Syftet med denna studie var att ur ett public relations-perspektiv studera polisens kriskommunikationsretorik i samband med kritik från allmänheten. Denna uppsats har utgått från två fall; fallet i arresten och kvinnoregistret. I uppsatsen har en kvalitativ textanalys använts på sammanlagt 14 texter från polisens egna kanaler. Den teori som använts för att urskilja vilka försvarsstrategier som polisen använt i materialet är image restoration theory. Dessutom har ett public relations-perspektiv använts för att förstå varför försvarsstrategierna använts samt för att belysa ett annat relevant public relationsbegrepp, nämligen öppenhet. Resultatet av analysen blev bland annat att polisen i båda fallen var konsekventa med sin information och att de använt en strategi mer än andra i respektive fall. En slutsats som dras är att allmänhetens förtroende är mycket viktigt för polisen. En annan slutsats som dras är att öppenhet anses vara viktigt, inte bara av tidigare forskning, utan också av polisen själv. / The purpose of this study was by using a public relations perspective study the Swedish police’s crisis communication when criticism from the multitude has occurred. This thesis point of departure has been two cases; fallet i arresten and kvinnoregistret. A qualitative textual analysis has been made on 14 articles from the police homepage and Facebook. The theory that has been used to distinguish what image repair strategies that the police has used is image restoration theory. A public relations perspective has also been applied to produce an understanding for why the image repair strategies has been used, as well as to provide the thesis with another concept important to public relations; openness. The result of the analysis has been among other things that the police in both of the cases were consistent with their information and that they primarily has used one of the image repair strategies. A conclusion is that the multitudes confidence in the police is very important for the police. Another conclusion is that openness is considered important, not only to previous researchers but by the police itself.

Flertalet studier har visat att grönområden främjar människors fysiska och psykiska hälsa. I takt med en ökad urbanisering och stadsutbyggnad ersätts naturliga miljöer med bebyggelse vilket påverkar befolkningen i urbana miljöer negativt, eftersom urbana grönområden genererar viktiga ekosystemtjänster. En urban livsstil kan dessutom medföra hälsorisker som psykisk ohälsa, hjärt-kärlsjukdomar och fysisk inaktivitet. Syftet med uppsatsen var att genom en kvalitativ ansats undersöka vilken betydelse urbana grönområden har haft för enskilda invånare i Helsingborg under covid-19-pandemin. Tio kvalitativa e-postintervjuer genomfördes och empirin analyserades med en induktiv ansats. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk bestod av Attention restoration theory samt Stress recovery theory och den insamlade empirin gav upphov till följande teman: lugn och ro, hämta energi, samt miljöombyte. Resultatet visar att urbana grönområden har betydelse för informanternas hälsa, eftersom urbana grönområden bidrar till återhämtning och stressminskning, vilket är betydande faktorer för en god fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Utifrån studiens resultat kan slutsatsen dras att genom att bevara urbana grönområden kanmänniskors livskvalitet öka eftersom urbana grönområden bidrar till bättre fysisk och psykisk hälsa i samhället. / Former studies have shown that urban green spaces improve physical and mental health.Urbanisation and urban development result in green environments being replaced by buildings. This has a negative effect on urban residents as urban green spaces provide important ecosystem services. An urban lifestyle can involve health risks such as mental illness, cardiovascular disease, and physical inactivity. This study aimed to investigate through a qualitative approach, the importance of urban green spaces for individual residents of Helsingborg during the covid-19 pandemic. Ten qualitative e-mail interviews were conducted, and the empirical findings were analyzed with an inductive approach. The collected empirics resulted in the following themes: peace and quiet, gain energy, and change of scenery. The results were analyzed through the theoretical framework Attention restoration theory and Stress recovery theory. The results showed that urban green spacesare essential for the informant’s health, as they contribute to recovery and stress reduction, which are significant factors for good physical and mental health. The main conclusion of this study shows that by preserving urban green spaces, people’s quality of life can increase as urban green spaces contribute to better physical and mental health in society.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page / Restorative landscapes, healing gardens, and therapeutic gardens can improve mental and physical health. They relieve stress, slow us down and make us appreciate the present moment (Kaplan 1995). Research confirms these benefits: “A restorative environment provides measurable physical and/or psychological benefit to human health” (Krinke 2005, 107). Unfortunately, few restorative landscapes are designed for night time use, though stress and the need for healing occur at all hours of the day and night. To that end, the purpose of this research is to create a set of lighting design strategies that will enable designers to create restorative landscapes for nighttime use and demonstrate how they can be applied. A literature review synthesizing the information on healing garden types, outdoor lighting techniques, and their relationship to Attention Restoration Theory, identified four main components required for a space to be considered restorative. Two precedent studies allowed the author to explore the components of Attention Restoration Theory and healing garden types. The lighting principles that afford these four components and healing garden types that are best suited for an urban public space were layered in a final design to create a restorative urban space that is functional at night. The set of design strategies created with the support of this research was applied to Occidental Square, a public park in Seattle, Washington. The applied design strategies are represented and demonstrated through the site design. With these tools in hand, designers can create spaces for those in need of rejuvenation, restoration, and tranquility not only during the day, but also at night.

