The diploma thesis in the theoretical part deals with the concept of parental education regarding the media - media parenting. It provides a comprehensive view into this issue; describes its individual types, deals with various variables (on the part of parent and child) that affect the degree and the preferred strategy of media education. In the theoretical part I also mention the negative and positive influence of modern media on the education of children. The thesis also includes recommendations of world organizations for the prevention of problem and risky media use and the presentation of selected tools that measure the degree of media parenting. The main goal of the practical part of the work was to create a new questionnaire that would comprehensively determine the degree and style of media parenting, applied to parents of children 1-3. elementary school class. In this work I describe the process of its creation and subsequent verification in a pilot study. The diploma thesis also presents the psychometric properties of the questionnaire (e. g. the degree of internal consistency of the scales, or the results of confirmatory factor analysis). Based on the collected data, I further analyzed relationships between the scales of media parenting and other variables of socio-economic and...

Bakgrund: Forskning visar att skärmanvändningen hos barn- och ungdomar går allt längre ner i åldrarna. Det går också att se ett samband mellan ökad skärmtid och ohälsa hos barn- och ungdomar. Skärmvanor är ett relativt nytt ämne som tas upp på BHV och forskningen är begränsad. Detta ställer höga krav på att BHV-sjuksköterskor har effektiva strategier och tillräckligt med evidensbaserad kunskap om skärmanvändandets effekter på barnet för att ge råd och stöd till familjer på BHV. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka BHV-sjuksköterskors hälsofrämjande strategier med föräldrar och barn om skärmvanor. Metod: En induktiv kvalitativ design användes. Barnsjuksköterskor och distriktsjuksköterskor från olika barnhälsocentraler i södra och mellersta Sverige deltog i studien. Nio semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls. Deltagarna valdes ut genom strategiskt urval samt snöbollsurval. Data samlades in och analyserades enligt Granheim och Lundmans manifesta innehållsanalys. Resultat: Två huvudkategorier framkom i resultatet: Samtalets betydelse, som belyser vikten av samtalen på BHV för att skapa goda relationer med familjerna. Vikten av information, som är betydelsefullt för att kunna nå ut med evidensbaserad information till föräldrar och barn. Slutsats: BHV-sjuksköterskorna upplevde otillräckligt med kunskap om hur samtal kring skärmvanor på BHV kunde hållas. De saknade även uppdaterad forskning och tydliga riktlinjer relaterat till skärmvanor. / Background: The research shows that the use of screens by children and young people goes lower down in ages . It is also possible to see a connection between increased screen time and reduced health in children and young people. Screen habits are a relatively new topic addressed at BHV and the research is limited. This sets high demands that BHV nurses have effective strategies and all the knowledge about the effects of screen use on children in order to be able to give the right evidence-based advice and support to the families at BHV. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate BHV nurses' health promotion strategies with parents and children about screen habits. Method: An inductive qualitative design was used. Children's nurses and district nurses from various child health centers in southern and central Sweden participated in the study. Nine semi-structured individual interviews were held. The participants were selected through both a strategically selection and snowball selection. Data was collected and then analyzed according to Graneheim and Lundman's manifest content analysis. Results: Two main categories emerged in the results: The importance of the conversation, which highlights the importance of the conversations at BHV to create good relationships with the families. The importance of information, which is significant to be able to reach out with evidence-based information to families. Conclusion: The BHV nurses experienced inadequat knowledge about how conversations about screen habits at the BHV could be held. They also lacked up-to-date research and clear guidelines related to screen habits.

