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Aim: The work is about construction companies in Sweden that use BIM in their operations. The goal is to study different engineers within these companies and focus on what they require in their everyday work. With the help of the respondents'experiences and needs, an analysis can be made, and suggestions given about how BIM can be implemented without major problems. Method: The report is based on information taken from interviews aimed at supervisors,project managers and contracting engineers spread between four different construction companies. A literature study has been done to create a basis for the interviews that were conducted with all respondents. Result: Information needs vary depending on the respondent. Most people want accurate information, as much information as possible, visualization of the informationand a way to coordinate this. BIM is seen as a solution to information needs, but there are several obstacles with implementation such as lack of training, that it is a large investment and time-consuming to implement. Some of the respondents believe that a full BIM model should be sought after, while others are content to use BIM as a complement to their current working methods. Analysis: Most information needs can be met with BIM. The respondents generally see several advantages of BIM. They do not seem to understand how it should be implemented, which may indicate a lack of knowledge about what BIM is. The level of knowledge around the use of BIM needs to be increased. Discussion: In order to fully implement BIM, new routines need to be created and this can be done through training or recruiting a new role that works specifically with BIM.This person can delegate digitization within a company and thus contribute to an easier implementation of BIM. This is something that previous studies support as an idea. / Syfte: Arbetet handlar om byggentreprenadsföretag i Sverige som använder BIM i sinverksamhet. Målet är att studera olika ingenjörer inom dessa företag och fokusera påvilka informationsbehov de har i deras vardagliga arbete. Med hjälp av respondenternaserfarenheter och behov kan en analys göras och förslag tas fram på hur BIM kanimplementeras utan stora problem. Metod: Rapporten bygger på information tagen från intervjuer som riktas tillarbetsledare, projektledare och entreprenadingenjörer utsprida mellan fyra olikabyggentreprenadföretag. Litteraturstudie har gjorts för att skapa grund för intervjuernasom utfördes med alla respondenter. Resultat: Beroende på respondent varierar informationsbehov. De flesta vill ha noggrann information, så mycket information som möjligt, visualisering avinformationen samt ett sätt att samordna detta. BIM ses som en lösning påinformationsbehoven men det uppstår flera hinder med implementeringen såsom bristpå utbildning, att det är en stor investering och tidskrävande att implementera. Några av respondenterna anser att en fullständig BIM modell borde vara eftertraktad medan andra är nöjda att använda BIM som komplement till deras nuvarande arbetsmetoder. Analys: De flesta informationsbehov går att bemöta med BIM. Respondenterna ser generellt flera fördelar med BIM. De verkar inte förstå hur det ska implementeras, något som kan tyda på brist på kunskap kring vad BIM är. Kunskapsnivån kring användning av BIM behöver ökas. Diskussion: För att implementera BIM helt behöver nya rutiner skapas och detta kanske genom utbildning eller rekrytering av en ny roll som jobbar just med BIM. Denna person kan delegera digitaliseringen inom ett företag och på så sätt bidra till en lättare implementering av BIM. Detta är något som tidigare studier stödjer som en idé.

