本文以維度縮減(dimension reduction)為主題，介紹其定義以及四種目前較被廣為討論的處理方式。文中首先針對Li (1991)所使用的維度縮減定義型式y = g(x,ε) = g1(βx,ε)，與Cook (1994)所採用的定義型式「條件密度函數f(y | x)=f(y |βx)」作探討，並就Cook (1994)對最小維度縮減子空間的相關討論作介紹。此外文中也試圖提出另一種適用於pHd的可能定義(E(y | x)=E(y |βx)，亦即縮減前後y的條件期望值不變)，並發現在此一新定義下所衍生而成的子空間會包含於Cook (1994)所定義的子空間。 有關現有四種維度縮減方法(SIR、SAVE、SIR-II、pHd)的理論架構，則重新予以說明並作必要的補充證明，並以兩個機率模式(y = bx +ε及y = |z| +ε)為例，分別測試四種方法能否縮減出正確的方向。文中同時也分別找出對應於這四種方法的等價條件，並利用這些等價條件相互比較，得到彼此間的關係。我們發現當解釋變數x為多維常態情形下，四種方法理論上都不會保留可以被縮減的方向，而該保留住的方向卻不一定能夠被保留住，但是使用SAVE所可以保留住的方向會比單獨使用其他三者之一來的多(或至少一樣多)，而如果SIR與SIR-II同時使用則恰好等同於使用SAVE。另外使用pHd似乎時並不需要「E(y│x)二次可微分」這個先決條件。 / The focus of the study is on the dimension reduction and the over-view of the four methods frequently cited in the literature, i.e. SIR, SAVE, SIR-II, and pHd. The definitions of dimension reduction proposed by Li (1991)(y = g( x,ε) = g1(βx,ε)), and by Cook (1994)(f(y | x)=f(y|βx)) are briefly reviewed. Issues on minimum dimension reduction subspace (Cook (1994)) are also discussed. In addition, we propose a possible definition (E(y | x)=E(y |βx)), i.e. the conditional expectation of y remains the same both in the original subspace and the reduced subspace), which seems more appropriate when pHd is concerned. We also found that the subspace induced by this definition would be contained in the subspace generated based on Cook (1994). We then take a closer look at basic ideas behind the four methods, and supplement some more explanations and proofs, if necessary. Equivalent conditions related to the four methods that can be used to locate "right" directions are presented. Two models (y = bx +ε and y = |z| +ε) are used to demonstrate the methods and to see how good they can be. In order to further understand the possible relationships among the four methods, some comparisons are made. We learn that when x is normally distributed, directions that are redundant will not be preserved by any of the four methods. Directions that contribute significantly, however, may be mistakenly removed. Overall, SAVE has the best performance in terms of saving the "right" directions, and applying SIR along with SIR-II performs just as well. We also found that the prerequisite, 「E(y | x) is twice differentiable」, does not seem to be necessary when pHd is applied.

<p>Bit-parallel addition can be performed using a number of adder structures with different area and latency. However, the power consumption of different adder structures is not well studied. Further, the effect of pipelining adders to increase the throughput is not well studied. In this thesis four different adders are described, implemented in VHDL and compared after synthesis. The results give a general idea of the time-delay-power tradeoffs between the adder structures. Pipelining is shown to be a good technique for increasing the circuit speed.</p>

Denna uppsats tar sin början i ett intresse av att studera ungdomars konstituerande av identitet. Vi valde att utföra vår studie i Rädda Barnens projekt Ellen &amp; allan som arrangerar samtalsgrupper med en normkritisk agenda för ungdomar i 14-års ålder. Syftet är att genom en kvalitativ studie skapa förståelse för hur ungdomarna som deltar i Ellen &amp; allan konstituerar en maskulin respektive feminin identitet, samt betydelsen av ungdomarnas sociala relationer för detta konstituerande.  Studiens omfattning utgörs av tre intervjuer med projektledare och samtalsledare för projektet och av sex timmars observation vid fyra separata tillfällen i en Ellengrupp och i en allangrupp. Intervjuerna bidrog till kunskap om projektet som förberedde oss och skapade ett tydligt fokus inför vårt möte med fältet. Intervjuerna var utformade på ett sådant sätt att de kom att generera material som korrelerade med våra observationsdata.  Från vår analys av intervjuer och observationer drar vi slutsatsen att ungdomarnas behov av att skapa och upprätthålla sociala relationer leder till en konformitet inom samtalsgrupperna som bidrar till att ungdomarnas konstituerande av maskulin respektive feminin identitet görs med ursprung i en maskulin heterosexuell hegemoni. I denna hegemoni förknippas den maskulina identiteten med överordning och makt medan den feminina identiteten är passiv och underordnad och anses vara den maskulina identitetens motsats. / The notion of this study initially started taking shape through our interest in studying the constitution of identity in young adolescent people. The study was carried out in the Save the Children project Ellen &amp; allan which organizes discussion groups with a norm-critical agenda for young people in the age of 14. The purpose of this study was to analyze how young people participating in Ellen &amp; allan constitutes a masculine and feminine identity, and the importance of young people's social relationships for this constituent.  