京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23481号 / 工博第4893号 / 新制||工||1764(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 信人, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 志村 智也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Die Dissertation setzt sich mit der Thematik der Arbeitssicherheit in produzierenden kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen der sächsischen Metall- und Feinmechanikindustrie auseinander. Dabei untersucht die Autorin mögliche Einflussfaktoren auf das Sicherheitsverhalten von Arbeitnehmer/innen, um Hinweise für verbesserte personalwirtschaftliche Methoden zu identifizieren. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit auf dem Einfluss, den direkte Kolleg/innen auf das individuelle Sicherheitsverhalten haben. Bisher standen in erster Linie die Aktivitäten von Manager/innen und Führungskräften im Fokus der Untersuchung. Jedoch liefern theoretische Grundlagen, wie die Theorie der sozialen Vergleichsprozesse, die Theorie der sozialen Identität, die Soziale Kategorisierungstheorie sowie Theorien des hilfreichen Verhaltens deutliche Hinweise, dass direkte und alltägliche Interaktionspartner/innen einen wesentlichen verhaltensbeeinflussenden Faktor darstellen. Dieser Aspekt wird mit dieser Dissertation aufgearbeitet. Es ist von Interesse, welchen Einfluss soziale Faktoren auf das individuelle Sicherheitsverhalten im Unternehmen haben. Neben Gruppenfaktoren werden deshalb auch Führungs- und Unternehmensfaktoren erfasst. Darüber hinaus sind individuelle Faktoren Gegenstand der Untersuchung. Dabei wird unter Sicherheitsverhalten einerseits das sicherheitsrelevante Verhalten, wie die Einhaltung von Sicherheitsregeln sowie das Auftreten von Beinahe-Unfällen, Verletzungen und Arbeitsunfällen verstanden. Ebenso zählt dazu das sicherheitsbezogene hilfreiche Verhalten zwischen Kolleg/innen in Form des gegenseitigen Hinweisens auf mögliche Gefahren bei der Arbeit sowie das Beseitigen von Gefahren. Die empirische Untersuchung erfolgt an einer Stichprobe von 358 Mitarbeiter/innen aus den produzierenden Bereichen sächsischer Industrieunternehmen, die mittels Fragebogen befragt werden (Rücklaufquote 67,2%). Zusätzlich kommt eine egozentrierte Netzwerkanalyse zum Einsatz, die insgesamt 328 Netzwerke von Arbeitnehmer/innen erfasst (Rücklaufquote 61,5%). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für das Entstehen von Verletzungen und Unfällen bei der Arbeit neben individuellen und Führungsvariablen vor allem Gruppenvariablen verantwortlich gemacht werden können. Dabei ist auch festzustellen, dass Beinahe-Unfälle sowie die Einhaltung von Sicherheitsregeln als zusätzliche Sicherheitsindikatoren genutzt werden können, um Ursachen für Verletzungen und Arbeitsunfälle frühzeitig aufzudecken. Darüber hinaus ergibt die Untersuchung, dass das sicherheitsbezogene hilfreiche Verhalten zwischen Arbeitnehmer/innen dazu beitragen kann, das Auftreten von Verletzungen und Arbeitsunfällen zu reduzieren. Dabei wird das sicherheitsbezogene hilfreiche Verhalten neben individuellen Variablen vor allem durch Gruppenvariablen bestimmt. Der Einsatz der egozentrierten Netzwerkanalyse gibt Hinweise dafür, dass direkte Kolleg/innen durch ihr Sicherheitsverhalten wesentlich dazu beitragen, ob sich Individuen sicherheitsgerecht verhalten. Somit liefert die Dissertation Hinweise dafür, dass Gruppenprozesse zwischen direkten Kolleg/innen für das Ausbilden von individuellem Sicherheitsverhalten relevant sind und für Führungsmethoden im Unternehmen beachtet und auch genutzt werden müssen. Durch die Festlegung von Arbeitssicherheit als ein wichtiges Teamziel können Führungskräfte dazu beitragen, dass sich Arbeitnehmer/innen damit identifizieren und zu ihrer Erreichung stetig beitragen. Dabei muss das Management besonders in kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen – wie sie in dieser Studie untersucht wurden – ihren Führungskräften die zeitlichen Ressourcen und Kompetenzen zur Verfügung stellen, um diesen Anforderungen der Personalführung gerecht werden zu können.

