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1	O processo antitruste sancionador / Sanctionary antitrust procedure Gilberto, André Marques 18 March 2009 (has links) A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os processos administrativos antitruste sancionadores, associados às atividades do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE), Secretaria de Direito Econômico do Ministério da Justiça (SDE) e Secretaria de Acompanhamento Econômico do Ministério da Fazenda (SEAE). O foco do trabalho diz respeito a duas questões: a) o direito positivo brasileiro fornece o instrumental necessário e adequado para que CADE, SDE e SEAE possam desenvolver suas atividades segundo métodos e procedimentos pré-determinados? Em caso de resposta positiva b) existe algum déficit quanto à efetivação da processualidade/procedimentalidade no dia-a-dia dos diversos órgãos administrativos envolvidos na missão de defender a livre concorrência no Brasil? O primeiro capítulo será dedicado à origem e base legal do processo antitruste; o segundo cuidará de seus aspectos mais gerais, salientando a inevitabilidade de atuação processualizada dos órgãos. O terceiro capítulo da dissertação percorrerá a fase inicial do processo, incluindo considerações sobre a instauração, citação e intimação dos representados, o conceito de parte no processo antitruste sancionador, e a questão relativa à existência de litisconsórcio passivo ou de conexão em processos voltados à investigação das condutas tidas por horizontais. O quarto capítulo envolverá a fase instrutória, salientando-se a produção de provas. O estudo da fase decisória estará contido no quinto capítulo; serão mencionadas, dentre outros temas, todas as formas pelas quais o processo antitruste sancionador pode ser encerrado: emissão de decisões terminativas (com ou sem julgamento de mérito), incidência de prescrição e celebração de termos de compromisso de cessação. No sexto capítulo, analisa-se em linhas gerais o Projeto de Lei n. 3937/2004 (e de seu apensado Projeto de Lei n. 5877/05), em trâmite no Congresso Nacional, visando reformar a atual Lei Antitruste. A conclusão da dissertação busca responder às questões inicialmente formuladas: se não faltam instrumentos legais no País prevendo os mecanismos para o funcionamento do processo antitruste sancionador, são freqüentes reclamações quanto às falhas e incertezas verificadas na prática processual de CADE, SDE e SEAE. Ainda assim, existe uma razoável expectativa que essas sejam corrigidas ao longo do tempo (na mesma velocidade do amadurecimento institucional desses órgãos). / The purpose of the present essay is to analyze the administrative antitrust procedures connected to the investigation of anticompetitive practices and related to the activities of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), the Secretariat of Economic Law of the Ministry of Justice (SDE), and the Secretariat of Economic Supervision of the Ministry of Finance (SEAE). The issues that constitute the focus of this paper involve two basic questions: a) the Brazilian legal system provides for the necessary rules in order that CADE, SDE and SEAE may develop their respective activities according to pre-determined methods and procedures? In case of a positive answer b) is there any deficit in the implementation of procedural rules in the daily activities of the several bodies involved in the enforcement of antitrust Law in Brazil? Chapter one examines the legal basis of the antitrust procedure; chapter two will analyze the general aspects of the procedure, stressing the inevitability that antitrust agencies perform their activities respecting procedural rules. Chapter three deals with the initiation of the procedure, including an analysis of how the procedure can be invoked, the summoning of the undertakings concerned, the concept of defendant and the matter concerning the defendants compulsory joinder or connection in investigations concerning horizontal practices. Chapter four examines the investigation stage, with emphasis in the production of evidence. The analysis of the final stage of the procedure is included in chapter five; among other issues, all of the possible outcomes of the procedure will be reviewed: issuance of final decision (with or without a ruling on the merits), application of the statute of limitations and the settlement of the case. Chapter six provides for an overall review of Bill n. 5877/05, under analysis in the Brazilian Congress, which aims to modify the Brazilian antitrust law. The conclusion of this essay aims to answer the questions posted above: there are plenty of legal rules to be applied in connection to the antitrust procedure in Brazil, but it is still common to hear complaints about failures and lack of certainty concerning CADE, SDE and SEAEs activities. Still, it is reasonable to expect that such procedural issues will be corrected over time (in the same pace of the institutional development of each of those administrative bodies). Administração pública Administrative procedure Cade Competition Concentração econômica Evidence Política antitruste Processo administrativo Rights of the defense Truste industrial
2	The implicit Res Judicata and the Right of Defense / La Cosa Juzgada Implícita y el Derecho de Defensa Apolín Meza, Dante Ludwig 12 April 2018 (has links) This article presents the analysis of the concept of the “implicit res judicata” and what problems it generates. To do this, the author analyzes what is traditionally understood by “objective limits” of “res judicata” and, from this; the true scope of the concept of “res judicata” implicitly will be established. / Este artículo plantea el análisis del concepto de cosa juzgada implícita y los problemas que genera. Para ello, se analiza lo que tradicionalmente se ha entendido por límites objetivos de la cosa juzgada y, a partir de ello, se establecerá el verdadero alcance del concepto de cosa juzgada implícita. Implicit Res Judicata Pretension Rights Of The Defense Petitum Causa Petendi Cosa Juzgada Implícita Pretensión Derecho De Defensa Petitum Causa Petendi