Research suggests that interacting with nature has positive psychological, physiological, and cognitive benefits. Views to nature, interacting with nature, and other visual nature stimuli have been widely studied. However, nature soundscapes have received less attention; and the limited research that has been published has mixed findings. The present study assessed whether nature soundscapes influenced performance on cognitive and affective assessments. Participants completed the Flanker task, the Stroop task, a Visual Search task, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, while exposed to either nature sounds alone, nature sounds with outdoor views, or neither. No statistically significant differences in performance were found for any of the three conditions, on either the cognitive and affective assessments. These findings indicate that the relation between nature sounds and cognition is more complex than originally presumed, and potential future directions are discussed. / Graduate / 2020-04-11

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Kultūros paveldo objektų bei vietų atstatymas Europoje ir Lietuvoje XX a. antroje pusėje - XXI a. pradžioje: teorija ir praktika Santrauka Atstatymas kaip specifinis paveldo „išsaugojimo“, tiksliau - jo originalios būsenos susigrąžinimo veiksmas, šiuolaikinėje paveldosaugoje yra griežtai ribojamas ir pateisinamas tik išskirtiniais atvejais. Istorinių paminklų ir vietų atstatymas ypatingai tapo svarbus XX amžiuje, kai pasauliniai karai sunaikino nemažą dalį istorinių vietų ar atskirų objektų. Darbo objektas – kultūros paveldo objektų ir vietų atstatymo fenomenas. Šio reiškinio fenomenalumui atskleisti pasirinkti ryškiausi XX a. antros pusės ir XXI a. pradžios atstatymo pavyzdžiai Europoje bei Lietuvoje. Ypatingas dėmesys atkreiptinas į Antrojo pasaulinio karo sunaikintų objektų ir vietų atstatymą. Todėl, atsižvelgiant į tai, pasirinkti dviejų, labiausiai karo nuniokotų Europos šalių – Lenkijos ir Vokietijos – atstatymo pavyzdžiai. Tai – Varšuvos senamiestis, Frankfurto Giotės namai, Drezdeno Frauenkirche, Berlyno Karališkieji rūmai. Lietuvos atveju analizuojami šie atstatymo pavyzdžiai - Trakų salos pilis, tarpukario paminklai, Valdovų rūmai ir Vilniaus istorinio geto būdingi fragmentai. Dažnai kultūros paveldo objektų ir vietų atstatymai praktikoje prieštarauja paveldosaugos teisėje bei teoretikų veikaluose vyraujančiai atstatymo sampratai. Todėl kyla klausimas – kodėl ir kaip yra atstatomi tam tikri kultūros paveldo objektai ir vietos? Kodėl tam tikrais laikotarpiais jie... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage Objects and Sites in Europe and Lithuania: Theory and Practice (second half of the 20th c. - 21st c.) Summary Reconstruction as a specific undertaking of heritage „preservation“, to be precise – the recovery of its original state, is strictly limited by contemporary conservation law and is legitimized only at exceptional cases. The reconstruction of historical monuments and sites turned to be notably significant in 20th c. after the damages caused by the World Wars. The object of the thesis is the phenomenon of reconstruction of cultural heritage objects and sites. The most salient examples in Europe and Lithuania (second half of the 20th c. - 21st c.) are chosen here for the revelation of the reconstruction phenomenon. Exclusive regard is paid to the reconstruction of historical objects and sites ruined during the Second World War. Therefore the reconstruction examples are chosen here of two the most of all injured countries during the War – Poland and Germany. These are – the old town of Warsaw, Goethehaus in Frankfurt, Dresden‘s Frauenkirche, Stadtschlos in Berlin. The reconstruction examples analysed in the case of Lithuania are – castle of Trakai, the monuments of the first Independence, Grand Duke Palace and the typical fragments of Vilnius historical ghetto. Frequently the reconstructions of historical monuments and sites disagree/ed to the mainstream conception in the conservation charters and theory works. Consequently the question... [to full text]

Hooves 4 Healing: The Capacity of the Horse in Breast Cancer Rehabilitation is a multifaceted, evidence-based program that uses horses and nature as the media for the physical, cognitive, and psychological rehabilitation of individuals who have or had breast cancer. Such vulnerabilities may occur from the cancer disease itself, as well as from the processes used to treat it. Physical vulnerabilities include decreased strength, range of motion and upper-body coordination, cardiovascular endurance, balance, and mobility. Cancer-related cognitive impairments include vulnerabilities in executive functioning such as planning, memory, attention, and problem-solving. Cancer and its treatments often elicit mental fatigue that negatively affects attention and the joy of life. Collectively, these vulnerabilities may lead to occupational imbalance through the loss of independence and engagement in important and meaningful roles and relationships. Through grooming and quiet reflective interactions with horses in outdoor environments such as paddocks or fields, Hooves 4 Healing addresses these vulnerabilities. Engaging in a novel equine-based rehabilitation program in a nonclinical environment will support participants’ physical, cognitive, and psychosocial needs in a restorative, nature-rich setting, thus facilitating the return to meaningful occupations and life roles.