The construction industry has an increased focus on using sustainable methods to reach a more sustainable society but is still lacking the social aspect of sustainability. The belief is that this aspect has to be a natural part in construction projects to successfully plan and develop sustainable societies. A method to achieve this could be the use of Social Impact Assessment (SIA), a method frequently used in other countries such as U.S, Australia and Canada. The aim with the thesis is to investigate how this method can be used in a Swedish context, but also how the public in the best manner can be involved in decisions that affect them. To complement the theory with empirical findings a case study is done within Järvalyftet, one of the biggest redevelopment projects in the Stockholm region at the moment. A SIA deals with several areas and issues and is therefore complex to perform in an efficient way. It is consequently important to create a team with mixed disciplines to be able to manage the work and face the different problems in the best possible way. The thesis indicates that public involvement is of major importance to create an acceptance for the planned project among the affected parties in order to reduce both the timeframe and the costs of the project. Further, the thesis indicates that public involvement early on in a project facilitates for the affected people to deal with changes and trade-offs resulting by the project. / Byggbranschen har idag ett större fokus på att använda hållbara metoder i byggandet för att på så sätt nå ett mer hållbart samhälle, men saknar fortfarande fokus på den sociala aspekten inom hållbarhet. För att lyckas med att planera och bygga hälsosamma och hållbara samhällen måste de här aspekterna bli en naturlig del i byggprojekten. En metod för att lyckas med detta kan vara användandet av Social Konsekvensbeskrivning, en metod som ofta används i länder som USA, Australien och Canada. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur denna metod kan användas, men också hur allmänheten på bästa sätt kan bli involverade i beslut som berör dem själva. För att komplettera teorin som använts i arbetet har en case study gjorts inom Järvalyftet, ett av dagens största ombyggnadsprojekt i Stockholmsområdet. En SKB berör många olika områden och frågor och är därför en komplex process att genomföra. Det är följaktligen viktigt att skapa en grupp med varierande yrkesdiscipliner för att hantera arbetet och möta de olika problemen på bästa möjliga sätt. Arbetet visar på att allmänhetens deltagande är av stor betydelse för att skapa förankring bland berörda parter då ett projekt planeras, för att på så sätt minska både projektets tidsram och kostnad. Vidare visar även arbetet att involvering av allmänheten i ett tidigt skede av projektet underlättar för de berörda att hantera de förändringar och avvägningar som projektet medför.

This thesis describes and compares the practices of social impact assessments in Finland, Norway and Sweden. How are social impacts, as caused by any planned intervention, assessed in the countries? How do the countries' practices relate to the international theory and practice? What are the differences, and/or similarities, between the countries? SIA is a procedure of assessing and estimating potential social impacts as caused by some kind ofplanned intervention. The origin of SIA is commonly traced back to the introduction of environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, it has not won the same recognition as its cousin EIA. Since social aspects often are complex and thus difficult to measure and estimate, SIA can be used as a procedure to not only cope with quantitative aspects but also qualitative. Since EIA was introduced into legislation in Europe through the European Council, the Nordic countries have gradually introduced EIA, and impact assessment (IA), in their national legislation. There has not been any introduction of SIA per se in the legislation, however, assessment of social impacts are more or less included in the legislation covering EIA and IA. This thesis shows that SIA, in practice, is used to a differing extent in the countries and that there are some differences in what social impacts comprises and how they are assessed. In Norway the more overall and general IA is used including both biophysical impacts and social impacts, where the social impacts are de$ned and assessed in a rather quantitative way compared to the other two countries. In Finland and Sweden, SIA, as defined in the international theory and practice, is used to some extent. However, the practice in Sweden is not as widespread as in Finland and Norway, where social aspects and impacts seems to be more integrated in impact assessments. / Den här uppsatsen beskriver och jämför användningen i praxis av social impact assessments, sociala konsekvensbeskrivningar (SKB), i Finland, Norge och Sverige. Hur utreds sociala konsekvenser, som uppkommit till följd av en planerad aktivitet, i de olika länderna? Hur relaterar ländernas praxis med den internationella teorin och praxisen? Vilka är skillnaderna och/eller likheterna mellan länderna? SKB är ett tillvägagångssätt för att utreda och uppskatta potentiella sociala konsekvenser som uppkommit till följd av en planerad aktivitet. SKB brukar vanligtvis sägas ha sitt ursprung i och med introduktionen av environmental impact assessment, miljökonsekvensbeskrivningen (MKB), men har inte fått samma genomslag som sin kusin MKB:n. Eftersom sociala aspekter ofta är komplexa och invecklade, och därför svåra att mäta och uppskatta, kan SKB användas som en metod att hantera, inte bara kvantifierbara aspekter, utan även kvalitativa. Sedan MKB introducerades i europeisk lagstiftning genom Europeiska rådet har de nordiska länderna gradvis infört MKB, och konsekvensbeskrivningar, i deras nationella lagstiftning. SKB per se har inte introducerats i den nationella lagstiftningen, men utredningar av sociala konsekvenser är mer eller mindre en del av lagstiftningen för MKB och konsekvensbeskrivningar. Denna uppsats visar att SKB används i skiftande utsträckning i praxis i länderna och att det finns skillnader i vad sociala konsekvenser tycks omfatta och hur de utreds. I Norge används den mer övergripande och generella termen konsekvensbeskrivning vilken inkluderar både miljömässiga och sociala konsekvenser där de sociala konsekvenserna utreds och definieras i relativt kvantitativa termer jämfört med de andra länderna. I Finland och Sverige används SKB, som det definieras i den internationella teorin och praxisen, till viss del. Men den svenska praxisen är inte lika omfattande som i Finland och Norge där sociala aspekter och konsekvenser verkar vara mer integrerade i konsekvensbeskrivningar.

