Em um mercado tão fortemente regulado como o de valores mobiliários, principalmente no que tange à divulgação de informações, é pertinente a indagação sobre a viabilidade de uma regulação específica sobre a atividade do jornalista especializado na área (o jornalista financeiro). O jornalista financeiro possui papel relevante neste mercado, pois atua na democratização da informação, atingindo, principalmente, os pequenos investidores. Todavia, a atividade jornalística, não realizada em conformidade com os objetivos do mercado de capitais, pode acarretar diversos problemas a este setor, advindos de conflitos de interesses, publicação de informações falsas, falta de conhecimento técnico sobre a matéria etc. Portanto, há necessidade de criação de normas de conduta que guiem os jornalistas a uma atuação ética e não atentatória aos princípios do mercado de valores mobiliários, incluindo o princípio da divulgação plena (full disclosure). Em 15 de agosto de 2007, a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) decidiu colocar em pauta discussão sobre a regulação dos jornalistas financeiros, por meio da publicação do Edital de Audiência Pública nº 09/07 (Edital), que propunha a alteração da Instrução CVM n.° 388, de 30 de abril de 2003 (ICVM 388), norma que regulava a atividade dos analistas de valores mobiliários. Utilizando-se do Edital, a CVM, na qualidade de órgão regulador estatal do mercado de capitais, tentou criar o que ela denominou de safe harbor, i. e. um porto seguro para o exercício da profissão, distinguindo tal atividade daquelas exercidas pelos analistas de valores mobiliários. A minuta da ICVM 388 continha determinados requisitos que dispensariam o jornalista de ser registrado na CVM como analista, mesmo nos casos em que ele atuasse como tal. Não obstante, o Edital foi duramente criticado pelo mercado e as alterações propostas não se concretizaram. Atualmente, no Brasil, a atividade específica do jornalista financeiro não é regulada por qualquer órgão estatal ou autorregulador. O presente trabalho se valerá do estudo de casos práticos envolvendo a regulação estatal e a autorregulação, com o objetivo de encontrar soluções para a criação do melhor conjunto regulatório para o jornalismo financeiro. A discussão sobre a regulação do jornalista é polêmica, e deve ser concebida de forma que não afete a liberdade do jornalista e que, em nenhum momento, possa ser equiparada à censura, que anula o princípio da liberdade de expressão e da liberdade de imprensa tão arduamente conquistados no Brasil. / In a market strongly regulated as the securities market, when making reference to the disclosure of information therein, it is important to inquire about the viability of a specific regulation on the activity of the journalist with expertise in such area (the financial journalist). The financial journalist plays an important role in this market, as he/she acts in the democratization of information, which may affect small investors. Thus, journalistic activity not performed in accordance with the objectives of the securities market may create several problems in this sector, which arise from conflicts of interest, publication of false information, lack of technical knowledge on the subject matter, amongst others. Therefore, it is necessary to create standards of conduct that guides journalists towards an ethical behavior which does not oppose the securities markets principles, including full disclosure. On 15 August 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil (CVM) decided to open for public discussion the financial journalists regulation topic through the publication of the Public Hearing Notice No. 09/07 (the Notice), which proposed an amendment to the CVM Instruction No. 388 of April 30 2003 (\"ICVM 388\") rule which regulated the activity of securities analysts. Through the Notice, the CVM, in its capacity of securities regulator, tried to create what it called a \"safe harbor\" for the profession, distinguishing this activity from the one exercised by securities analysts. The draft of the ICVM 388 contained certain requirements that would excuse the journalist from registering with the CVM as an analyst, even in those cases where he/she acts as an analyst. Nevertheless, the Notice was strongly criticized by the market and the proposed changes were not carried through. In Brazil, the specific activity of the financial journalist is currently not regulated by any agency or self-regulatory organization. The present work will analyze some case studies involving governmental regulation and self-regulation, with the aim of finding solutions to create the best regulatory set for the financial journalism. The discussion which surrounds the journalists regulation is controversial. Such regulation shall be designed in a way which does not affect the freedom of the journalist and, at no time, can it be equated with censorship, which curtains the hardly conquered principles of freedom of expression and freedom of press.