3	O processo antitruste sancionador / Sanctionary antitrust procedure André Marques Gilberto 18 March 2009 (has links) A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os processos administrativos antitruste sancionadores, associados às atividades do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE), Secretaria de Direito Econômico do Ministério da Justiça (SDE) e Secretaria de Acompanhamento Econômico do Ministério da Fazenda (SEAE). O foco do trabalho diz respeito a duas questões: a) o direito positivo brasileiro fornece o instrumental necessário e adequado para que CADE, SDE e SEAE possam desenvolver suas atividades segundo métodos e procedimentos pré-determinados? Em caso de resposta positiva b) existe algum déficit quanto à efetivação da processualidade/procedimentalidade no dia-a-dia dos diversos órgãos administrativos envolvidos na missão de defender a livre concorrência no Brasil? O primeiro capítulo será dedicado à origem e base legal do processo antitruste; o segundo cuidará de seus aspectos mais gerais, salientando a inevitabilidade de atuação processualizada dos órgãos. O terceiro capítulo da dissertação percorrerá a fase inicial do processo, incluindo considerações sobre a instauração, citação e intimação dos representados, o conceito de parte no processo antitruste sancionador, e a questão relativa à existência de litisconsórcio passivo ou de conexão em processos voltados à investigação das condutas tidas por horizontais. O quarto capítulo envolverá a fase instrutória, salientando-se a produção de provas. O estudo da fase decisória estará contido no quinto capítulo; serão mencionadas, dentre outros temas, todas as formas pelas quais o processo antitruste sancionador pode ser encerrado: emissão de decisões terminativas (com ou sem julgamento de mérito), incidência de prescrição e celebração de termos de compromisso de cessação. No sexto capítulo, analisa-se em linhas gerais o Projeto de Lei n. 3937/2004 (e de seu apensado Projeto de Lei n. 5877/05), em trâmite no Congresso Nacional, visando reformar a atual Lei Antitruste. A conclusão da dissertação busca responder às questões inicialmente formuladas: se não faltam instrumentos legais no País prevendo os mecanismos para o funcionamento do processo antitruste sancionador, são freqüentes reclamações quanto às falhas e incertezas verificadas na prática processual de CADE, SDE e SEAE. Ainda assim, existe uma razoável expectativa que essas sejam corrigidas ao longo do tempo (na mesma velocidade do amadurecimento institucional desses órgãos). / The purpose of the present essay is to analyze the administrative antitrust procedures connected to the investigation of anticompetitive practices and related to the activities of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), the Secretariat of Economic Law of the Ministry of Justice (SDE), and the Secretariat of Economic Supervision of the Ministry of Finance (SEAE). The issues that constitute the focus of this paper involve two basic questions: a) the Brazilian legal system provides for the necessary rules in order that CADE, SDE and SEAE may develop their respective activities according to pre-determined methods and procedures? In case of a positive answer b) is there any deficit in the implementation of procedural rules in the daily activities of the several bodies involved in the enforcement of antitrust Law in Brazil? Chapter one examines the legal basis of the antitrust procedure; chapter two will analyze the general aspects of the procedure, stressing the inevitability that antitrust agencies perform their activities respecting procedural rules. Chapter three deals with the initiation of the procedure, including an analysis of how the procedure can be invoked, the summoning of the undertakings concerned, the concept of defendant and the matter concerning the defendants compulsory joinder or connection in investigations concerning horizontal practices. Chapter four examines the investigation stage, with emphasis in the production of evidence. The analysis of the final stage of the procedure is included in chapter five; among other issues, all of the possible outcomes of the procedure will be reviewed: issuance of final decision (with or without a ruling on the merits), application of the statute of limitations and the settlement of the case. Chapter six provides for an overall review of Bill n. 5877/05, under analysis in the Brazilian Congress, which aims to modify the Brazilian antitrust law. The conclusion of this essay aims to answer the questions posted above: there are plenty of legal rules to be applied in connection to the antitrust procedure in Brazil, but it is still common to hear complaints about failures and lack of certainty concerning CADE, SDE and SEAEs activities. Still, it is reasonable to expect that such procedural issues will be corrected over time (in the same pace of the institutional development of each of those administrative bodies). Administração pública Concentração econômica Política antitruste Processo administrativo Truste industrial Administrative procedure Cade Competition Evidence Rights of the defense
4	Die Selbstbelastungs- und Verteidigungsfreiheit : ein Beitrag zu den Garantiewirkungen von Verfahrensrechten im Hinblick auf die Beweiswürdigung, Strafzumessung und Strafbarkeit des Beschuldigten im Strafprozess / Aselmann, Maike. January 2004 (has links) (PDF) Univ., Diss.--Göttingen, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 291 - 317.