I dagens moderna samhälle är den digitala tekniken en stor del av vår vardag och ses som ett relativt nytt samhällsproblem. Under det senaste decenniet har användandet av digital teknik ökat explosionsartat i alla åldersgrupper i samhället. Barn och unga är idag mer stillasittande än förr och skärmtiden prioriteras framför aktiv lek. Distriktssköterskan arbetar för att främja hälsa för hela befolkningen och kan vara verksam inom skolan som skolsköterska. Skolan är en viktig arena för att implementera en hälsosam livsstil från tidig ålder och vikten av en god vårdrelation ses som betydelsefullt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur skolsköterskan arbetar med skärmtid hos barn i skolan. Designen utgörs av en integrativ litteraturöversikt där tolv vetenskapliga artiklar har identifierats från databaserna Cinahl, Pubmed och Medline och därefter granskats utefter vald granskningsmall samt utarbetade kriterier. Vilket resulterade i tre huvudteman och sju subteman som beskriver hur skolsköterskan kan arbeta. Av resultatet framkom vikten av att samarbeta med både vårdnadshavare och övriga vuxna i skolan. Men även att skolsköterskan har en viss kunskap om vad barnen gör på internet. Det hälsofrämjande arbetet med att främja rörelse och begränsa skärmtid sågs som betydelsefullt. Denna uppsats kan påvisa vikten av att identifiera och undervisa gällande skärmtidens effekter för hälsan på både kort och lång sikt. / In today´s modern society, digital technology is a large part of our everyday life and is seen as a large part of our everyday life and is seen as a relatively new social problem. During the last decade, the use of digital technology has increased explosively in all age groups in society. Children and young people today are more sedentary than before, and screen time is prioritized over active play. The district nurse works to promote health for the entire population and can work within the school as a school nurse. The school is an important arena for implementing a healthy lifestyle from an early age and the importance of a good care relationship is seen as significant. The purpose of the essay is to investigate how the school nurse works with screen time in children at school. The design consists of an integrative literature review where twelve scientific articles have been searched from the databases Cinahl, Pubmed and Medline and then reviewed according to the selected review template and prepared criteria. Which resulted in three main themes and seven sub-themes that describe how the school nurse can work. The results revealed the importance of collaborating with both guardians and other adults in the school. But also, that the school nurse has some knowledge of what the children do on the internet. The health – promoting work of promoting movement and limiting screen time was seen as significant. This essay can demonstrate the importance of identifying and teaching about the health effects of screen time in both the short and long term.

Many different strategies have been used to study screen time control to deal with the side effects of dark patterns. However, users might be annoyed by those methods that create too strong “friction” and give them up too soon. To explore this design space, I turned to reflective design, which is a systematic approach including participants in the design process for critical reflection and new knowledge. Since TikTok is a representative prevalent social media platform in recent years, in this study, I did a reflective design of 5 interventions of adding “weak friction” to the TikTok platform as a probe and invited 8 participants to test them. The results suggest there is an untapped potential for weak friction to counteract the side effects of dark patterns and support novel self-restriction ways when using social media apps. The probe also resulted in rich material that documented participants’ attitudes, feelings and expectations of friction, in order to raise attention from researchers, UX practitioners and authorities of designing friction in social media apps. / Många olika strategier har använts för att studera skärmtidskontroll för att hantera biverkningarna av mörka mönster. Användare kan dock bli irriterade över de metoder som skapar för stark "friktion" och ger upp dem för tidigt. För att utforska detta designutrymme vände jag mig till reflekterande design, vilket är ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt som inkluderar deltagare i designprocessen för kritisk reflektion och ny kunskap. Eftersom TikTok är en representativ utbredd social medieplattform under de senaste åren, gjorde jag i denna studie en reflekterande design av 5 interventioner för att lägga till "svag friktion" till TikTok-plattformen som en sond och bjöd in 8 deltagare att testa dem. Resultaten tyder på att det finns en outnyttjad potential för svag friktion för att motverka biverkningarna av mörka mönster och stödja nya självbegränsningssätt när man använder appar för sociala medier. Undersökningen resulterade också i ett rikt material som dokumenterade deltagarnas attityder, känslor och förväntningar på friktion, för att väcka uppmärksamhet från forskare, UX-utövare och myndigheter för att designa friktion i appar för sociala medier.

Background: Loneliness, a feeling of distress, has aggravated due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and reduced social interactions. The objective of this study was to explore whether increased loneliness due to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with various eating and activity behaviours in adolescence, a critical period for the development of lasting lifestyle habits. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used self-reported data from 43,588 and 40,521 Canadian adolescents aged 12-19 years (collected between November 2020 and June 2021) for eating habits and the 24-hour movement behaviours, respectively. Binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to predict the odds of various lifestyle behaviours among adolescents with increased loneliness due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: We found higher odds of skipping breakfast [boys: OR 1.41 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.50), girls: OR 1.64 (95% CI: 1.56, 1.74)], fast food consumption [1-2 days in the past week: girls - OR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.21); ≥3 days in the past week: boys - 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.24), girls - OR: 1.42 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.57)], not meeting screen time [boys: OR 1.43 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.66), girls: OR 1.72 (95% CI: 1.54, 1.92)], and sleep duration guidelines [boys: OR 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.48), girls: OR 1.36 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.45)] among adolescents that reported increased loneliness due to the pandemic (versus those in the decreased/stayed the same loneliness group). Conclusion: Future longitudinal studies in adolescents are needed to confirm the directionality of these associations. It is important to raise awareness of these findings among public health practitioners, policymakers, physicians, schools and parents to promote healthier eating habits and increase adherence to the 24-hour movement behaviours. Recovery efforts post-pandemic are needed to reduce loneliness levels to support adolescent social health and establish healthy behavioural habits across the lifespan.