Worldwide, employee turnover has been and remains a concern for organizations. Previous research has shown that the loss of a valuable employee creates both tangible and intangible costs for companies, and organizations are therefore forced to focus their efforts on employee retention. Previous research has also shown that university graduates have capabilities that are of value in industries going through transformation, and that supervisors, i.e., employees with personnel responsibility, play an important role in the retention of this type of employee.  The purpose of this qualitative single case study is to investigate how a supervisor can contribute to the retention of their young university graduate employees, particularly in the context of a largescale enterprise in the Swedish automotive industry. This is done partly through a literature review concluded with a theoretical framework that summarizes the existing literature's suggestions about factors that contribute to employee retention. In this framework, suggestions from existing literature are separated into themes depending on what aspect of employee retention they deal with. These five themes, including job design, communication, leadership, organizational support as well as atmosphere and work environment, recur throughout this study to structure the findings. The investigation is also done through primary data collection in the form of interviews with young university graduate employees at the case company, as well as a focus group with supervisors from the case company. This is complemented by the collection of archival data. The interview data are then analyzed to find themes and patterns using the Gioia-method.  The study finds several factors and activities that young academic employees value at their workplace. Some of these findings include freedom under responsibility, helpful and supportive supervisors, personal development, cooperation between departments and an open workplace climate. The findings are discussed in relation to the study’s purpose as well as in relation to the theoretical framework. The study concludes by summarizing the extent to which the findings of this study confirm the suggestions from previous literature under each of the five themes, as well as by presenting the findings that extend the theoretical framework. The findings that extend the framework include networking, benefits, an open climate, varying work tasks, a well-structured introduction process, as well as a beneficial geographic location of the office. For each of the five themes, practical suggestions are also given concerning how a supervisor can contribute to the retention of their young university graduate employees. / Runtom i världen har medarbetaromsättning varit och är fortfarande ett bekymmer för organisationer. Tidigare forskning har visat att bortfallet av en värdefull medarbetare skapar både materiella och immateriella kostnader för bolag, därför måste organisationer anstränga sig för att behålla sina medarbetare. Tidigare forskning har också visat att akademiker besitter förmågor som är av värde i industrier som genomgår transformation, samt att chefer spelar en viktig roll i att behålla denna typ av medarbetare.  Syftet med denna kvalitativa fallstudie är att undersöka hur en chef kan bidra till bibehållandet av sina unga högskoleutbildade medarbetare, specifikt i kontexten av ett storskaligt bolag inom den svenska fordonsindustrin. Detta görs delvis genom en litteraturstudie som avslutas med ett teoretiskt ramverk, där den existerande litteraturens förslag kring faktorer som bidrar till bibehållandet av medarbetare summeras. I detta ramverk delas litteraturens förslag in i teman beroende på vilken aspekt av bibehållandet av medarbetare som de behandlar. Dessa teman; arbetsdesign, kommunikation, ledarskap, stöd från organisationen samt atmosfär och arbetsmiljö, återkommer genom studien för att strukturera upp resultaten. Undersökningen görs också genom primär datainsamling i form av intervjuer med unga högskoleutbildade medarbetare på fallstudiebolaget, samt en fokusgrupp med chefer från fallstudiebolaget. Detta kompletteras med insamling av arkivdata. De data som samlats in från intervjuerna analyseras sedan för att identifiera teman och mönster enligt Gioia-metoden.  Studien finner flertalet faktorer och aktiviteter som unga högskoleutbildade medarbetare värderar på sin arbetsplats. Några av dessa inkluderar frihet under ansvar, hjälpsamma och stöttande chefer, personlig utveckling, samarbete mellan avdelningar och ett öppet arbetsklimat. Dessa resultat diskuteras i relation till studiens syfte samt i relation till det teoretiska ramverket. Studien avslutar genom att summera till vilken grad studiens resultat bekräftar förslagen från tidigare litteratur under de fem olika temana, samt genom att presentera de resultat som utökar det teoretiska ramverket. De resultat som utökar ramverket inkluderar nätverkande, förmåner, ett öppet arbetsklimat, varierande arbetsuppgifter, en välstrukturerad introduktionsprocess samt en fördelaktig geografisk placering av kontoret. För var och en av de fem temana presenteras också praktiska förslag för hur en chef kan bidra till bibehållandet av sina unga högskoleutbildade medarbetare.