5	La parole libre de l’avocat : (1789-1830) / The free word of the lawyer : (1789-1830) Cerdan, Eléa 25 November 2016 (has links) L’avocat plaide à l’audience ou prend la parole en dehors du prétoire pour ladéfense d’un accusé qui a contrevenu aux lois essentielles d’une société. Face à lui un pouvoircentral qui a pour mission de punir celui qui a porté atteinte aux normes sociales et qui tentede protéger son autorité. L’avocat apparaît alors comme un contre-pouvoir qui remet en causeune prérogative régalienne, celle de punir. Ainsi, de 1789 à 1830, l’avocat attire la méfiancedes différentes formes de pouvoir qui se succèdent, mais aussi de l’opinion publique avide derépression. Malgré des circonstances peu favorables à la parole de l’avocat, ce dernierparvient à imposer la nécessité des droits de la défense et le respect des libertésfondamentales. Par son éloquence, l’avocat se révèle un acteur politique incontournable. Laliberté de sa parole se trouve alors au service de la défense mais participe aussi à l’élaborationd’une société plus démocratique. / The lawyer pleads in court or speaks outside the courtroom in defense of adefendant who broke the essential laws of society. He faces a central power whose mission isto punish the one who undermined the social norms and which intends to protect its authority.So the lawyer challenges the established authority and questions a kingly prerogative, the oneto punish. Thus from 1789 to 1830, the lawyer aroused the suspicion of the differentsuccessive forms of power, but also the public opinion’s, eager for repression. Despite theseunfavourable circumstances to the word of the lawyer, the latter managed to impose thenecessity of the rights of the defense and the respect of fundamental liberties. Thanks to hiseloquence, the lawyer turned out to be a main political stakeholder. The liberty of his wordwas then at the service of the defense but also partook in a more democratic society. Avocat Droits de la défense Procès politique Liberté d'expression Parole Police de l'audience Lawyer Rights of the defense Political trial Freedom of expression Word Police court 340
6	La protection des droits de l'accusé devant la cour pénale internationale. / The protection of the rights of the accused in front of the International criminal court Nga Essomba, Tergalise 21 March 2011 (has links) La protection des droits de l’accusé est tributaire du respect du procès équitable dans presque tout débat judiciaire. Ce faisant, la création de la CPI suscite une attention particulière en vertu non seulement de son caractère permanent et universel, mais aussi de l’ampleur des crimes internationaux qu’elle connait. Sous l’effet de cette configuration, la recherche laisse découvrir une protection à l’efficacité relative et utopique malgré l’exigence de compatibilité du droit applicable aux droits de l’homme internationalement reconnus. Toutefois, le respect apparent de ces droits, l’application du principe du contradictoire et l’exigence de la présence de l’accusé dans son procès ne garantissent pas l’effectivité de l’égalité des armes, l’exercice des droits de la défense et le respect de la présomption d’innocence. Au contraire, la prééminence du déséquilibre processuel, de la durée excessive des procès et du maintien en détention de l’accusé conduit à faire objection sur l’existence possible de la protection efficace des droits de l’accusé. La dite protection cède plutôt devant la lutte contre l’impunité, la délicatesse des victimes et témoins et la souveraineté des Etats. A l’issue de cette étude, il est nécessaire de procéder à un rééquilibrage des droits entre les parties et à une reconceptualisation de la compétence de la Cour. / Protecting the rights of the accused depends in any legal debate on respect for a fair trial. In doing so, the creation of the ICC merits special attention by virtue not only of its being permanent and universal, but also the extent of international crimes with which it deals. As a result of this broad scope, research suggests any protective coverage is relative in its effectiveness and utopian, despite the requirement of compatibility of the law applicable to internationally recognized human rights. The apparent respect for these rights, the principle of due process and the requirement of the presence of the accused at his or her trial do not guarantee an effective equality of arms, the exercise of one’s rights or respect for the presumption of innocence. Instead, the procedural rule of imbalance, the excessive length of trials and the continued detention of the accused have led to objections about effectively protecting the rights of the accused. So-called protection gives way instead to the fight against impunity, the reticence of victims and witnesses and the sovereignty of States. Following this study, it is necessary to rebalance the rights of the parties and rethink the jurisdiction of the Court. Procès équitable Présomption d’innocence Droits de la défense Débats contradictoires Détention provisoire Égalité des armes Preuve Cpi Protection Coopération Efficacité Effectivité Fair trial Presumption of innocence Rights to a defense Adversarial trial Custody Equality of arms Evidence Icc Protection Cooperation Efficiency Effectiveness