The study consists of three interviews with project managers and discussion leaders of the project, and of six hours of observation on four separate occasions in an Ellen-group and in an allan-group. The interviews contributed to an understanding of the project which prepared us and created a clear focus for our meeting with the field. The interviews were also designed in such a way that they came to produce data that could be correlated with our observation data.  From our analysis of the interviews and observations, we conclude that young people’s need to create and maintain social relationships lead to conformity within the discussion groups, contributing to adolescents constituting a masculine and feminine identity that originates from a masculine heterosexual hegemony. In such hegemony the masculine identity consists of attributes of agency and power, whereas the feminine identity is passive and subordinate and is considered being the opposite of a masculine identity.

Bit-parallel addition can be performed using a number of adder structures with different area and latency. However, the power consumption of different adder structures is not well studied. Further, the effect of pipelining adders to increase the throughput is not well studied. In this thesis four different adders are described, implemented in VHDL and compared after synthesis. The results give a general idea of the time-delay-power tradeoffs between the adder structures. Pipelining is shown to be a good technique for increasing the circuit speed.

Many Departments of Transportation (DOTs), including Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), have been challenged by inadequate funding from traditional federal and state fuel taxes, increasing construction cost, aging highway system, traffic congestions, and recent natural disasters, compromising their primary mission to provide safe vehicle transportation routes with adequate capacity. Furthermore, environmental awareness and sustainability concept have strengthened and sparked debates in Congress, culminating with several regulatory policies that affect, inclusively, transportation projects. This scenario has prompted DOTs to pursue innovative ways to reduce maintenance cost (at minimum) and generate revenue (at maximum) exploiting their assets, and to meet the new regulations. Likewise, the Center of Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin undertook a comprehensive research study to identify and determine when, where, and under what circumstances TxDOT should pursue the implementation of which Value Extraction Application (VEA), and how to effectively recognize and involve key stakeholders. As a result, 11 VEAs were identified. In addition, a methodological framework – embedding a multi-attribute criteria analysis matrix as the decision making method - was devised to guide TxDOT throughout the process of identifying, evaluating, comparing, and selecting the most appropriate VEA while a list of stakeholders associated with each VEA and a stakeholder analysis framework was provided to help TxDOT to identify and reach out key stakeholders. / text

Στα πλαίσια της έλλειψης της μελέτης του φαινομένου της ΑΘΝ σε περιφερειακές Ελληνικές πόλεις, η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή παρουσιάζει και αναλύει τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης του φαινομένου της ΑΘΝ σε δύο μικρές πόλεις της περιφέρειας, το Αγρίνιο και τα Ιωάννινα. Στόχος της εργασίας είναι να μελετήσει την ύπαρξη της ΑΘΝ, καθώς και να προσδιορίσει την ένταση και τη μορφή της. Για το σκοπό αυτό ένα δίκτυο αισθητήρων θερμοκρασίας σε συνδυασμό με μετεωρολογικούς σταθμούς αναπτύχθηκε στις δύο πόλεις και θερμοκρασιακά δεδομένα συλλέχθηκαν για το σχηματισμό του θερμικού τους προφίλ. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν έντονη παρουσία του φαινομένου κυρίως κατά τις βραδινές ώρες και ένταση θερμικής νησίδας που φτάνει και τη μέση τιμή των 3.8 οC το μήνα Αύγουστο στο Αγρίνιο ενώ στα Ιωάννινα για την ίδια περίοδο το φαινόμενο έχει πιο ήπια μορφή (1.5 οC). Για την αντιμετώπιση του φαινομένου, την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας καθώς και τη βελτίωση της θερμικής άνεσης των κτιρίων πόλεων που αντιμετωπίζουν πρόβλημα με την ΑΘΝ, μελετήθηκε η περίπτωση χρήσης υδρόφιλων ενεργειακών υλικών ως επικάλυψη οροφών, για μείωση της ροής θερμότητας από την οροφή με εξατμιστικό δροσισμό καθώς και τα δευτερεύοντα ενεργειακά κέρδη από μια πιθανή εγκατάσταση φωτοβολταϊκών οροφής. Η μελέτη περιλάμβανε την ανάπτυξη πειραματικής διάταξης αεροσήραγγας για τη δοκιμή των υλικών, με προσομοίωση των καιρικών συνθηκών της πόλης κατά του καλοκαιρινούς μήνες, όπου και το φαινόμενο της αστικής θερμικής νησίδας είναι πολύ έντονο, καθώς και ανάπτυξη φωτοβολταϊκών σε ταράτσα πανεπιστημιακού κτιρίου. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι ο εξατμιστικός δροσισμός μπορεί να αποτελέσει μια πολλά υποσχόμενη μέθοδο για την αντιμετώπιση της ΑΘΝ, ενώ η εγκατάσταση φωτοβολταϊκών μπορεί να συνεισφέρει επίσης στην εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας για δροσισμό τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες, επιπλέον της παραγωγής ενέργειας. / Due to the lack of research on the field of the UHI effect in minor Greek cities, this thesis presents and analyzes the results of studying the UHI phenomenon in two small cities of the Greek province, Agrinio and Ioannina. Our aim was to study the existence of the UHI phenomenon as well as to determine its intensity and its type. In order to achieve that, a network of thermal sensors and meteorological stations was set on the two cities and temperature data were collected in order to define their thermal profile. The results point severe presence of the phenomenon especially during the nocturnal hours while the intensity of the phenomenon reaches up to 3.8 οC during August in Agrinio while in Ioannina at the same period the phenomenon is softer (1.5 οC). To mitigate the problem, save energy and improve the thermal capacity of the urban buildings in cities where the UHI occurs, the use of hydrophilic materials as a layer sheathing the roof was developed, in order to control the thermal flow from the roof by evaporative cooling. Furthermore, secondary energy benefits from a possible photovoltaics roof installation were investigated. Our research included the developing of an experimental set-up of a wind tunnel where sample materials were tested, by simulating the weather conditions of the city during the summer months, exactly the period of the high UHI intensity, as well as the installation of photovoltaics on a terrace of the university. The results indicate that evaporative cooling might be a very promising method in the field of the UHI phenomenon confrontation while the installation of photovoltaics can contribute in power saving for cooling during the summer months, in addition to electricity production.

Tyrimo tikslas - išsiaiškinti sąmoningai save žalojančių ir turinčių savižudiškų tendencijų paauglių sveikatai nepalankaus elgesio ypatumus. Tyrime dalyvavo 690 tiriamųjų. Iš jų 379 (54,9 %) vaikinai ir 311 (45,1 %) merginų. 38 (5,5 %) respondentai nurodė sąmoningai save žalojantys, iš jų tik 13 (1,9 %) tiriamųjų išsakė neturintys savižudiškų ketinimų. 86 (12,5 %) paaugliai nurodė turintys savižudiškų ketinimų, iš kurių 61 (8,9 %) respondentas turintis savižudiškų ketinimų, tačiau savęs nežaloja. Tai reiškia, kad 25 (3,6 %) tiriamieji ir sąmoningai save žaloja, ir turi savižudiškų ketinimų. Tiriamųjų amžius nuo 12 iki 19 metų. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog paaugliai yra labiau linkę save žalojant turėti savižudiškų ketinimų, nei tie, kurie savęs nežaloja, tačiau turi savižudiškų ketinimų. Tik sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai be savižudiškų ketinimų vartoja alkoholinius gėrimus, elgiasi agresyviai ir turėjo ankstyvų lytinių santykių rečiau nei sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai turintys savižudiškų ketinimų, tačiau dažniau nei tik savižudiškų ketinimų turintys paaugliai. Taip pat galima pastebėti tendencijas, kad tik sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai be savižudiškų ketinimų rūko ir vartoja narkotines medžiagas rečiau nei sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai turintys savižudiškų ketinimų, tačiau dažniau nei tik savižudiškų ketinimų turintys paaugliai. / The survey has been targeted to find out the peculiarity of adolescents health untoward behavior between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal tendencies. There were 690 participants in the survey, 379 (54,9 %) boys and 311 (45,1 %) girls. 38 (5,5 %) participants were self-injurers, 13 (1,9 %) of them were non-suicidal self-injurers. 