O presente trabalho se propôs três tarefas: (i) responder algumas perguntas teóricas a respeito da transparência como estratégia regulatória no mercado de valores mobiliários; para tanto, revisitou a literatura jurídica e econômica sobre o papel da informação nos processos de tomada de decisão econômica; (ii) mapear o regime jurídico aplicável a transações com partes relacionadas no Brasil, analisando se as estratégias regulatórias adotadas são aquelas que seriam mais recomendáveis; para tanto, sistematizou as regras legais, regulamentares e os precedentes da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, comparando-os ao desenho regulatório mais adequado sob o ponto de vista teórico; e (iii) conduzir um teste empírico para averiguar em que medida as reformas realizadas em 2009 no regime de prestação compulsória de informações periódicas foram capazes de mudar o comportamento dos emissores de valores mobiliários e, consequentemente, contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento de sua governança corporativa. O teste empírico demonstrou que, em um período de apenas 3 anos, o número de companhias no mercado brasileiro que adotou conduta mais estrita que a prevista em lei para lidar com transações com partes relacionadas praticamente dobrou (de 16% para 31,5%). Esse número é ainda mais expressivo nos segmentos especiais de listagem, que são os que mais cresceram nos últimos 10 anos. No Novo Mercado esse número passou de 19,5% para 46% e, no Nível 2, de 37% para 62,5%. No entanto, regras de transparência não parecem ser suficientes para lidar com transações com partes relacionadas porque, apesar da mudança de conduta percebida, as políticas adotadas pelas companhias ficaram muito aquém daquilo que seria recomendável sob o ponto de vista teórico. / This study intends to accomplish three tasks: (i) answering some theoretical questions regarding transparency as a regulatory strategy for the securities market; in this regard, it has reviewed the legal and economic literature on the role of information in the process of making economic decisions; (ii) mapping the Brazilian legal framework for related-party transactions, analyzing whether the regulatory strategies currently adopted mach what would be recommended from a theoretical stand point; in this regard, it has systematized the statutory rules, regulations, as well as the precedents set by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários), and has compared them to the most appropriate regulatory framework from a theoretical standpoint; and (iii) conducting an empirical test in order to assess the extent to which reforms carried in 2009 regarding periodic reporting were capable of changing the way public companies behave and, therefore, improving their corporate governance. The empirical test showed that, within only 3 years, the number of Brazilian public companies approaching related-party transactions more rigorously than required by law has virtually doubled (from 16% to 31.5%). The result is more significant among the special listing segments the ones which grew the most during the last ten years. In Novo Mercado, this number jumped from 19.5% to 46%, while in Nível 2 it went from 37% to 62.5%. However, transparency rules do not seem to be enough when addressing related-party transactions issues because, despite such change in behavior, the policies adopted by the companies have lagged well behind what would be appropriate from the theoretical point of view.