The Supervisory Agency for Private Investment in Telecommunications, a decentralized public agency in charge of regulating and supervising the telecommunication services market, has the regulatory and supervisory capacity on telecommunication services at national level. Nevertheless, the dynamics of this activity is so complex that could eventually require to improve its supervisory techniques. The study proposes to design an automated model for an optimal processing of users’ complaints and claims, proposed as a contribution of the thesis to improve OSIPTEL supervisory role in the current conditions of significant rates of users’ claims and complaints that the operators are not able to diminish. In addition, it proposes to perform the application of SERVQUAL measurement scale of expectations, LIKERT type, which operates by differences between the expected and received service of the user. This tool is incorporated to the proposed model in order to measure accurately the actual user needs of these services and consequently, the level satisfaction of the service received. Finally, it considers incorporating into the proposed model a mechanism of direct user involvement required to obtain knowledge and effective attention to their needs about these services through surveys and other means of organized consultation. Due to its type, this is a mixed, descriptive – inferential investigation as it is led to define and describe the telecommunication service issue supplied by the operators to the end users at national level, by means of an analysis and a statistical inference of claims and complaints of these services whose validity is statistically laid down according to the data available at OSIPTEL about the claims and complaints from 2011 to 2015. The validity of inferences is verified by using statistical tools, descriptive statistics, frequency tables and statistical summaries of trend and variability, inferential statistics, estimate and hypothesis test supported by the empirical evidence and statistical calculation of the variable indicators content, key aspects of the troublesome reality to consider. The instruments used for the data collection in the metropolitan Lima area were as follows: simple closed survey SERVQUAL with a 5-value ordinal scale LIKERT applied to the telecommunication service users carried out inside the operator facilities to make complaints or claims, in total 58 users, proportional amount corresponding to the total sample which represents the current quality of service received as well as a list of claims and complaints from the telecommunication users registered on the OSIPTEL database within the metropolitan Lima area during the five-year period (2011-2015) amounting to 290 registers of individual claims and complaints. After analyzing the number of claims and complaints of the OSIPTEL database, it shows relative percentage proportions of the number of claims and complaints during the period 2011-2015 repeated over time and without correction as a whole. Year after year, two of them stand out in the country: Incorrect invoicing – 42% and infringement of deadlines – 32%. The systemized processing of claims and complaints from the telecommunication service users, supplied by the operators, did not contribute significantly to the enhancement of the service supplied. Year after year, indicators show that both claims and complaints as well as their rate of occurrence remain essentially the same and are also quite numerous. With the proposed model, by applying the SERVQUAL criterion and other integrated management tools, it is possible to optimize this management and, if it were implemented, OSIPTEL would have the means to improve the supervisory and regulatory role of the operators and supply accessible and quality telecommunication services within a framework of effective competition and be recognized by the population as an independent, technical and innovative institution. / El Órgano Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones (OSIPTEL), una entidad pública descentralizada encargada de regular y supervisar el mercado de servicios de telecomunicaciones, cuenta con la capacidad para la regulación y supervisión de los servicios de telecomunicaciones a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, la dinámica de esta actividad es de tal complejidad que necesitaría eventualmente el perfeccionamiento de sus técnicas de supervisión. El estudio plantea diseñar un modelo sistematizado de procesamiento óptimo de quejas y reclamos de los usuarios, propuesto como aporte de la tesis para mejorar la función supervisora por parte de OSIPTEL en las actuales condiciones de significativas tasas de reclamos y quejas de los usuarios, que las operadoras no logran disminuir. En adición, plantea elaborar la aplicación de la escala de medida de expectativas SERVQUAL, de tipo LIKERT, que opera por diferencias entre lo esperado y lo recibido por el usuario. Esta herramienta es incorporada al modelo propuesto para que mida, con las necesidades reales de los usuarios de estos servicios, y, por lo tanto, el grado de satisfacción por el servicio recibido. Finalmente, se plantea incorporar al modelo propuesto el mecanismo de participación directa de los usuarios, que es lo que se requiere para recopilar la información y ofrecer así la atención efectiva de sus necesidades respecto a estos servicios, mediante encuestas y otros medios