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The present study aims to analyze the determining role of biology teachers and guardians in the discursive gap between children's sexuality, sexual curiosity and the sexual depiction of pornography. With an understanding of children's sexuality as holistic and dependent on many perspectives, the study highlights various factors that influence the child's knowledge about Sex and Reproductive Health in the biology subject. The study is an in-depth analysis-of various narratives presented by biology teachers and guardians regarding children’s sexuality and the teaching practice in Sex and Reproductive Health Education in Sweden. The critical discourse analysis is based on critical childhood theory and postconstructivism, which lays the framework for the study’s theoretical underpinnings. This means that an interpretation of respondents' linguistic communication permeates the study.The conclusion is that perceptions of the child's sexuality differ between biology teachers and the guardians, of which different opinions about the teaching content of Sex and Reproductive Health Education can be ascertained. All “important adults” (biology teachers and guardians) agree that pornography depicts a false image of sexual relationships, but when this is to be raised with the pupils, there are split perceptions. Another conclusion is that the determining role and values of teachers and guardians is an aspect that can influence what knowledge middle school pupils are given the opportunity to acquire. This may be significant when considering whether pupils gain sufficient knowledge about sexual relations, in school, in such way that the sexual depiction of pornography is not the only image of sexuality presented to them.

Syfte: Att beskriva incestutsatta personers upplevelse av hur den sociala miljön hindrat eller främjat deras delaktighet i aktivitet både som barn och vuxen. Metod: Litteraturstudie av självbiografier vilka analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ analys av berättelser och resulterade i fem kategorier: Behovet av stöd för en sund kärleksrelation, vuxna påverkar barns lek och fritid, avgörande faktorer för missbruk, utsattheten driver utbildning och karriär och bemötandet påverkar vård och rättsprocess. Tre självbiografier inkluderades i studien, inklusionskriterier var självbiografier inom ämnet incest samt att de skulle vara skrivna på engelska eller svenska. Samtliga av de utvalda självbiografierna är skrivna av kvinnor där fadern varit förövaren. Resultat: Resultatet av studien visar att den sociala miljön kan verka främjande och hindrande gällande delaktighet i aktivitet för personer utsatta för incest. Övergripande upplever personerna att relationen till fadern och de övergrepp han begått på flera sätt påverkat deras delaktighet inom alla livsområde både som barn och vuxen. Ett socialt stöd från familj, vänner och omgivningen är den främsta faktorn i den sociala miljön som upplevs främja delaktighet i aktivitet. Slutsats: Det finns behov för djupare forskning inom ämnet. För att arbetsterapeuten skall ha möjlighet att utveckla arbetsterapeutiska åtgärder som gynnar en incestutsatt person krävs mer kunskap och förståelse kring kopplingen mellan den utsatte personen, den sociala miljön och delaktighet i aktivitet. Fortsatt forskning hade varit intressant genom en tvärvetenskaplig studie tillsammans med andra professioner som har annan kunskap av värde inom ämnet. / Aim: To describe how people exposed to incest experienced the social environment as limiting or enabling  their occupational participation during childhood and adulthood. Method: Literature study of autobiographies which were analyzed based on a qualitative analysis of narratives and resulted in five categories: The need for support for a healthy love relationship, adults affect children's play and leisure, decisive factors for addiction, the concequenses of incest drives education and career and treatment affects healthcare and legal process. Three autobiographies were included in the study, inclusion criteria were autobiographies in the subject of incest and that they should be written in English or Swedish. All of the selected autobiographies are written by women where the father was the perpetrator. Result: The results of the study show that the social environment can have limiting and enabling effects on occupational participation for people exposed to incest. Overall, the people experience that the relationship with the father and the abuse he committed in several ways affected their participation in all areas of life, both as children and adults. Social support from family, friends and the environment is the main factor in the social environment that is perceived to enable occupational participation. Conclusion: There is a need for deeper research in the subject. More knowledge regarding the interactions between social environment and occupational participation is needed for occupational therapists to be able to develop interventions that benefits people exposed to incest. Continued research would be interesting through an interdisciplinary study together with other professions that have other knowledge of value in the subject.

Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre la participación del hombre en la planificación familiar (PF) y la concordancia en el número de hijos por la pareja. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron los datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES 2019), de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión (mujeres en edad fértil en unión, no gestantes, uso métodos anticonceptivos El análisis consideró un diseño muestral complejo y se utilizaron los factores de ponderación y expansión correspondientes para recomponer la estructura poblacional de referencia. Se usaron modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) de la familia Poisson. Las variables con valor de p <0.1 en el análisis bivariado fueron incluidas en el análisis multivariado. Se reportaron los Razón de Prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RP) con intervalos de confianza al 95%, considerándose un valor de p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: El 39.5% de las encuestadas se encuentran entre los 30 a 39 años. Aproximadamente el 77.3 % de ellas residen en el área urbana. Respecto al nivel educativo, el 43.1% de las encuestadas cuentan con secundaria completa. Además, el 65.6 % estaban conviviendo y un 34.4% estaban casadas. El 96.4% refieren que los cónyuges aprobaron el uso de PF y que el 76.9% de las parejas habían decidido juntos el uso de contraceptivos. Se realizó el modelo de regresión crudo y ajustado. Se encontró que las parejas que concordaron en el número de hijos tuvieron un 43% (p<0.001) más de probabilidad de decidir juntos el uso de un método anticonceptivo respecto a su contraparte. Conclusiones: Existe la asociación entre la concordancia de la pareja en el número de hijos y la participación del hombre en la planificación familiar. Se requiere mantener el fortalecimiento de las estrategias realizadas por el Ministerio de Salud, además de fomentar la PF con un enfoque holístico. / Objective: To estimate the association between the participation of men in family planning (FP) and the concordance in the number of children by the couple. Materials and methods: Data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES 2019) were used, according to the inclusion criteria (women of childbearing age in union, non-pregnant women, use of contraceptive methods). The analysis considered a complex sample design and the factors used were of weighting and expansion to recompose the reference population structure. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) of the Poisson family were used. Variables with a p value <0.1 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. Ratio of Crude and adjusted prevalence (PR) with 95% confidence intervals, considering a value of p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: 39.5% of the respondents are between 30 and 39 years old. Approximately 77.3% of them reside in the urban area. Regarding the educational level, 43.1% of the respondents have completed high school. In addition, 65.6% were living together and 34.4% were married. 96.4% reported that the spouses approved the use of FP and that 76.9% of the couples had decided together to use contraceptives. The raw and adjusted regression model was performed. It was found that couples who agreed on the number of children were 43% (p<0.001) more likely to decide together to use a contraceptive method than their counterparts. Conclusions: There is an association between the couple's concordance in the number of children and the man's participation in family planning. It is necessary to maintain the strengthening of the strategies carried out by the Ministry of Health, in addition to promoting FP with a holistic approach. / Tesis

Syftet med den föreliggande systematiska litteraturgenomgången är att undersöka och analysera på vilket sätt frågor om Sexuell och Reproduktiv Hälsa och Rättigheter (SRHR) integreras i det sociala arbetets praktik i Skandinavien. Mer specifikt syftar litteraturgenomgången till att undersöka på vilket sätt begreppet SRHR används i aktuell forskning inom socialt arbete, samt vilka claims som finns rörande behovet av att integrera SRHR-relaterade frågor i socialt arbete. Litteraturgenomgången baseras på 15 vetenskapliga studier. Det sociala arbetet har historiskt berört sexualitet med ett fokus som skiftat mellan att begränsa och kontrollera sexualiteter samt att främja sexuella rättigheter. Trots det har en begränsad mängd forskning om SRHR inom området för socialt arbete utförts. Litteraturgenomgången analyseras via Judith Butlers teori om den heterosexuella matrisen, Tina Mattssons intersektionella perspektiv om maktstrukturer samt Donileen R. Losekes teori om claims-making. För att komma åt aktuell forskning har en systematisk litteraturgenomgång med en tematisk analys av resultatet utförts, med grund i en hermeneutisk ansats. Resultatet visar att det i socialt arbete råder en kunskaps- och kompetensbrist i frågor om SRHR då arbetet omfattas av diskurser, normer och värderingar. Det är särskilt angeläget att uppmärksamma utsatta grupper för att bemöta behov och främja rättigheter i SRHR-frågor. SRHR är ett ämne och ett begrepp under utveckling vars utrymme successivt växer i forskningen, på socionomutbildningen och inom det sociala arbetet. / The purpose of the present systematic literature review is to examine and analyze how matters of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) are integrated into the practice