Magister Legum - LLM / In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents. / South Africa

This research contributes to understanding the attitudes of Russian politicians towards sex education in schools and the kind of argumentation styles they use to oppose it. The paper is based on a framing analysis of the arguments of two important opponents to sex education: Pavel Astakhov, a Russian politician and former Children’s Rights Commissioner from 2009 to 2016; and Yelena Mizulina, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Family Affairs, Women and Children since 2008, using online media sources in a ten-year period (2011-2021). The analysis finds that Astakhov’s most used frames are the disapproval of children’s exposure to new, different attitudes, the interference in Russian traditions by the West and the spread of a gender discourse in Russia. Mizulina focuses mainly on the unfitness of teachers since sex education should only be addressed by parents, and on the “right age” to start talking about it with young people. From the results, both politicians seem to strongly oppose comprehensive sex education (CSE), but Astakhov proposes to adopt a type of abstinence-only curriculum (AO), while Mizulina tries to completely discourage sex education of any kind for school-aged children.

Thesis (M. Law. (Development and Management)) --University of Limpopo, 2019 / Like many other countries, South Africa has its own socio-economic challenges. For the past two decades, the country has been experiencing rapid population growth, yet in the same period, there has been a pervasive decline in social and economic stability, and in the end, stagnant human wellbeing. This has been as a result of diminishing access to basic services such as health care, quality housing, quality education and safe clean drinking water. Among other factors, unregulated and rapid population growth contribute to these socio-economic challenges. This study seeks to illustrate that overpopulation undermines and threatens social development, societal stability and survival of humanity. Therefore, the examines the possibility of enacting a legislation or policy that will regulate or limit procreation or the right to give birth. It also reflects on the Chinese experience to obtain some lessons from China’s One-Child Policy. It is submitted that South Africa must draft its own policy or legislation that will regulate population growth with the primary objective of aligning population with available state resources. Keywords: overpopulation, right to reproductive health, socio-economic rights, human wellbeing, social transformation.

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This paper uses a discourse analysis approach to analyze the political road to the Supreme Courts’ overturning of Roe v Wade and Casey. By using the theoretical framework by Fairclough and Fairclough (2012), the analysis is able to study the arguments which founded the historic decision, and its possible impact on women’s reproductive rights in the U.S. today.

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Bakgrund Gynekologisk cancer drabbar många kvinnor globalt och är ett samlingsnamn för äggstockscancer, vulvacancer, livmoderhalscancer och livmodercancer. Vanliga behandlingsmetoder inkluderar strålbehandling, cellgiftsbehandling (cytostatika) och kirurgi. Dessa behandlingsmetoder kan leda till påtagliga biverkningar som kan påverka den sexuella funktionen. Sexualitet utgör en viktig del av människans välbefinnande och har betydelse för övergripande hälsa. Det är dock viktigt att notera att upplevelsen av sexualitet är subjektiv och variationer kan förekomma bland individer. Rätten till sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa är universell, och hälso- och sjukvården bör sträva efter att tillgodose och främja denna rättighet genom att tillhandahålla information och resurser på ett personcentrerat sätt. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva upplevelser av sexuell hälsa vid gynekologisk cancer. Metod ​​En allmän litteraturöversikt som undersökt vetenskapliga originalartiklar från databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. För att hitta dessa artiklar användes Mesh-termer och Cinahl Subject Headings och sökord relaterade till sexuell hälsa och gynekologisk cancer. Sökningen resulterade i elva utvalda artiklar som användes till resultatet. Resultat Denna litteraturöversikt fann att gynekologisk cancer och dess behandling negativt påverkar kvinnors sexualitet genom fysiska och känslomässiga förändringar, inklusive minskad sexlust och påverkan på relationer. Bristande informationsutbyte och stöd från sjukvårdspersonal ökar osäkerhet och lidande. Denna litteraturöversikt identifierade fyra teman relaterade till kvinnor som diagnostiseras och behandlas för gynekologisk cancer: sexuell funktion, kroppsbild och kvinnlig identitet, relationstillfredsställelse och kontakt med vården. Slutsats ​​Kvinnors sexualitet påverkades i olika grad av en gynekologisk cancerdiagnos och medföljande behandling. Det framkom dock att dessa upplevelser skiljde sig från person till person vilket förtydligar vikten av ett personcentrerat och holistiskt perspektiv i mötet med dessa personer. Ytterligare forskning krävs för att vidare undersöka kulturella skillnader, åldersskillnader och upplevelser hos dessa kvinnor. / Background Gynecological cancer affects many women worldwide and encompasses ovarian cancer, vulvar cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer. Common treatment methods include radiation therapy, chemotherapy (cytostatics), and surgical interventions. These treatment modalities may entail challenging side effects that can impact sexual functioning. Sexuality is a crucial aspect of human life and influences overall health. However, sexuality is subjective, and cultural differences in the experience of sexuality may exist. Everyone has the right to sexual and reproductive health, and it is essential for healthcare to meet and promote these needs through, among other things, personalized information and resources.​ Aim The aim was to describe experiences of sexual when effected with gynecological cancer​. Method A general literature review that examined scientific original articles from the Cinahl Complete and PubMed databases. To find these articles, Mesh terms and Cinahl Subject Headings, as well as keywords related to sexual health and gynecological cancer, were used. These resulted in eleven selected articles. Results This literature review found that gynecological cancer and its treatment negatively impact women's sexuality through physical and emotional changes, including decreased libido and effects on relationships. Insufficient information exchange and support from healthcare professionals increase insecurity and suffering. This literature review identified four themes related to women diagnosed and treated for gynecological cancer: sexual function, body image and female identity, relationship satisfaction, and healthcare communication. Conclusions Women's sexuality was variably affected by a diagnosis of gynecological cancer and its accompanying treatments. However, it became evident that these experiences differed among individuals, underscoring the significance of a person-centered and holistic perspective when engaging with these individuals. Further research is warranted to explore cultural variations, age-related differences, and the unique experiences of these women.​

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Abortion policy differs greatly in the countries of the world. Some countries are moving towards a more restrictive abortion policy, whereas other countries are more allowing and stipulate the right to abortion in their constitution. The question of abortion policy is constantly important and brings large effects on both individuals and society. The aim of the study is to explain determinants abortion policy and what determinants are responsible for moving a country from restrictive to permissive abortion policy. Earlier studies tell us that economy, culture, and equality are factors that influence abortion policy in a country, but that the field of study is largely unexplored. We use a multiple regression analysis of panel data of 194 countries during the years 2011-2022. The study shows that abortion policy and changes toward permissive abortion policy depend positively on GDP per capita, women’s representation in political parliament and higher education. Abortion policy also depends negatively on the percentage of Catholics and Muslims in the population, as well as the income distribution. The study shows significant results for all determinants in all models excluding one, and the result confirms our hypothesises. The study can be used as a base for policy and more research is still needed on the subject.