de concertación organizada. Por su tipo, esta es una investigación mixta, descriptivo-inferencial, porque está dirigida a caracterizar y describir el problema de los servicios de telecomunicaciones, proporcionado por las operadoras a nivel nacional de cara a los usuarios finales mediante el análisis e inferencia estadística de reclamos y quejas de estos servicios, cuya validez se establece estadísticamente con los datos disponibles en OSIPTEL sobre los reclamos y quejas recibidos entre los años 2011 y 2015. La validez de las inferencias se comprueba mediante el uso de herramientas estadísticas; estadísticas descriptivas: tablas de frecuencias y estadísticos resúmenes de tendencia y variabilidad; estadísticas inferenciales: estimación y test de hipótesis, concurso de la evidencia empírica y el cálculo estadístico del contenido de los indicadores de las variables, aspectos clave de la realidad problemática a considerar. Los instrumentos que se emplearon para el levantamiento de los datos en el ámbito de Lima Metropolitana fueron los siguientes: encuesta cerrada simple SERVQUAL, con escala LIKERT ordinal de cinco valores, aplicada a los usuarios del servicio de telecomunicaciones, realizada en el interior de los establecimientos de las operadoras, que tienen como objetivo realizar un reclamo o queja: siendo en total 58 usuarios, cantidad proporcional a un periodo del total de la muestra, el cual representa la calidad de servicio que actualmente se recibe. Así como un registro de número de reclamos y quejas de la base de datos de OSIPTEL de los usuarios de telecomunicaciones en el ámbito de Lima Metropolitana durante el quinquenio (2011–2015), haciendo un total 290 registros de reclamos y quejas individuales. El análisis de registro de número de reclamos y quejas de la base de datos de OSIPTEL muestra proporciones porcentuales relativas del número de reclamos y quejas durante el periodo 2011-2015 que se repiten a lo largo del tiempo y no se corrigen en su conjunto. Año tras año sobresalen en el país dos: facturación incorrecta en un 42% e infracción de plazos en un 32%. El procesamiento sistematizado de los reclamos y quejas de los usuarios de los servicios en telecomunicaciones, brindado por las operadoras, no contribuyó de manera apreciable a la mejora del servicio proporcionado. Año tras año, los indicadores muestran que, tanto los rubros de reclamos o quejas, como su tasa de ocurrencia, permanecen esencialmente iguales y además son bastante numerosos. Con el modelo propuesto, aplicando el criterio SERVQUAL, y otras herramientas de gestión integradas, es posible optimizar esta gestión, y en la eventualidad de que fuese implementado, OSIPTEL tendría los medios para mejorar la función supervisora y reguladora de las operadoras, y lograr que se brinden servicios de telecomunicaciones accesibles y de calidad en un marco de efectiva competencia, de manera que serían reconocidos por la población como una institución autónoma, técnica e innovadora. / Tesis

La presente investigación contiene el estudio de dos herramientas jurídicas que emplea el Estado Peruano en la relación contractual que mantiene con los concesionarios que participan en el mercado de infraestructura de transporte de uso público. Estas herramientas son las penalidades y las sanciones administrativas. Las primeras tienen naturaleza civil y buscan garantizar el cumplimiento de una obligación; y las segundas, poseen naturaleza administrativa y cumplen un rol punitivo por la transgresión a las normas. Por lo tanto, si bien ambas permiten desincentivar los incumplimientos en los que pudieran incurrir los concesionarios, deben tramitarse desde sus respectivos procedimientos. Sin embargo, en el sector de infraestructura de transporte se ha presentado una confusión conceptual porque se ha creado un procedimiento especial para aplicar las penalidades, el cual dista de la naturaleza civil que tienen tales figuras y las aproxima al ámbito del derecho administrativo sancionador. Así ha ocurrido que el Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Infraestructura de Transporte de Uso Público (OSITRAN) ha emitido una Directiva a través de la cual crea una vía administrativa para imponer las penalidades, como si éstas fueran sanciones administrativas. La situación antes descrita incide sobre la integridad de los contratos de concesión en tanto que deja sin efecto la cláusula de solución de controversias, llevando los conflictos a sede judicial como última instancia. Esto genera tres potenciales problemas: incertidumbre y riesgo regulatorio, incremento de costos de transacción a nivel contractual e ineficacia del sistema de cumplimiento. En este contexto, la tesis aborda el análisis de las penalidades y las sanciones administrativas, considerando lo establecido en el marco normativo y el criterio expuesto por el OSITRAN, con el fin de esclarecer que son figuras que requieren un procedimiento de aplicación acorde con su naturaleza jurídica. A su vez, deja en evidencia que el problema se origina por la confluencia innecesaria de ambas, al haberse asignado para un mismo tipo de incumplimiento en los contratos de concesión. En nuestro estudio se concluye que OSITRAN carece de competencia legal para regular un procedimiento de aplicación de penalidades. Asimismo, se hace visible que la confusión conceptual involucra al Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones, y a la Agencia de Promoción