Problems related to sustainable development have become more worrying. Global major industries are responsible for these problems and tourism is one of them. Therefore, the travel and tourism industries need to take sustainability seriously, which requires adapting its business practice towards sustainable development to balance natural, social, and economic growth. As a result, sustainable business model literature in tourism is nascent. While the issue remains relevant, there are generally limited foundations to understand what impact new enterprises and entrepreneurial initiatives will create before market launch and early in their tenure. The study analyses the business model narratives of ecolodge managers/owners to understand how those decision-makers, who critically shape the configuration of sustainable BMs, think about sustainable impact as they build and launch their entrepreneurial ventures.  The study employs the Value-Based Business Model (Reinhold, 2014) and the Community Capitals Framework (Flora et al., 2004) to analyse the business models and social impacts of the ecolodges. Five ecolodge cases in Cambodia were chosen and their managers/owners were interviewed using a semi-structured interview on Zoom. Thematic analysis as part of a case study has revealed the perceived business model and social impacts of the new start-up ecolodges. The empirical and conceptual findings from this study contribute to the literature on the sustainable business model in the tourism and hospitality context, more particularly to the theoretical foundations towards developing predictive impact assessment of new ventures.

Syftet är att belysa vad som motiverar personer med funktionsnedsättning till idrott med hjälp av en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Studien utgår från parasport föreningen FIFH, där syftet genom studien är att försöka ta reda på vad FIFH har för betydelse för sina medlemmar och vad som motiverar medlemmar till fortsatt träning. Tre teman framställdes i studien; gemenskap, identitetsuppfattning och tillgänglighet. Parasporten visade ha betydelse ur en social aspekt, där medlemskapet i FIFH genererade ett rikare socialt liv och en känsla av samhörighet. Personer med funktionsnedsättning influeras från samhällets syn och utformning, vilket visade påverka sättet att förhålla sig och tänka. Här framställs FIFH vara betydelsefull med anledning att bidra till en positiv självbild bland medlemmar, vilket tyder på att FIFH dessutom har en betydelsefull inverkan för individers identitetsskapande. / The purpose is to shed light on what motivates people with disabilities to play sports using a qualitative interview study. The study is based on the parasport association FIFH, where the purpose of the studies is to try to find out what FIFH means to its members and as motivating members for further training. Three themes were presented in the study; community, identity perception and accessibility. Parasport proved to be important from a social aspect, where membership in FIFH generated a rich social life and a sense of belonging. People with disabilities are influenced by society's views and design, which has shown an effect on the way they relate and think. Here, FIFH is presented as significant due to contributing to a positive self image among members, which indicates that FIFH also has a significant impact on individuals' identity creation.

This thesis investigates possible approaches to social impact measurement in the context of corporate social responsibility initiatives and highlights possible challenges as well as the role of stakeholder interest. This is done by adopting a view focused on the social effectiveness for the beneficiaries of such initiatives, which is contrasting the hitherto existing way of evaluating impact predominately focused on internal and economic factors. Social impact-oriented corporate citizenship programmes of Deutsche Post DHL Group are chosen as a case study building the basis for the thesis. Information is collected in three in-depth semi-structured interviews with a company representative and two experts in the field and document analysis of corporate sustainability reports. The findings are discussed with the help of a theoretical framework based on stakeholder and legitimacy theory and qualitative characteristics for holistic impact measurement. The findings suggest that the development of appropriate tools and methods for (social) impact measurement is highly customised and adapted to the specific goals and intended outcomes of an intervention. Predefined and standardised measurement approaches, however, seem to have limited relevance and applicability. Moreover, effective measurement is especially feasible on an individual outcome level, while the social impact on a societal scale can only be achieved and summarised in an abstract and qualitative manner. In collaboration with its partners, Deutsche Post DHL Group appears to be strongly concerned about the effectiveness of its programmes and views impact measurement as an important part of its redesign. But the reporting of the company remains to be largely oriented on input and direct output levels.

