale, provoquée par le développement de la mondialisation, exige une redéfinition de la notion traditionnelle de l’éducation supérieure. Au Canada, comme dans le reste du monde, plusieurs universitaires, fonctionnaires du gouvernement et étudiants insistent maintenant sur l’intégration de l’internationalisation dans l’éducation supérieure à travers des échanges interculturels et des études à l’étranger, dans l’espoir que les générations canadiennes à venir développent une perspective globale et deviennent des « citoyens du monde » (Comité consultatif sur la stratégie du Canada en matière d’éducation internationale, 2012). Pourtant, pour garantir que l’étudiant qui participe à un échange profite le plus de son expérience internationale, nous devrons comprendre comment une telle expérience l’influence tant à court terme qu’à long terme. Bien que d’autres études se soient concentrées sur le court terme (le séjour à l’étranger et ses impacts immédiats), peu ont examiné le retour de l’étudiant, sa réintégration dans sa société d’origine et les effets subséquents à long terme, tels que les développements personnels qui pourraient suivre le rapatriement. Cette étude qualitative examine les témoignages de huit étudiants au premier cycle de l’Université de Montréal sur la façon dont ils ont vécu leur rapatriement à Montréal après un échange pédagogique à l’étranger. Quoique certains chercheurs présentent la notion de rapatriement comme une série d’événements déconnectés, notre analyse fait ressortir une tendance similaire dans tous nos témoignages qui nous permet dorénavant de considérer ce rapatriement comme un processus en trois étapes interconnectées. En empruntant à la théorie Intercultural Personhood de Kim (2008), nous sommes désormais en mesure de qualifier ces trois étapes comme étant le stress, l’adaptation et l’évolution. Non seulement cette interprétation nous aide à mieux comprendre les difficultés rencontrées par l’étudiant à l’occasion de son retour, mais elle facilite également l’identification des transformations identitaires qui apparaissent à ce moment-là et la manière dont ces transformations influencent le processus de rapatriement. / The rapidly increasing interconnectedness of the world brought on by the expansion of globalization calls for a redefinition of the traditional notion of higher education. As such, many Canadian educators, government officials, and students alike are insisting on the importance of internationalizing higher education through intercultural exchanges and studying abroad, in the hopes that current and future generations of Canadians will acquire a global perspective and become citizens of the world (Advisory Panel on Canada’s International Education Strategy, 2012). Yet in order to ensure that students are gaining the most from their international experience, it is important to understand the impact that studying abroad can have, both in the short and long term. While many past studies have focused on the short-term, or the actual time spent abroad and subsequent impacts, few have examined the exchange student’s re-entry into their society of origin and subsequent long-term effects, such as personal developments that surface during repatriation. In this qualitative study, eight undergraduate students from the University of Montreal were interviewed regarding how they lived their reintegration into Montreal society after returning home post studying abroad. While academics that have broached the subject in the past tended to view repatriation as a static series of events, our data analysis showed a similar pattern that surfaced in all respondents’ testimonials allowing us to henceforth recognize this repatriation as an interconnected three-step process. By borrowing from Kim’s theory of Intercultural Personhood (2008), we are now able to define these three distinct phases as stress, adaptation, and growth; all of which not only help to better understand the difficulties students face during their process of reintegration but also facilitate the identification of possible identity transformations that surface upon re-entry and how these transformations impact the repatriation process.

Ce n'est pas la première fois qu'on aborde la question de l'immigration indienne « réunionnaise » ou l'engagisme. Au niveau de la thèse, précisément en histoire contemporaine, il s'agit du premier exercice à La Réunion. Nous savons beaucoup de choses sur l'engagisme, ses modes de fonctionnement, ses règles, les décrets. Pourtant il reste des zones d'ombre. Pourquoi les engagés indiens dans leur grande majorité, ont-ils souhaité rester dans la colonie à l'issue de leurs contrats ? La réponse est évidente : puisqu'ils avaient des conditions ici plus que raisonnables comparées à celles qu'on leur proposait en Inde. Mais à quelles conditions ? Il est de bon ton d'affirmer que l'engagisme n'était qu'une forme déguisée de l'esclavage. Sur le plan juridique nous sommes en présence de deux systèmes différents. L'un s'appuyait sur le concept de « bien meuble », développé très tôt chez Aristote (la domination totale) et les conséquences qui en découlaient. Dans l'autre configuration, celle de l'engagisme, un contrat de travail était élaboré entre les deux parties. Par le décret de 1889, les fils d'engagés, « anglais » deviendront français. Avant la Première Guerre mondiale, une polémique fut soulevée sur le point de savoir s'il fallait envoyer les fils d'Indiens sur le front. En réalité très peu d'entre eux ont participé à la Grande guerre. Etait-ce une illustration symbolique de la question de l'intégration ? / It is not the first time that the issue of Indian immigration to Reunion or “hiring” -that is to say “engagisme” in French - is dealt with. But it is the first time that a thesis in contemporary history is written about that topic. Many things are known about hiring: how it worked, its rules, its decrees. But other things are still ignored. Why did most Indian indentured laborers decide to stay in the colony at the end of their contracts? The answer is obvious since they had better working conditions on Reunion than in India. But what were these conditions like? It is often asserted that hiring was disguised slavery. From a juridical point of view they are two different systems. Slavery relied on the concept of « personal property », elaborated at an early stage by Aristotle (total domination) and the consequences that followed. Literally, the two systems cannot be compared, thanks to the 1889 decree the sons of “English” indentured laborers became French. Before WW1 a controversy flared up about whether or not Indians' sons should be sent to the front. In fact very few of them went to the war. Is that example symbolic of the issue of integration?