de la Inversión Privada por haber incluido, en los contratos de concesión, un régimen de penalidades que adolece de los defectos mencionados. Por ello, en esta investigación se analiza el régimen de penalidades con el fin de identificar los incumplimientos que sólo deberían ser objeto de penalidades y no de sanciones administrativas. De este modo, se le asigna a cada herramienta el uso que le corresponde según su naturaleza, reduciendo así la posibilidad de que puedan confluir sobre un mismo tipo de incumplimiento. Finalmente, como último propósito de la tesis, se plantea la idea de mejorar el procedimiento establecido en la Directiva, armonizándolo con el mecanismo de solución de controversias pactado por las partes, haciendo uso de la regulación responsiva; y se elaboran unos Lineamientos para la formulación de una cláusula que regule el régimen de penalidades en los contratos de concesión que a futuro se suscriban o que forme parte de las modificaciones contractuales a insertarse en los proyectos de inversión que así lo requieran. / The present investigation contains the study of two legal tools that the Peruvian State uses in the contractual relationship that it maintains with the concessionaires that participate in the transport infrastructure market for public use. These tools are penalties and administrative sanctions. The first ones have a civil nature and seek to ensure the compliance of an obligation; and the second ones have an administrative nature and have a punitive role when exist a transgression of the normative rules. Therefore, although both of them discourage contractual breaches in which the concessionaires could incur, penalties and administrative sanctions must be processed in their respective procedures. However, in the public transport infrastructure sector, conceptual confusion has arisen because a special procedure has been created to apply the penalties, which is far from the civil legal nature of penalties and, conversely, brings them closer to the scope of sanctioning administrative law. As it has happened, the Supervisory Organism of Investment in Public Transport Infrastructure (OSITRAN) has issued a Directive that creates an administrative procedure to impose penalties, as if these were administrative fines. The aforementioned situation affects the integrity of the concession contracts, as it leaves the dispute resolution clause without effect, taking the disputes to court as a last resort. This generates three potential problems: uncertainty and regulatory risk, increase in contractual costs and inefficiency of the compliance system. In this context, the thesis broaches the analysis of penalties and administrative sanctions, considering what is established in the regulatory framework and the criteria exposed by OSITRAN, in order to clarify that they are figures that require an application procedure according to their legal nature. At the same time, it shows that the problem is caused by the unnecessary confluence of both of them, having been assigned for the same type of noncompliance in the concession contracts. In our study, it is concluded that OSITRAN lacks legal competence to regulate a penalty application procedure. Likewise, it is visible that the conceptual confusion involves the Ministry of Transport and Communications, and the Agency for the Promotion of Private Investment for having included, in concession contracts, a penalty regime that suffers from the aforementioned shortcomings. Therefore, in this investigation the penalties regime is analyzed in order to identify the breaches that should only be subject to penalties and not administrative sanctions. Finally, as the final purpose of the thesis, the idea of improving the procedure established in the Directive is proposed, harmonizing it with the dispute resolution mechanism agreed by the parties, making use of the responsive regulation; and some Guidelines are prepared for the formulation of a clause that regulates the penalties regime in concession contracts that are going to be subscribed in the future or that form part of the contractual modifications to be inserted in investment projects that require it. / Tesis

This dissertation presents three article manuscripts investigating contemporary human resource management issues in the United States (US) federal government. Drawing on the behavioral public administration approach, the three articles hypothesize and test theoretical models using data from the US Office of Personnel Management's employee surveys. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation of this dissertation, theoretical backgrounds, and a summary of the three research studies conducted. Chapter 2 presents the first article manuscript, looking at the generational difference issue and its implications for theories and practices. Drawing on generational theories, this study empirically compares affective commitment of federal Millennials and Generation Xers. This study uses time-lag data from the 2011 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS) and the 2004 Federal Human Capital Survey (FHCS). The results show no statistically significant differences between the two generations in terms of their affective commitment levels and how several work experiences influence the two generations' attitude. As such, this study provides evidence to reduce generational stereotypes in the public sector. Chapter 3 draws on