Em um mercado tão fortemente regulado como o de valores mobiliários, principalmente no que tange à divulgação de informações, é pertinente a indagação sobre a viabilidade de uma regulação específica sobre a atividade do jornalista especializado na área (o jornalista financeiro). O jornalista financeiro possui papel relevante neste mercado, pois atua na democratização da informação, atingindo, principalmente, os pequenos investidores. Todavia, a atividade jornalística, não realizada em conformidade com os objetivos do mercado de capitais, pode acarretar diversos problemas a este setor, advindos de conflitos de interesses, publicação de informações falsas, falta de conhecimento técnico sobre a matéria etc. Portanto, há necessidade de criação de normas de conduta que guiem os jornalistas a uma atuação ética e não atentatória aos princípios do mercado de valores mobiliários, incluindo o princípio da divulgação plena (full disclosure). Em 15 de agosto de 2007, a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) decidiu colocar em pauta discussão sobre a regulação dos jornalistas financeiros, por meio da publicação do Edital de Audiência Pública nº 09/07 (Edital), que propunha a alteração da Instrução CVM n.° 388, de 30 de abril de 2003 (ICVM 388), norma que regulava a atividade dos analistas de valores mobiliários. Utilizando-se do Edital, a CVM, na qualidade de órgão regulador estatal do mercado de capitais, tentou criar o que ela denominou de safe harbor, i. e. um porto seguro para o exercício da profissão, distinguindo tal atividade daquelas exercidas pelos analistas de valores mobiliários. A minuta da ICVM 388 continha determinados requisitos que dispensariam o jornalista de ser registrado na CVM como analista, mesmo nos casos em que ele atuasse como tal. Não obstante, o Edital foi duramente criticado pelo mercado e as alterações propostas não se concretizaram. Atualmente, no Brasil, a atividade específica do jornalista financeiro não é regulada por qualquer órgão estatal ou autorregulador. O presente trabalho se valerá do estudo de casos práticos envolvendo a regulação estatal e a autorregulação, com o objetivo de encontrar soluções para a criação do melhor conjunto regulatório para o jornalismo financeiro. A discussão sobre a regulação do jornalista é polêmica, e deve ser concebida de forma que não afete a liberdade do jornalista e que, em nenhum momento, possa ser equiparada à censura, que anula o princípio da liberdade de expressão e da liberdade de imprensa tão arduamente conquistados no Brasil. / In a market strongly regulated as the securities market, when making reference to the disclosure of information therein, it is important to inquire about the viability of a specific regulation on the activity of the journalist with expertise in such area (the financial journalist). The financial journalist plays an important role in this market, as he/she acts in the democratization of information, which may affect small investors. Thus, journalistic activity not performed in accordance with the objectives of the securities market may create several problems in this sector, which arise from conflicts of interest, publication of false information, lack of technical knowledge on the subject matter, amongst others. Therefore, it is necessary to create standards of conduct that guides journalists towards an ethical behavior which does not oppose the securities markets principles, including full disclosure. On 15 August 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil (CVM) decided to open for public discussion the financial journalists regulation topic through the publication of the Public Hearing Notice No. 09/07 (the Notice), which proposed an amendment to the CVM Instruction No. 388 of April 30 2003 (\"ICVM 388\") rule which regulated the activity of securities analysts. Through the Notice, the CVM, in its capacity of securities regulator, tried to create what it called a \"safe harbor\" for the profession, distinguishing this activity from the one exercised by securities analysts. The draft of the ICVM 388 contained certain requirements that would excuse the journalist from registering with the CVM as an analyst, even in those cases where he/she acts as an analyst. Nevertheless, the Notice was strongly criticized by the market and the proposed changes were not carried through. In Brazil, the specific activity of the financial journalist is currently not regulated by any agency or self-regulatory organization. The present work will analyze some case studies involving governmental regulation and self-regulation, with the aim of finding solutions to create the best regulatory set for the financial journalism. The discussion which surrounds the journalists regulation is controversial. Such regulation shall be designed in a way which does not affect the freedom of the journalist and, at no time, can it be equated with censorship, which curtains the hardly conquered principles of freedom of expression and freedom of press.