7	La motivation des décisions de justice pénales / Motivation of criminal judgments Togola, Yacouba 02 September 2016 (has links) Qu’évoque la motivation ? Comment le droit répressif appréhende-t-il la motivation des décisions de justice ? Le concept de motivation renvoie à plusieurs aspects qui changent son sens suivant le rôle assigné à la fonction juridictionnelle. S’il est compréhensible qu'une seule et unique approche ne s'impose pas, la motivation doit être reconsidérée.Elle est en effet généralement perçue comme un instrument contentieux, l’objectif étant de limiter l’arbitraire du juge. A cette fin, elle appelle un ensemble de règles devant s’imposer au juge. L'examen de ces règles dans le domaine du droit répressif aboutit à un résultat peu satisfaisant. Si la motivation est imposée au juge dans certains cas, elle est en revanche écartée dans d’autres, sans qu’on puisse imposer un critère unique légitimant une telle distinction. La nature objective de son contenu est marquée par des lacunes qui alimentent l’approche subjective de la motivation. C'est lorsqu'il est question de méthode que les contournements sont les plus visibles : la motivation à phrase unique, le copier-coller ou encore la pratique de la motivation pré-rédigée. Au demeurant, le contrôle de la motivation, fut-il exercé par le juge européen, laisse au juge répressif une marge d'appréciation, voire parfois une totale liberté. Du droit de la motivation des décisions pénales, le résultat est finalement contrasté.Ne faut-il pas alors aller plus loin et dépasser cette approche contentieuse de la motivation des décisions pénales ? La réponse est évidemment positive. Pour mieux préserver les intérêts du justiciable, la motivation doit se transformer. Cette transformation se marque par un rapprochement de plus en plus fort entre la motivation et les droits fondamentaux du justiciable. La motivation se révèle en effet être la condition de l'exercice des droits de la défense, en même temps qu’elle s’intègre dans le concept plus large du droit au procès équitable. Dans la dynamique de cette évolution, la motivation -en vue de la compréhension et de l’acceptation de la décision par le justiciable- doit occuper une place centrale. Cela implique d'entrevoir, au-delà des règles imposées au juge de motiver la décision, certaines améliorations afin de parvenir à la reconnaissance d’un véritable droit du justiciable à la motivation de la décision, de sa décision. / What evokes motivation? How criminal law grasps motivation of judicial decisions ?The concept of motivation refers to several aspects that change its meaning depending on the role assigned to the judicial function. While it is understandable that a single approach does not compel, motivation should be reconsidered.Motivation is in fact generally perceived as a litigation instrument for the judge, the main aim being to limit its arbitrary power. To this end, a set of rules are binding on the judge. The review of these rules in the field of criminal law leads to an unsatisfactory result. If motivation is imposed on the judge in certain judicial decisions, it is however rejected in others, and a single criterion justifying such a distinction may not appear relevant. The objective nature of its contents is marked by gaps which feed the subjective approach to the motivation. It is when it is about method that the bypassing is the most visible : the motivation with unique sentence, the copy and paste or the practice of the pre-drafted motivation. Moreover, even exercised by the European Court, control of motivation leaves the criminal judge many appreciation margins, even sometimes a total freedom. Concerning the analysis of the criminal decisions, the right of the motivation ends in a contrasted result.Should we then go further and beyond this litigating approach of motivation? The answer is obviously positive. To better safeguard the interests of citizens, motivation must be transformed. This transformation is marked by an increasing connection between motivation and fundamental human rights. The motivation turns out to be the condition for the exercise of the rights of defense, while it fits into the category of the right to fair trial. In the dynamics of this evolution, the motivation - with the aim of the understanding and of the acceptance of the decision by the citizen - has to occupy a central place. It involves to glimpse, beyond rules compulsory for the judge to motivate the decision, certain improvements in order to achieve the recognition of a genuine right of the defendant for the motivation of the decision, its decision. Motivation Motifs Compréhension Procès équitable Droits de la défense Justice pénale Mobile Raison Arrêts Justice pénale Motivation Criminal justice Understanding Motives Mobile Reasons Fair trial rights of the defense Court decisions Judgments Court orders