conservation of resources theory to address perceptions of workload in the public workplace. Using structural equation modeling method with data from the 2019 FEVS, this study finds that supervisor support can sequentially help enhance coworker support, perceived reasonable workload, and job satisfaction, while tangible job resources moderate the above relationship. This study deepens scholarly understandings and points to appropriate practical strategies to enhance employees' perceptions of reasonable workload and job satisfaction in public workplaces. Chapter 4 looks at the issue of trust in different levels of management and its effects on employees, building on the trickle effects models and job demands-resources model. Analysis of 2019 FEVS data finds that employee trust in senior leaders and direct supervisors are positively related to as well as interact with each other to influence public employees. This research also finds trust in senior leaders and direct supervisors indirectly affects extra-role behavior through psychological well-being, and that workload moderates these effects. Chapter 5 concludes this dissertation with summaries of research findings, theoretical and practical implications, research limitations, and future research directions. The quantitative empirical methods used in this dissertation contribute to a community of inquiry using diverse data and methods. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation investigates issues related to managing people in the US federal government. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation of the study, lays out the theoretical background, and presents a brief summary of the three research studies conducted. Chapter 2 examines whether federal employees belonging to the Millennial generation (those born between 1982 and 1999) differ from those of the Generation X (those born between 1965 and 1981) in their affective commitment and how job experiences influence the attitude of these generations. The findings show no substantial differences between the two generations, providing evidence to reduce generational stereotypes in the public sector. Chapter 3 investigates the ways to help employees feel their workload as more reasonable and enhance their job satisfaction. It found that supervisor support can sequentially help enhance coworker support, perceived reasonable workload, and job satisfaction, while tangible job resources moderate the above relationship. As such, this study suggests appropriate management strategies to enhance employees' perceptions of reasonable workload and job satisfaction in public workplaces. Chapter 4 looks at the issue of trust in different levels of management and its effects on employees. It found that employee trust in senior leaders and direct supervisors can influence as well as enhance the effect of each other on employees. Also, trust in senior leaders and direct supervisors indirectly affects extra-role behavior through psychological well-being. Meanwhile, reasonable workload enhances the effect of trust in senior leaders on employees but decreases the effect of trust in supervisors on employees. Chapter 5 concludes this dissertation with summaries of research findings, the contributions of this dissertation, research limitations, and future research directions.

Uno de los mecanismo más innovadores y populares de la administración pública para incidir en la esfera jurídica del administrado son las medidas correctivas; sin embargo, las mismas son materia de comentarios y criticas constantes. En adición a ello, es en el ámbito de las telecomunicaciones en las que observa la mayor cantidad de medidas impuestas, a pesar que la regulación no resulta ser tan amplia ni minuciosa como en otros ámbitos. Dado que su utilización ayuda a combatir las infracciones de los administrados, pues otorga una respuesta inmediata frente a los daños ocasionados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer en qué medida las medidas correctivas impuestas por OSIPTEL resultan ser un mecanismo de arbitrariedad y abuso hacia el administrado. Asimismo, la hipótesis que trabajaremos en este artículo es que, en el ejercicio, las medidas correctivas interpuestas por el regulador OSIPTEL resultan ser un mecanismo de arbitrariedad y atropello a los derechos del administrado. Para lograr ello, se analizará dos casos actuales del regulador en cuestión, esto en aras de observar las vulneraciones y deformaciones que sufre la figura en su ejercicio. Todo ello, para concluir que, en el desarrollo de sus facultades, el Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones vulnera principios básicos; por lo que, si resultan ser un mecanismo de arbitrariedad y abuso las medidas correctivas impuestas. / One of the most innovative and popular mechanisms of public administration to influence the legal sphere of the administered is corrective measures; however, they are the subject of constant comments and criticism. In addition to this, it is in the field of telecommunications that it observes the greatest number of imposed measures, despite the fact that the regulation does not turn out to be as extensive or detailed as in other areas. Since it is use helps to combat the infractions of the administered ones, since it provides an immediate response to the damages caused. The objective of this work is to establish to what extent the corrective measures imposed by OSIPTEL turn out to be a mechanism of arbitrariness and abuse towards the company. Likewise, the hypothesis that we will work on in this article is that, in the exercise, the corrective measures brought by the regulator OSIPTEL turn out to be a mechanism of arbitrariness and violation of the rights of the company. To achieve this, two current cases of the regulator in question will be analyzed, this in order to observe the violations and deformations that the figure suffers in its exercise. All this, to conclude that, in the development of its powers, the Supervisory Agency for Private Investment in Telecommunications violates basic principles; Therefore, if the corrective measures imposed turn out to be a mechanism of arbitrariness and abuse.