86 (12,5 %) adolescents noted to have suicidal tendencies, 61 (8,9 %) of them noted to have only suicidal tendencies without self-injuring behavior. It means that 25 (3,6 %) respondents self-injure themselves and report suicidal tendencies. The participants age was from 12 to 19 years old. The results showed that adolescents are tend to report suicidal tendencies the same time when they are self-injuring compared to those who does not self-injure and report only suicidal tendencies. Adolescents who experience non-suicidal self-injure, use alcohol, drugs, behave aggressive and have early sexual intercourse more rarely than those who self-injure and report suicidal tendencies, but more often then those, who report only suicidal tendencies. Also there can be noted the tendency, that non-suicidal sel-injurers smoke cigarettes and use drugs more rarely than those adolescents who self-injure and report suicidal tendencies, but more often then those adolescents, who report only suicidal tendencies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoJCS_TESE.pdf: 2219820 bytes, checksum: 632b7cd6622130b3bdc61f441c42e663 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Due to lack of work on the history of Baptist schools in the Northeast region of Brazil, it is important to understand through a historical reconstruction of the Baptist Protestant education. We embarked on this venture as a chance to understand the presence of Protestant schools, and his ideas on Brazilian soil. Our goal is to promote a reflection which has the axial dimension of the Baptists Protestant education, in time, we will place the debate between 1902-1942. The temporal boundaries of 1902-1942 was because 1902 was when he started the American Baptist College of Recife in 1942 and that ends the cycle of managing directors of Americans. Understand the functionality of time a school is justified when we realize that the history of education is the story of a work of self and formation within a framework that has the school as the main support that can enable a reading of reality. We also intend to examine the school culture brought to Brazil by American missionaries and their applicability in the Brazilian cultural-historical context. And just to demonstrate the hypothesis that the educational contribution of Baptists added to the participation of other Protestants promoted advances in Brazilian society. Possibly taking for granted that the Baptists were in possession of the democratic ideals of religious freedom, taken by many representatives and religious version of the republican regime. In addition to promoting a model in Brazil to make different methodological schools, based on the ideals of new school and ethics of the Bible. Our proposed research aims at understanding how North American missionaries settled in Brazil and what were the purposes of adding to the efforts of evangelization to formal education, binomial that justified the establishment of schools. A vision of saving men for evangelization and education of the Devil attack victims over the ethics of Christ / Devido ? aus?ncia de trabalhos sobre a hist?ria das escolas batistas na regi?o Nordeste do Brasil, se faz importante compreender a reconstitui??o hist?rica da educa??o protestante batista. Embarcamos nessa empreitada como possibilidade de compreender a presen?a das escolas protestantes e seu ide?rio em solo brasileiro. O nosso objetivo ? o de promover uma reflex?o que tenha como dimens?o axial a educa??o protestante dos batistas, no tempo, situaremos o debate entre 1902-1942. A escolha da delimita??o temporal (1902-1942) se deu porque 1902 foi o ano de funda??o do Col?gio Americano Batista do Recife e 1942 o ano do t?rmino do ciclo da gest?o dos diretores norte-americanos. Compreender a funcionalidade temporal de uma institui??o escolar se justifica quando entendemos que a hist?ria da educa??o ? a hist?ria de um trabalho de auto e heteroforma??o, num quadro que tem a institui??o escolar como principal suporte que pode possibilitar uma leitura da realidade. Tamb?m pretendemos analisar a cultura escolar trazida ao Brasil pelos mission?rios norte-americanos e sua aplicabilidade no contexto hist?rico-cultural brasileiro, e assim demonstrar a hip?tese de que a contribui??o educacional dos batistas somada ? participa??o dos demais protestantes hist?ricos promoveu avan?os na sociedade brasileira. Possivelmente tendo como pressuposto que os batistas foram portadores dos ideais democr?ticos da liberdade religiosa, tidos por muitos como representantes e vers?o religiosa do regime republicano. Al?m de promover no Brasil um modelo metodol?gico diferenciado de fazer escola, pautado nos ideais da Escola Nova e na ?tica da B?blia. Nossa proposta de pesquisa busca o entendimento de como os mission?rios norte-americanos se fixaram no Brasil e quais foram os prop?sitos de adicionarem aos esfor?os da evangeliza??o a educa??o formal, bin?mio que fundamentou a cria??o de escolas. Uma vis?o de salvar, pela evangeliza??o e educa??o, os homens que sofreram ataques do Diabo em detrimento da ?tica de Cristo