8	Droits de la défense et enquête policière / Rights of defense and police investigation Thiam, Sangoné 02 July 2018 (has links) La personne qui a osé porter atteinte à une valeur pénalement protégée par la société mérite-t-elle, de la part de celle-ci une quelconque défense? Pendant longtemps, cette défense a fait l'objet de controverses, si certains y étaient favorables, d'autres y étaient résolument hostiles. Le compromis a consisté à refuser les droits de la défense dans l'enquête policière en adoptant un système inquisitoire et à les consacrer largement dans la phase de jugement avec un système accusatoire. Cette mixité de la procédure semble a priori répondre aux intérêts antagonistes au cœur de la procédure pénale. Mais, à l’aune des droits fondamentaux et sous l’influence des dispositions internationales et européennes, cette conception de la procédure devient inadaptée. Les droits de la défense, droits du procès équitable, ne doivent plus faire l’objet de limitations, ils doivent gouverner toute la procédure, de l’enquête policière jusqu’à la phase de jugement. Comment des droits qui ne s’appliquaient initialement que devant une juridiction indépendante et impartiale vont-ils faire irruption dans l’enquête policière sans l’existence d’un juge présentant des garanties équivalentes à celles de la juridiction de jugement ?Si le législateur a d’abord introduit les droits de la défense dans la phase de l’instruction pénale, le déclin de cette dernière au profit de l’enquête policière devrait le pousser à procéder à leur extension. C’est ce qu’il a d’ailleurs commencé à faire, mais de manière timorée. L’effectivité des droits de la défense dans l’enquête policière nécessite non seulement de procéder à leur élargissement, mais aussi de mettre en place un juge indépendant et impartial chargé de garantir leur pleine application comme dans la phase de jugement. Une juridictionnalisation de l’enquête policière est aujourd’hui un impératif. / Did the person who dared to infringe a value criminally protected by the society deserve any defense from that latter? This defence has been controversial for a long time, while some have been in favor, others have been resolutely hostile. The compromise consisted in refusing the rights of the defense in the police investigation by adopting an inquisitorial system and devoting them largely in the judgment phase with an adversarial system. This diversity of the procedure seems a priori to answer the conflicting interests at the heart of the criminal proceedings. But in the light of fundamental rights and under the influence of international and European provisions, this conception of procedure becomes inappropriate. The rights of the defense, as well as the rights to fair trial must no longer be limited, they must govern the entire procedure from the police investigation to the trial stage. How would rights that initially applied only before an independent and impartial jurisdiction break into the police investigation without the existence of a judge providing guarantees equivalent to those of the trial court? If the legislator first introduced the rights of defense in the criminal investigation phase, the decline of the latter in favor of the police investigation should push him to extend them. In fact, this is what he has started to do, but in a timorous way. Not only does the effectiveness of the rights of the defense in the police investigation require to be enlarged, but it also allows putting in place an independent and impartial judge responsible for ensuring their full implementation as in the trial stage. A jurisdictionalization of the police investigation is now a requirement. Droits de la défense Tribunal - Indépendance Impartialité Procédure accusatoire Procédure inquisitoire Enquête policière Suspect Garde à vue Juge de l’enquête Parquet Accusation Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme Droit de l'Union Européenne Rights of the defense Court - Independence Impartiality Adversarial process Inquisitorial proceedings Police investigation Suspect Police custody Investigating judge Public Prosecutor Accusation European Convention on Human Rights European Court of Human Rights European Union Law 345