of social work in Scandinavia. More specifically, the literature review aims to examine how the concept of SRHR is used in current research within social work, as well as which claims exist regarding the need to integrate SRHR-related issues in social work. The literature review is based on 15 scientific studies. Social work has historically referred to sexuality with a focus that has been shifting between limiting and controlling sexualities and promoting sexual rights. Despite this, a limited amount of research on SRHR in the field of social work has been conducted. The literature review is analyzed via Judith Butler's theory of the heterosexual matrix, Tina Mattsson’s intersectional perspective on powerstructures and Donileen R. Loseke's theory of claims-making. To access current research, a systematic literature review with a thematic analysis of the results has been conducted, based on a hermeneutic approach. The results show that in social work there is a lack of knowledge and skills in matters of SRHR as the work is covered by discourses, norms and values. It is particularly important to pay attention to vulnerable groups in order to respond to needs and promote rights in SRHR matters. SRHR is a subject and a concept under development whose space is gradually growing in research, in social work education and in social work practice.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Sexually transmitted infections represent one of the main health problems related to reproductive and sexual function, constituting one of the main causes of infertility. Plants have been employed traditionally in treating diseases for centuries. Elephantorrhiza burkei, Securidaca longepedunculata and Wrightia natalensis medicinal plants were selected for this study based on their use in traditional medicine to treat sexual health problems in Limpopo Province. The aim of the study was to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the selected plants. Different extraction procedures coupled with solvents of varying polarities were used in the extraction of the plant materials. Possible microbial contaminants were identified using the VITEK 2 instrument. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was determined using standard chemical tests and Thin-Layer Chromatography. Total polyphenol content was quantified calorimetrically. Antioxidant activity was quantified using 2, 2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power assays. In vitro antimicrobial activities were determined using a broth micro-dilution assay and bioautography. Combinational effects of the addition of multiple plant species on antimicrobial activity were investigated for additive, synergistic and antagonistic interactions. The plant species phytochemical profile contained polyphenols that are known to have antimicrobial effects against two Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), a Gram-negative bacterium, as well as the fungus, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Elephantorrhiza burkei exhibited high antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against the test pathogens, although most of the interactions were antagonistic and indifferent. Toxicity was found in the herbal treatment and acute toxicity was found in the selected plants. Based on the good correlations which were found in E. burkei, it was selected for bioactivity guided by an isolation of antibacterial compounds. Elephantorrhiza burkei was not successfully isolated, but the fraction collected showed exceptional biological activity that validates its usage against disease-causing pathogens related to sexually transmitted infections, which compromises male sexual health. This study suggests that the evaluated plants are potential sources of novel anti-infective agents. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are recommended for all the plants, respectively. / University of Limpopo and CSIR

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Obstetriskt våld innebär ett vårdlidande i form av avsaknad av samtycke och kränkningar som påverkar kvinnans fysiska, psykiska, emotionella och existentiella hälsa. Vilket kan få konsekvenser för hela kvinnans livsvärld. Tidigare forskning visar på att obstetriskt våld medför en ökad risk att drabbas av förlossningsdepression, akut stressyndrom och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD). Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors upplevda konsekvenser som orsakats av obstetriskt våld. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats. Metoden valdes då det var kvinnornas egna berättelser och erfarenheter ur ett livsvärldsperspektiv som studien skulle belysa. Nio kvinnor deltog i studien.  Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen av det insamlade datamaterialet mynnade ut i ett tema; En förödelse för kvinnans livsvärld följt av tre kategorier; Egen hälsa, Sociala relationer och Tillit till vården. Resultatet redovisade att obstetriskt våld fick konsekvenser som var förödande för kvinnans livsvärld. Det orsakade både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Det skadade hennes nära relationer till sin partner och anknytningen till sitt nyfödda barn. Tilltron till vården försvagades då hon kände att hon inte fick det stödet hon behövde. Tilltron till förlossningsvården skadades och orsakade konsekvenser för den sexuella och reproduktiva hälsan, exempelvis genom rädsla inför att skaffa flera barn. Ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv visar resultatet att konsekvenserna påverkar kvinnans relation till sin familj. Vilket inte enbart skapar hälsoproblem för kvinnan utan också hennes partner och barn. Obstetriskt våld är ett vårdlidande som inte hör hemma inom förlossningsvården och bör heller inte få förekomma. / Obstetric violence means care suffering in the form of lack of consent and violations that affect the woman's physical, psychological, emotional and existential health. Which can have consequences for the woman's entire life world. Previous research shows that obstetric violence leads to an increased risk of suffering from postpartum depression, acute stress disorder and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of the study was to describe women's perceived consequences after being exposed to obstetric violence. The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. The method was chosen as it was the women's own stories and experiences from a lifeworld perspective that the study would highlight. Nine women participated in the study. The qualitative content analysis of the collected data resulted in a theme; A devastation for the woman's lifeworld followed by three categories; Own health, Social relationships and Trust in care. The result reported that obstetric violence had consequences that were devastating for the woman's life world. It caused both physical and mental illness. It damaged her close relationships with her partner and her attachment to her newborn child. Confidence in care weakened as she felt she was not getting the support she needed. The trust in maternity care was damaged and caused consequences for the sexual and reproductive health, for example through fear of having several children. From a sustainability perspective, the results show that the consequences affect the woman’s relationship with her family, which not only creates health problems for the woman but also her partner and child. Obstetric violence is a phenomenon that does not belong in maternity care and should not be allowed to occur either.

1994 in Cairo United Nations Population and Development Fund held a conference where the attending 179 nations agreed that Sexual and reproductive health is a human right. Everyone is entitled to this right without distinction.   This thesis investigates what covenants, declarations, policies, strategies and national law say about sexual and reproductive rights for men, specifically men in Sweden.   The thesis aims to enlighten the reader about men’s situation in a welfare state where discriminatory structures in society is reproducing gender stereotypes in a country that is one of the most gender equal countries in the world.   The general lack of common knowledge and subsequent lacking education in the matter is abundantly clear when browsing documents issued by official sources throughout the world. While Europe and its countries have begun to examine and call attention to this neglected subject, progress is still slow and could be hazardous to men’s sexual and reproductive health. The thesis concludes with an argument that Sweden have a discriminatory structure built in society that discriminate men and their right to sexual and reproductive health according to Discrimination Act 2008:567 by practices that appear to be neutral but can affect men in a negative way.

Background: Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) is a cornerstone of overall health, particularly in fragile humanitarian contexts. Despite being recognized as a fundamental human right, access to quality SRH services is often significantly restricted in crisis situations. This limitation can lead to damaging health outcomes for women, children, and marginalized groups. Given this reality, there is an urgent need for an enriched understanding of SRH in area simpacted by conflicts, disasters, and population displacements. With global trends such as increasing forced migration and escalating crises, a thorough re evaluation of the challenges and potential solutions associated with SRH in these contexts is crucial. Aim: The aim of the integrative review is to describe the current status of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and interventions in humanitarian settings and explore key challenges in sexual and reproductive health services in these settings. Methodology: This integrative literature review analyzed and synthesized 22 research papers through inductive methodology by Elo and Kyngäs (2008). Results: This in-depth review of studies from a wide range of humanitarian environments worldwide, has unveiled critical insights into the hurdles surrounding Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) services. Firstly, barriers to accessibility and awareness prevent individuals from acquiring vital SRH knowledge and services, and this prevention is often intensified by sociocultural stigmas. Educational and language obstacles further amplify these challenges, particularly for migrants. This review also underscores the severe impact of gender-based violence (GBV) and early or forced marriages on SRH outcomes. Conclusions: This analysis reveals key obstacles that obstruct the provision of SRH services in humanitarian settings. Acknowledging these issues enables decision-makers to plan effectivestrategies and interventions to address the SRH needs in these settings. Exploration of each barrier and seeking holistic solutions to overcome these challenges is suggested.