Dizertační práce se zabývá algoritmy SegDWT pro segmentový výpočet Diskrétní Waveletové Transformace – DWT jedno i vícedimenzionálních dat. Segmentovým výpočtem se rozumí způsob výpočtu waveletové analýzy a syntézy po nezávislých segmentech (blocích) s určitým překryvem tak, že nevznikají blokové artefakty. Analyzující část algoritmu pracuje na principu odstranění přesahu a produkuje vždy část waveletových koeficientů z waveletové transformace celého signálu, které mohou být následně libovolně zpracovány a podrobeny zpětné transformaci. Rekonstruované segmenty jsou pak skládány podle principu přičtení přesahu. Algoritmus SegDWT, ze kterého tato práce vychází, není v současné podobně přímo použitelný pro vícerozměrné signály. Tato práce obsahuje několik jeho modifikací a následné zobecnění pro vícerozměrné signály pomocí principu separability. Kromě toho je v práci představen algoritmus SegLWT, který myšlenku SegDWT přenáší na výpočet waveletové transformace pomocí nekauzálních struktur filtrů typu lifting.

Som en reaktion på kriget i Ukraina sökte Rädda Barnens lokalförening i Halmstad kunskap om hur de kunde fylla behoven som flyktingarna hade, vilket resulterade i att projektet Barnvänlig Plats startades och var den första direktstödsverksamheten i Halland som lades utanför flyktingförläggningarna. De arbetar efter barnkonventionen och strävade efter att skapa en plats dit utsatta barn kunde söka sig till för att få trygghet och möjlighet till utveckling. Det finns bristande kunskap kring hur direkstödsversamheter kan etableras och komplettera den offentliga sektorn. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att öka förståelsen för de handlingar som varit viktiga i förverkligandet av projekt Barnvänlig Plats och öka förståelsen för hur en direkstödsverksamhet kan etableras så att barns rättigheter kan stärkas nu och i framtiden. Frågeställningen som behandlas är hur det kommer sig att projekt Barnvänlig plats har blivit ett relativt lyckat projekt. För att besvara syfte och frågeställning hämtar studien inspiration från Grounded Theory och har i kombination med kvalitativa intervjuer samlat in intervjupersonernas erfarenheter av projektet som utmynnat i teorier. Kodningsprocessen resulterade i fyra handlingar: initiativ, samverkan, lokalisering, och uppmärksammat projekt som skapade verksamheten från grunden. Den teoretiska referensramen i studien utgörs av social handling och sociala band som används för att skapa en förståelse för hur resultatet besvarar syftet med studien. Slutsatsen blir att alla som bidragit till platsen har arbetat efter barnkonventionen och sett ett värde i att handla för att förverkliga platsen. / As a reaction to the war in Ukraine, Save the Children local association in Halmstad sought knowledge about how they could meet the needs of the refugees, which resulted in the project Child Friendly Place being started and was the first direct support activity in Halland that was placed outside the refugee shelters. They work according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and strove to create a place where vulnerable children could turn to for security and the opportunity to develop. There is a lack of knowledge about how direct support activities can be established and complement the public sector. The purpose of this master's thesis is to increase understanding of the actions that were important in the realization of the project Child-Friendly Place and to increase understanding of how a direct support activity can be established so that children's rights can be strengthened now and in the future. The question being addressed is how it is that the project Child-friendly place has become a relatively successful project. In order to answer the purpose and question, the study draws inspiration from Grounded Theory and, in combination with qualitative interviews, has collected the interviewees' experiences of the project, which resulted in theories. The coding process resulted in four actions: initiative, collaboration, localization, and noted project that created the business from the ground up. The theoretical frame of reference in the study consists of social action and social ties that are used to create an understanding of how the result answers the purpose of the study. The conclusion is that everyone who contributed to the place has worked according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and saw value in acting to make the place a reality.