9	Les principes directeurs du procès dans la jurisprudence du Conseil Constitutionnel / The Trial’s guiding principles in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Council Lestrade, Éric 21 November 2013 (has links) Malgré le peu de fondements écrits consacrés à la justice dans le texte de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958, le Conseil constitutionnel, en réalisant un travail d’actualisation à partir de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, a permis l’émergence d’un droit constitutionnel processuel, construit autour de principes directeurs. Ceux-ci peuvent être répartis dans trois catégories : deux principales, selon que l’acteur du procès prioritairement concerné soit le juge ou les parties et une troisième, complémentaire, celle des garanties procédurales, permettant de favoriser les qualités essentielles du juge et de contrôler le respect des droits des parties. Une gradation des exigences du Conseil constitutionnel est discrètement perceptible entre les deux premières catégories de principes, plus facilement identifiable entre celles-ci et la dernière famille. Cette échelle décroissante de « densité » des principes directeurs du procès témoigne d’une véritable politique jurisprudentielle en matière de droit constitutionnel processuel, qui met l’accent sur l’accès au juge, doté des qualités indispensables à l’accomplissement de sa mission juridictionnelle. Toutefois, aussi satisfaisante que soit l’action du juge constitutionnel français à l’égard du droit du procès, celle-ci nécessiterait aujourd’hui le relais du constituant, afin de moderniser le statut constitutionnel de la justice. / In spite of a relatively low number of written dispositions dedicated to justice inside of the body of the Constitution of October 1958 4th, the constitutional Council, while updating this text through the Declaration of Human Rights, contributed to the development of a procedural constitutional law, which is structured around guiding principles. Those principles can be classified within three different categories : two major categories depend on the trial actor that is primarily concerned, either the judge or the parties; a third and additional category pertaining to procedural protections, fosters the essential qualities of the judge and secure the protection of the parties’ rights. A gradation of the requirements of the constitutional Council is discreetly perceptible between the first two categories of principles, and more easily identifiable between those first two categories and the last one. This decreasing scale of “density” yoked to the trial guiding principles highlights a genuine judicial policy when it comes to procedural constitutional law, emphasizing access to the judge, whom is given essential qualities in order to achieve its judicial duty. However, the action of the French constitutional judge, as satisfactory as it is towards the rights of the trial, would easily support the intervention of the constituent power in order to update Justice’s constitutional status. Accès au juge Actes de gouvernement Action en justice Appel Autorité de la chose jugée Avocat Cassation Conseil constitutionnel Conseil supérieur de la magistrature Contradictoire Collégialité Délai raisonnable de jugement Déni de justice Double degré de juridiction Droits de la défense Droit au recours juridictionnel effectif Effet dévolutif de l’appel Effet suspensif de l’appel Égalité des armes Égalité devant la justice Garde à vue Impartialité Inamovibilité Injonction pénale Indépendance Instance Instruction Intérêt pour agir Juge unique Juridiction Magistrat Ministère public Motivation Parquet Partie au procès Présomption d’innocence Principes directeurs Procès Publicité des audiences Recours administratif préalable Siège Validations législatives Voies de recours Access to the judge Acts of government Adversarial proceedings Appeal Argumentation Authority Cassation Collegiality Constitutional Council Constitutionnalization of procedural law Criminal injunction Denial of justice Equality before the law Equality of arms Force of res judicata Guiding principles High Council of the Judiciary Impartiality Independence Independent administrative authorities Instruction Interest to act Judge Jurisdiction Lawyer Legal proceedings Legal remedies Legislative validations Party to the proceedings Plea-bargaining Police custody Preliminary administrative appeal Presumption of innocence Prosecutor Public prosecutor Publicity of hearings Rights of the defense Single judge Sitting judge Tenure The devolutive effect of appeal The right to a second hearing The right to effective judicial review The suspensive effect of appeal Trial 340

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