自1978年以來，大陸為促進經濟成長，大力鼓吹改革與開放。在諸多大小 改革項目中，有關證券市場的消息特別引人注目，一方面它和掀起證券熱 的廣大民眾利害相關；另一方面，處於關鍵地位的國營企業改革，也希望 在股份制試點中尋求出路。證券市場的動向，對這股經改主流，有著舉足 輕重的影響力。在兩岸實質上之經濟交流規模日漸擴大，國內資金快速而 大量進入大陸之現階段（目前台灣已成為大陸的第四大貿易夥伴），有些 人對大陸證券市場產生興趣。臺灣有關當局至今對國人公開買賣投資大陸 證券，基於種種考慮仍禁止之，但據非正式報導，臺灣已有相當數量之資 金不斷利用各種管道投入大陸股市。然而國人投資大陸股市不但資訊取得 不易，政治風險仍高，且兩岸之相關法令及規定亦有所不同，因此在投資 之前有必要對其加以深入了解。無容諱言，大陸證券市場未來之成敗及發 展結果，對我國未來證券市場，乃至整體金融安定、經濟發展之影響頗為 重大。而從大陸證券市場之特性及國人投資、籌資之需求，並以基本分析 之角度來看，現階段我們對大陸的「證券發行市場」應有進一步的了解。 因此本論文以證券發行市場為研究主題，並特別著重股票市場的全面性討 論與分析。藉由兩岸的比較，從制度面及法規面來分析其發行市場的整個 結構及運作，最後並說明其證券發行市場之國際化發展情況，以瞭解中共 為因應將來入關所積極努力的準備工作。

Bakgrund: Den svenska värdepappersmarknaden utgörs av en komplex marknadsstruktur med många intermediärer. En av de senast introducerade teknikerna är blockkedjetekniken, som ska förenkla interaktionen mellan aktörer. Tekniken är en distribuerad databas som byg- ger på en kedja av block där transaktioner och information kan registreras utan inblandning av tredje part. Finansiella aktörer undersöker blockkedjeteknikens användningsområden och potential, men som med alla innovationer uppkommer även utmaningar. Det är således av relevans att undersöka vilka användningsområden, utmaningar och påverkan som identi- fieras för blockkedjetekniken på värdepappersmarknaden. Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka vilka användningsområden, utmaningar samt påver- kan på marknaden och dess intermediärer som identifieras för blockkedjetekniken på den svenska värdepappersmarknaden. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har en kvalitativ ansats tillämpats för att erhålla en djupare förståelse för fenomenet. Det genomfördes fem stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma aktörer på den svenska värdepappersmarknaden och en intervju med en sakkunnig inom blockkedjeteknik. Slutsats: Studien visar att blockkedjetekniken har potential att automatisera och effektivi- sera manuella processer. Men teknikens fulla potential begränsas av rådande regelverk och en begränsad volymkapacitet. I studien framgår det att tekniken inte är applicerbar på de affärsområden som omfattar stora volymer, exempelvis clearing och avveckling av aktier. Vid implementering av enbart en blockkedja minskar informationsasymmetrier och transakt- ionskostnader. Men för närvarande finns ingen teknisk lösning för en interaktion mellan olika blockkedjor, vilket kan bidra till en ökad grad av informationsasymmetri. Studien har således bidragit till en ökad förståelse för blockkedjeteknikens potentiella applicerbarhet och påverkan på den svenska värdepappersmarknaden. / Background: The Swedish Securities Market structure is complex with many intermediar- ies. Blockchain is one of the latest introduced technologies, which offers a new way of inter- action. It is a distributed ledger which builds on a chain of blocks where transactions and information is registered without the need for a third party. Financial market players are in- vestigating the potential of the technology and its applications, but as with all new innova- tions there will be challenges. Thus it is of relevance to investigate applications, challenges and potential impact of the Blockchain technology in the Swedish Securities Market. Aim: The study aims to examine potential applications, challenges and impact the Block- chain technology can have on the Swedish Securities Market and its intermediaries. Completion: To fulfill the aim of the study and attain a deeper knowledge about Blockchain a qualitative research method has been applied. Five semi structured interviews were con- ducted with market players operating on the Swedish Securities Market. Furthermore one semi structured interview has been conducted with a Blockchain expert. Conclusion: The study concludes that Blockchain has the potential to automate and streamline manually performed processes. However the full potential is restrained by pre- vailing regulations and technical limitations concerning the volume capacity. The study con- cludes that Blockchain cannot be implemented for business areas which includes large amount of volume transactions, for example clearing and settlement of shares. If only one single Blockchain is implemented the information asymmetry and the transaction costs can be reduced. However there is no solution for enabling interaction between multiple Block- chains, which can increase the degree of information asymmetry. The contribution of the study is an increased knowledge of Blockchain and its potential for the Swedish Securities Market.

The thesis "The regulation of capital market regulation, with a focus securities market "deals with the regulation and supervision of the capital market and securities market in particular. The first part is devoted to explaining the concepts of regulation and supervision, classification system of regulation and supervision, securities regulation and the reasons for the stock market. primary goal of this work is to compare the regulatory system securities market in the Czech Republic and the EU to propose any recommendations for the country. further analyzes the situation in the EU and more attention is focused on the regulation system in the UK and Germany.