Although there have been oscillations in airship interest since their use in the early 1900s, technological advancements and the need for more flexible and environmentally friendly transportation modes have caused a stream of study and surge in airship development in recent years. For companies and governments to understand how airships can be incorporated into their fleets to fulfil new or existing mission types, system design space exploration is an important step in understanding airships, their uses, and their design parameters. A decision support system (DSS), Design Exploration of Lighter-Than-Air Systems (DELTAS), was developed to help stakeholders with this task. DELTAS allows users to design airships and missions to determine how a design will perform in the scenario. Simulations can also be run for a given mission to find the Pareto-optimal designs for user-defined ranges of high-level airship design parameters. A case study is provided that demonstrates how DELTAS can be used to explore the airship design space for three specified missions. These three mission case studies show how design of experiments is important to more thoroughly cover the design space and to find and understand the relationships between airship design variables that lead to optimal mission times and costs. This research also explores the impacts of introducing an airship into operation. Engineered products have economic, environmental, and social impacts, which comprise the major dimensions of sustainability. This paper seeks to determine the interaction between design parameters when social impacts are incorporated into the concept development phase of the systems design process. Social impact evaluation is increasing in importance similar to what has happened in recent years with environmental impact consideration in the design of engineered products. Concurrently, research into new airship design has increased. Airships have yet to be reintroduced at a large scale or for a range of applications in society. Although airships have the potential for positive environmental and economic impacts, the social impacts are still rarely considered. This paper presents a case study of the hypothetical introduction of airships in the Amazon region of Brazil to help local farmers transport their produce to market. It explores the design space in terms of both engineering parameters and social impacts using a discrete-event simulation to model the system. The social impacts are found to be dependent not only on the social factors and airship design parameters, but also on the farmer-airship system, suggesting that socio-technical systems design will benefit from integrated social impact metric analysis. This thesis seeks to demonstrate how computer-aided engineering tools can be used to predict social impacts, to more effectively explore a system's design space, and to optimize the system design for maximum positive impact, using the modern airship as a case study.

[pt] Este estudo aborda o caso da startup Esporte e Saúde, analisando sua trajetória desde sua criação até o presente. A empresa opera como uma plataforma tecnológica que conecta indivíduos ao mundo do esporte, saúde e bem-estar. O setor de esporte, saúde e bem-estar é notoriamente volátil devido às rápidas inovações tecnológicas, o que exige constante reconfiguração estratégica, tecnológica e de serviços para se manter competitivo. Mesmo em meio a um ambiente desafiador, a startup foi capaz de prosperar e manter seu desempenho, inclusive durante uma crise pandêmica global. Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa, este estudo de caso concentra-se na liderança empreendedora da sócia fundadora da Esporte e Saúde, buscando compreender como suas ações e decisões contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de capacidades dinâmicas na empresa, a partir da perspectiva de diversas partes interessadas, como clientes, parceiros, colaboradores, investidores e a própria líder. A análise da Esporte e Saúde empregou a triangulação de dados, e envolveu a utilização de diversas fontes e métodos para examinar a liderança empreendedora e a geração de capacidades dinâmicas na organização. Isso incluiu a coleta de dados por meio de documentos internos da startup, entrevistas com vários stakeholders, questionários direcionados a clientes e parceiros, bem como a observação participante. A análise dos dados envolveu a comparação cruzada de informações para identificar padrões e relações subjacentes. A triangulação de dados contribuiu para a confiabilidade e validade das conclusões, proporcionando uma visão aprofundada da liderança empreendedora e das capacidades dinâmicas da Esporte e Saúde. / [en] This study addresses the case of the startup Esporte e Saúde, analyzing its trajectory from its creation to the present. The company operates as a technology platform that connects individuals to the world of sport, health, and wellness. The sports, health, and well-being sector is notoriously volatile due to rapid technological innovations, which requires constant strategic, technological and service reconfiguration to remain competitive. Even amid a challenging environment, the startup was able to thrive and maintain its performance, even during a global pandemic crisis. Using a qualitative approach, this case study focuses on the entrepreneurial leadership of the founding partner of Esporte e Saúde, seeking to understand how her actions and decisions contributed to the development of dynamic capabilities in the company, based on the perspective of various stakeholders, such as customers, partners, employees, investors, and the leader herself. The analysis of Esporte e Saúde employed data triangulation and involved the use of diverse sources and methods to examine entrepreneurial leadership and the generation of dynamic capabilities in the organization. This included data collection through internal documents of the startup, interviews with various stakeholders, questionnaires aimed at customers and partners, as well as participant observation. Data analysis involved cross-comparing information to identify underlying patterns and relationships. Data triangulation contributed to the reliability and validity of the conclusions, providing an in-depth view of the entrepreneurial leadership and dynamic capabilities of Esporte e Saúde.

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