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur studenter på sjökaptensprogrammet upplever kvaliteten på den fartygsförlagda utbildningen baserat på fartygstyp och hur den skiljer sig mellan dem olika fartygen. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes totalt sex intervjuer med studenter på Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar. Resultatet visar att studenterna överlag är nöjda med kvaliteten på den fartygsförlagda utbildningen. Tankfartyg beskrivs som den fartygstyp med högst kvalitet på praktiken där studenterna får mer utrymme att ta eget ansvar och utveckla sina färdigheter som framtida styrmän. Vissa moment lyfts däremot fram som något som studenter gärna får mer tid att träna på, såsom förtöjningar och reseplanering. Respondenterna lyfter fram ett flertal faktorer som påverkar kvaliteten på praktiken, bland annat handledningen, besättningens engagemang och vad man får göra ombord som kadett. / This study aims to investigate how the students on the Master Mariner Programme perceive the quality of the ship-based training based on the type of vessel and how it differs between different types of ships. Utilizing a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews, a total of six interviews were conducted with students at the Kalmar Maritime Academy. The results show that students are generally satisfied with the quality of the ship-based training. Tankers are described as the vessel type with the highest quality of ship-based training, where students have more opportunities to take personal responsibility and develop their skills as future officers. However, some aspects are highlighted as areas where students would like more time and room to improve on, such as mooring operations and voyage planning. Respondents identify several factors that influence the quality of the ship-based training, including the mentoring, crew engagement and what tasks are assigned to the cadets.

En el sector de energía existen cargos, recargos y tarifas que se cobran con ocasión de la prestación de servicios públicos o de la venta o importación de determinados hidrocarburos. Estos se caracterizan por haber sido creados a través de normas jurídicas (principalmente con rango de ley), ser de carácter obligatorio, no ingresar al presupuesto nacional ni a fondos públicos, no constituir ingresos para los sujetos que los recaudan y ser administrados y/o regulados por el Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en la Energía y la Minería. La presente investigación analiza, mediante el estudio de casos, la naturaleza jurídica de nueve de estos cargos, recargos o tarifas contrastándolos con los conceptos de tarifa de servicios públicos, tributo y de recursos parafiscales. Dado el escaso desarrollo del concepto de parafiscalidad en la doctrina y la jurisprudencia peruana, se construye una definición operativa a partir de la experiencia comparada (Francia, España y Colombia) y la regulación nacional existente. La investigación concluye que, en la mayoría de los casos, dado que lo recaudado no constituye ingreso para quien lo recauda ni constituye ingreso público, estos no tienen naturaleza de tarifa ni de tributo sino que son recursos parafiscales. Ello cuestiona la posición tanto del sector de energía y minas como del organismo regulador según la cual estos cargos, recargos y tarifas tienen naturaleza tarifaria. / In the energy sector there are charges, surcharges and fees that are charged for the provision of public services or the sale or import of certain hydrocarbons. These are characterized by being created through legal rules (mainly with the rank of law), be mandatory, do not enter the national budget or public funds, do not constitute income for the subjects who collect and be administered and / or Regulated by the Supervisory Body for Investment in Energy and Mining. The present study analyzes, through the case study, the legal nature of nine of these charges, surcharges or rates in contrast to the concepts of public service tariff, tribute and parafiscal resources. Given the limited development of the concept of parafiscalism in Peruvian doctrine and jurisprudence, an operational definition is constructed based on comparative experience (France, Spain and Colombia) and existing national regulation. The investigation concludes that, in most cases, since the proceeds do not constitute income for the person who collects it and does not constitute public income, they are not tax or tax nature, but rather are parafiscal resources. This challenges the position of both the energy and mining sector and the regulatory body that these charges, surcharges and tariffs are tariff-based.