自2014年政府提出金融業「打亞洲盃」的政策願景後，金融業開始更為積極的構思如何佈局東南亞，其中證券業因國內市場經營不易，證券市場逐漸萎縮，因此更急需往國外發展，開拓業務範圍。唯東南亞國家多因語言差異、風俗習慣隔閡，及資訊取得不易等因素，台灣證券商在缺乏資訊的情況下難以判斷應佈局於何處，以及應如何佈局，故本研究藉由蒐集各國文獻及資訊之文獻分析法，統整分析後提出台灣證券業佈局東南亞可行的策略、方向，從最基礎的經濟環境切入，分析潛在市場規模大小和未來成長潛力，找尋合適的佈局標的，擴大經營版圖，擺脫台灣證券市場萎縮之困境，並建構出適合台灣證券業之國際化經營發展策略，期能與國外證券商分庭抗禮，乃至於發展為亞洲區域型券商。 / Since Taiwan government announced that financial sectors competing across Asia in 2014, Taiwan’s financial institutions has worked more aggressively on how to reaching out to Southeast Asia. Especially for securities sectors, Taiwan’s securities firms need to expand business abroad because Taiwan’s securities market are shriveling. Because of the shortage of data and difference of languages, it is difficult for Taiwan’s securities firms to do research in finding out appropriate target market to invest in. So the purpose of this study is to find out the most appropriate target market to invest in for Taiwan’s securities firms. This study found out the best entry target and the development strategy for Taiwan securities sectors to develop into regional securities firms in Asia by case study between international level securities firm and Taiwan securities firm.

Three essays are comprised in this dissertation to examine how institution and regulation frameworks affect the quality of financial reporting by banks. The empirical investigation on whether some governance mechanisms provide incentives for banks to report high quality financial information can have policy implications regarding bank regulation. Financial reporting quality is measured either by the level of earnings management or the extent of reporting conservatism. Using these two types of proxies for financial reporting quality, we examine whether reporting quality is affected by the legal protection on investors, bank supervision/regulation practices, or securities market governance mechanisms. In the first essay, we examine international differences in bank earnings management around the world. Following Leuz et al. (2003), we argue that bank earnings management is closely linked to private benefits of insiders. As a result, bank earnings management should be negatively related to institutional factors such as legal protection on investors and bank supervision policies that encourage market discipline on banks. Consistent with this prediction, we provide evidence that earnings management is less pervasive for banks in countries where investors are better protected and where supervision policies strongly encourage private-sector monitoring on banks. We also show that the legal protection mechanisms have stronger effects on curbing activities of earnings discretion, but bank supervision policies that encourage private-sector monitoring are better at limiting income smoothing activities. Our results also suggest that stringent capital requirement or strong government supervisions are less effective in reducing earnings activities of banks. In the second essay, we document that banks, especially those that are publicly traded, are conservative in their financial reporting. In particular, banks are conservative in reporting earnings changes and they incorporate more loan loss provisions when their operating cash flows decrease or when the amount of their problem loans increases. Banks also charge off more problem loans when their loan loss provisions increase. Our cross-country comparison shows that conservative financial reporting is more pronounced in countries where supervisors are empowered to take adequate actions against banks or where bank supervisory policies to encourage private-sector monitoring are more prevalent than in countries where there is less supervision or where there is less private-sector monitoring. In the third essay, we further investigate whether securities market governance explain the international differences of reporting conservatism across listing status of banks. Our results indicate that, after controlling for banking industry regulations, securities market governance has incremental effects on the reporting conservatism by public banks. The conservative reporting by public banks is stronger in countries where securities regulators are more empowered to intervene in banks for violations to securities laws. Furthermore, the stronger conservatism for public banks relative to private banks is widespread in countries with more developed bond market. The evidence suggests that public banks practice more conservative reporting than their private counterparts when debt contracting mechanisms function well.