This dissertation investigates the effects of multisensory biophilic restorative experiences on how engineers feel, think, and design. While previous research on the restorative effects of biophilic experiences have mostly focused on the benefits of visual exposure, less is known about the potential of exposure to auditory and multisensory stimuli. Moreover, a knowledge gap exists in regards to how the cognitive benefits of biophilic restorative experiences influence performance in real-world cognitive tasks, like design. To address the identified knowledge gaps, a randomized controlled trial with 154 participants was conducted, exploring the restorative effects of biophilic auditory, visual, and multisensory (auditory + visual) experiences after induced psychosocial stress. To assess the potential influence on the performance of a real-world cognitive tasks, an open-ended design task was given to participants following the exposure period. Dependent variables tracked covered three key domains of the research question: (1) psychological and physiological responses (feel), (2) neurocognitive responses (think), and (3) design originality and incorporation of biophilia (design). Results showed that the biophilic auditory experience induced higher physiological arousal during and after exposure, while the visual and multisensory conditions presented evidence of increased neural efficiency. The biophilic conditions assisted in restoring cognitive resources and improved prefrontal cortical functional connectivity, specifically within main hubs of the Default Mode Network (DMN). However, better engagement of the DMN did not result in more original design products. No significant differences were found for exploration of the design space across conditions. Interestingly, the visual group incorporated significantly more biophilic design patterns, such as "Visual Connection with Nature" and "Presence of Water", in their design concepts. This finding suggests a potential priming effect, where exposure to biophilic stimuli influenced designers' choices towards more nature-connected ideas. The study here presented contributes to the understanding of biophilic restorative experiences' nuanced effects on physiology, neurocognition, and design cognition. Accessibility and availability of the interventions tested affords readily replication of the experiment design and application of findings to the general public. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation explores how exposure to simulated nature experiences through different senses affects how engineers feel, think, and design. Two main environmental psychology theories propose that nature experiences can aid in the recovery from stressful states and mental fatigue. The Kaplans' Attention Restoration Theory suggests that looking at nature can help the brain recover from overuse by allowing it to restore attentional resources. Roger Ulrich's Stress Reduction Theory proposes that nature experiences can reduce stress by calming the body and the mind. While previous studies have mainly explored the effects of exposure to nature through visual experiences, the study presented here examines the effects of exposure to nature-based sounds (birdsong and water sounds), as well as exposure to the combination of sounds and visuals (indoor plants, nature-inspired art, and daylight). Additionally, it investigates how the potential benefits to the brain and mind influence performance in real-world tasks like designing. To explore these effects, 154 engineering students were randomly assigned to different groups and exposed to nature sounds, nature visuals, or a combination of both, after being induced to a stressful state. After the exposure period, participants were given an open-ended design task. Throughout the experiment, participants' bodily responses were tracked by a wrist-worn device and participants' brain activity was tracked by a brain-imaging headset. Design concepts produced in the design task were assessed for originality and for the incorporation of nature-inspired ideas. Results showed that listening to nature sounds increased arousal of the body both during and after the exposure period. Visual, as well as combined auditory and visual exposure improved brain efficiency. All nature experiences helped restore mental resources and improved brain connectivity, particularly in areas associated with mind wandering. Although better brain connectivity did not result in more original design concepts, interestingly, participants in the visual exposure group incorporated more nature-related features, like bodies of water and natural views, into their designs. This finding suggests that seeing nature might inspire more nature-connected design ideas. This study enhances our understanding of how nature experiences affect the body, brain, and mind. The interventions tested can be easily replicated and applied in everyday settings so that anyone can benefit off of their outcomes.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur Parken Zoo använde sig av Facebook för att kommunicera med sina intressenter under en kris som drabbade organisationen hösten 2012. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ textanalys studerade vi de Facebookinlägg som Parken Zoo hade publicerat under krisen. Därefter genomförde vi en kvalitativ intervju med marknadschefen på Parken Zoo, som var ansvarig för kommunikationen på Facebook under krisen. Med hjälp av ett analysverktyg baserat på situational crisis communication theory och image restoration theory kunde vi avgöra vilka försvarsstrategier Parken Zoo hade använt i Facebookinläggen. Resultatet visade att Parken Zoo omedvetet hade använt många olika försvarsstrategier, men att tre tydliga budskap förmedlades i Facebookinläggen. Resultatet visade också att Parken Zoos syfte var att använda Facebook som ett dialogverktyg, men att de i själva verket använde Facebook för att sprida enkelriktad kommunikation. En slutsats vi kunde dra från studen var att det är viktigt för organisationer att vårda sina kundrelationer genom att bemöta intressenternas frågor och kommentarer på sin Facebooksida under en kris. En annan slutsats var att det är viktigt för organisationer att ha en god krisberedskap och att inkludera Facebook i den. / The purpose of this study was to examine how Parken Zoo used Facebook to communicatate with their stakeholders during a crisis 2012. Using a qualitative textual analysis, we examined Parken Zoo’s Face- book posts during the crisis. Next, we conducted a qualitative interview with the marketing manager at Parken Zoo, who was responsible for the organization’s communication on Facebook during the crisis. Using an analysis tool based on situational crisis communication theory and image restoration theory, we assessed which crisis response strategies Parken Zoo had used in their Facebook posts. The results showed that Parken Zoo subconsciously had used many different crisis response strategies, but that three clear messages were conveyed in the Facebook posts. The results also showed that Parken Zoo’s aim was to use Facebook as a dialogue tool, but in fact they used it for one-way communication. One conclusion from this study was that it is important for organizations to care for their relationship with the stakeholders by responding to their questions and comments on their Facebook page during a crisis. Another conclusion was that it is important for organizations to develop a proactive crisis management portfolio and to include Facebook in it.

Minskad rörelse i vardagen är ett problem som idag blir allt större i världen. Trots att människor idag blir allt mer regelbundet fysiskt aktiva och utför mer planerad träning mer, minskar den rörelse i vardagen som krävs för att upprätthålla en god hälsa och minska risken för att dö i förtid. Någonting som visat sig kunna öka vardagsrörelse är närvaron av parkmiljöer. Forskning har visat på att där färre parker fanns, rörde människor på sig mindre. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka relationen mellan vardagsrörelse och parkmiljöer utifrån fysiskt aktiva unga vuxnas uppfattning. Metoden som användes var intervjuer av unga vuxna (18 - 30 års ålder). Varför detta urval användes var för att denna åldersgrupp tidigare ansetts ha god hälsa under denna levnadsperiod, men nya rön visar på att människor i dessa åldrar blir allt mer inaktiva i vardagen. Fysiskt aktiva människor valdes var för att se hur deras uppfattningar om rörelse utöver deras normala träning betyder för just dem. Sex stycken aktiva unga vuxna individer rekryterades till studien och intervjuades. Resultatet visade på att unga vuxna förstår innebörden av vilka positiva effekter rörelse ger, men var samtidigt negativt inställda till att besöka parkmiljöer. Den enstaka rörelsen i parker som studiedeltagarna angav var i form av promenader och löpturer. Deltagarna menade på att fler olika typer av verksamheter och gratisaktiviteter (kiosker, utomhusgym, etc.) bör finnas tillgängliga, för att öka besöksnivån i parkmiljöer under längre tid, samt bedriva mer vardagsrörelse där. / Reduced movement in everyday life is a problem that is becoming increasingly common in the world today. Although people today are becoming more and more regularly physically active and conduct more planned exercise, the everyday movement that is needed to maintain a good health and reduce the risk of dying prematurely, is decreasing. Something that has been shown to increase everyday activity is the presence of park environments. Research has shown that where fewer parks existed, people were more sedentary and less active. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between everyday movement and park environments based on the view of physically active young adults. The method used in this study consisted of interviewing young adults (18-30 years of age). Why this selection was used was because this group of age were previously considered to have good health during their period of life, but new evidence shows that people of these ages are becoming increasingly inactive in their daily lives. Physically active people were chosen to see how their perceptions of movement in addition to their normal training meant to them. Six active young adults were recruited to the study and interviewed. The results showed that young adults understand the meaning of the positive effects of movement, but at the same time they were negatively motivated to visit park environments. The single movement in parks indicated by the participants was in the form of walks and jogging. Participants suggested that more types of activities (kiosks, outdoor gyms, etc.) should be available to increase the visitor level in park environments for a longer period of time, as well as conduct more daily living there.