The thesis deals with the phenomenon of employees' global mobility in large multinational companies. Primarily, it focuses on the expatriation process from the perspective of the necessary support of expatriates by HR department. In the practical part, there are compared the current practices of four multinational organizations. The goal of the work is to choose the best practice, which the most eliminates the international assignment failure. The thesis further formulates the recommendations designed for companies implementing new policies in the area of employee global mobility. Work is processed by an analysis of secondary sources - literature, textbooks, professional journals, international studies and articles or websites of analyzed companies.

Le retour d’expatriation professionnelle (repatriation) est une transition psychosociale qui fait l’objet de peu de recherches dans le champ de la psychologie de la carrière. Les données disponibles indiquent que le rapport à l’emploi occupé au retour reste problématique pour nombre de repatriés. L’épreuve du retour semble témoigner d’un « choc identitaire » plus complexe que le seul « choc culturel » décrit couramment dans la littérature : comment expliquer que la majorité des repatriés évoquent des difficultés d’adaptation professionnelle plus grandes au retour d’expatriation qu’à l’aller, alors que pour la plupart d’entre eux, ils retrouvent à la fois leur pays, leur culture, leur langue maternelle, leur famille, leurs amis voire leurs collègues? La recherche de Thèse vise à mieux appréhender des processus et dimensions psychologiques associés à la transition psychosociale du retour d’expatriation professionnelle et en particulier à éclairer la dynamique identitaire et capacitaire en jeu chez les repatriés lors de leur réintégration au travail dans le pays d’origine. Trois études, utilisant des méthodes d’analyse quantitatives et qualitatives, ont été conduites auprès de cadres repatriés après des expériences d’expatriation professionnelle réussie. Ces études soulignent l’importance d’envisager la transition psychosociale de repatriation en prenant en compte des construits psychologiques clés référant à l’ensemble du parcours d’expatriation-repatriation comme les motivations à s’expatrier, le sentiment d’adaptation en expatriation ainsi que les conditions perçues, le sentiment d’efficacité professionnelle, les retentissements identitaires et la tonalité affective au retour. Cette perspective a notamment montré que les motivations professionnelles pour l’expatriation étaient en lien avec un développement capacitaire souhaité par le sujet, qu’il cherche à valoriser à son retour. En conséquence, les tensions identitaires ressenties sont d’autant plus criantes que l’individu perçoit un décalage important avec l’environnement du retour, alors que son projet d’expatriation visait au contraire un meilleur ajustement. Les résultats de la recherche dégagent aussi quelques pistes d’application en conseil de carrière pour accompagner les personnes en mobilité internationale, tout au long de leur parcours d’expatriation-repatriation. / Professional repatriation is a psychosocial transition that has been little studied in the field of career psychology. The data available indicate that after being repatriated, the relationship to the job remains problematic for many people. Upon their return, the stress seems more like a ‘shock of identity’ than a simple ‘cultural shock’ usually described by the literature. How to explain that most repatriates mention greater difficulties for professional adaptation when they return to their country, their culture, their native language, their family, and friends or colleagues that they did when leaving? The present research thesis seeks to enhance our understanding of the psychological processes and the psychosocial dimensions of the professional repatriation transition, focusing in particular on identity and capability dynamics at play among repatriates when they return home. Three studies using quantitative and qualitative methods were conducted with repatriated executives after successful professional expatriation experiences. These studies highlight the importance of the psychosocial transitions of repatriation by taking into account key psychological constructs involved in the entire expatriation-repatriation process, such as the motivations for expatriation, the sentiment of adaptation during expatriation, as well as the perceived conditions, professional self-efficacy, and the repercussions on identity and emotional tone after the return. The approach adopted here found that the professional motivations for expatriation were often based on a desire to learn a new skill or capacity, which the subject tried to showcase upon his/her return. Thus, the identity tensions experienced were greater the more the individual perceived a significant difference with his/her return environment, while they had expected the contrary that expatriation would provide a better fit. The research results provide some suggestions for career counselling to support people in international mobility throughout their experience of expatriation-repatriation.