Bakgrund: I och med den globala finansiella kris som utbröt år 2008 påvisades ett flertal brister i den befintliga lagstiftningen på finansmarknadsområdet. Den rådande EU-lagstiftningen behövde uppdateras och anpassas efter en mer komplex finansmarknad. Därmed antogs av Europaparlamentet och rådet år 2014 två nya rättsakter, MiFID II och MiFIR, i syfte att täcka rådande brister och vidareutveckla den befintliga regleringen i det gällande direktivet MiFID.   Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda och analysera de effekter som införandet av MiFID II får för finansiella rådgivare såväl som för portföljförvaltare i deras löpande verksamhet.   Genomförande: Studien har genomförts med ett rättsdogmatiskt angreppssätt i referensramen. Vidare används ett rättsekonomiskt angreppssätt i analysen där det även förs en etisk diskussion. Underliggande direktiv ”Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2014/65/EU av den 15 maj 2014 om marknader för finansiella instrument och om ändring av direktiv 2002/92/EG och av direktiv 2011/61/EU” har legat till grund för studien där störst vikt har lagts vid regeringens proposition 2016/17:162: “Nya regler om marknader för finansiella instrument”.                                                                  Slutsats: Studiens resultat av de analyserade ändringarna visar på att regleringen kring tillståndspliktiga värdepappersbolag kommer att bli mer omfattande samt att det kommer att ställas högre krav på dokumentation vid investeringssammanhang. Dessa ökade krav torde medföra att kostnaderna, för såväl tillståndspliktiga bolag som tillsynsmyndigheter, kommer att öka samtidigt som fler bolag kommer att bli tvungna att underkasta sig tillståndsplikt. Ur en konkurrenssynpunkt riskerar ändringarna att gynna stora och/eller kapitalstarka aktörer och därigenom snedvrida konkurrensen på marknaden. Det föreslagna provisionsförbudet torde å sin sida verka för att kapital omallokeras från bolag som tidigare levt på höga avgifter och incitamentsstrukturer till att istället förflyttas till bolag vilka levererar en bra tjänst och produkt. / Background: Due to the global financial crisis that occurred in 2008, multiple deficiencies in existing financial market legislation were identified. The current EU legislation was in need of update and to be adapted to a more complex financial market. Therefore, the European Parliament and the Council adopted two new legal acts in 2014, MiFID II and MiFIR, to overcome current shortcomings and further develop the existing regulation in the current MiFID Directive. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyze the effects of the introduction of MiFID II for financial advisors as well as for asset managers in their ongoing operations. Completion: The study has been conducted with a legal-judicial approach in the theoretical part, whereas we in the analysis part we use law and economics. In the analysis the ethical impact of the changes in legislation is also discussed. “Directive 2014/65/EU of the European parliament and of the council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU” as well as the Swedish bill “2016/17:162: “Nya regler om marknader för finansiella instrument” has provided the basis for the study. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the regulation of licensed securities companies will increase and become more extensive, and that there will be more requirements for documentation in investment context. These increased requirements will lead to a rise in costs, both for licensed companies and regulators, as more companies will need to be subject to a license requirement. From a competitive point of view, the changes tend to benefit large and/or capital-strong players, thereby distorting competition in the market. The prohibition of commission, on the other hand, should result in a re-allocation of capital from companies that previously received their incomes from high fees and incentive structures to instead be re-allocated to companies that deliver a good service and a good product.

Goal of master thesis Specifics of Quantitave Easing of ECB and exit strategy is to analyse monetary policy called Quantitative easing and its exit strategy. Largest part of thesis addresses this monetary policy on example of European central bank but there is also summary transmission mechanisms and opinions of effectivness of this monetary policy on examples of other central banks. On example of ECB this work describes process of quantitative easing. Also there is empicital analysis of impacts of purchases under Securities market programme on yields of goverment bonds. Result of this anylsis is finding that SMP was effective only partly, mainly at time of its announcement. Further the work analysis current balance sheet of ECB from the perspective of exit from quantitative easing concluding that ECB would be able to execute exit strategy to these days.