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Screen media activity such as watching TV and videos, playing video games, and using social media has become a popular leisure activity for children and adolescents. The effect of screen time has been a highly debated topic; however, there is still very little known about it. Using a dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development longitudinal study 4 217 young adolescents, that met the requirements, could be retrieved for this thesis project after processing of the data. This thesis project investigated causal order between genetic effect (cognitive performance Polygenic scores (PGSs)), screen time activity, brain morphology (structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) for surface area and cortical thickness), lack of perseverance, and cognitive performance (crystallized IQ) with a machine learning algorithm DirectLiNGAM. A clear correlation between screen media activity and PGS was found for all types of screen time activities but only video games and social media correlated to the global surface area. Furthermore,  TV and video seem to affect lack of perseverance, and lack of perseverance, in turn, affects time spent on video games. These findings imply that different types of social media are not as alike as we thought and can affect adolescents differently. Taken together, these findings support previous research on screen media activity's effect on lack of perseverance, brain morphology, and cognitive performance, and propose new causal inference between genetics and screen time. Lastly, the algorithm used in this thesis project inferred reasonable causal orders and can be seen as a very good complement to today's causal modeling. / Skärmaktivitet som att titta på TV och video, spela videospel och använda sociala medier har blivit en populär fritidsaktivitet för barn och ungdomar. Effekten av skärmtid har varit ett mycket debatterat ämne; det finns dock fortfarande mycket lite kunskap om det. Med hjälp av datasetet från Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development långtidsstudien kunde 4 217 ungdomar, som uppfyllde specifika krav, väljas ut för detta avhandlingsprojekt efter bearbetning av datan. Detta avhandlingsprojekt undersökte kausal ordning mellan genetisk effekt (Polygenic scores (PGS) för kognitiv prestation), skärmtidsaktivitet, hjärnmorfologi (strukturell Magnet Resonans Imaging (sMRI) för hjärnans ytarea och hjärnbarks tjocklek), brist på ihärdighet och kognitiv förmåga (kristalliserad IQ) med en maskininlärningsalgoritm DirectLiNGAM. Tydlig korrelation mellan skärmaktivitet och PGS hittades för alla typer av skärmaktiviteter men endast videospel och sociala medier korrelerade till den globala ytarean. Dessutom verkar TV och video påverka brist på ihärdighet och brist på ihärdighet i sin tur påverkar hur mycket tid som spenderas på videospel. Dessa resultat antyder att olika typer av sociala medier inte är så lika som vi trodde och kan påverka ungdomar olika. Sammanlagt stöder dessa upptäckter tidigare forskning om skärmtidseffekt på brist på ihärdighet, hjärnmorfologi och kognitiv förmåga och föreslår en ny kausal inferens mellan genetik och skärmtid. Slutligen ledde algoritmen som användes i detta avhandlingsprojekt fram till rimliga kausala ordningar och kan ses som ett mycket bra komplement till dagens kausala modellering.

Objectif: Examiner le lien entre la participation des parents aux activités physiques (AP) de leur enfant et les habitudes de vie et le statut pondéral de ces derniers. Méthode: Les données proviennent de l’Enquête Sociale et Santé des Enfants et des Adolescent Québécois (1999), comprenant des échantillons représentatifs de jeunes de 9, 13 et 16 ans (n=2511). L’implication des parents est définie par aucun, 1 seul, ou 2 parents faisant de l’AP avec leur enfant ≥1/semaine. Un rappel 7 jours a servi à classer les jeunes selon leur niveau d’AP, soit faible, modéré ou élevé. Le temps d’écran a été défini par: ≤14 vs. >14 heures/semaine. Le statut pondéral a été défini selon les critères de Cole. Résultats: Lorsque les deux parents participent aux AP du jeune, le niveau d’AP des adolescents de 13 (OR 3.89, IC 95%: 1.85-8.18) et 16 ans (OR 3.45, IC 95%: 1.32-9.01) est davantage élevé, et le temps d’écran moindre (OR 2.36, IC 95%: 1.30-4.25) chez ceux de 13 ans. Des analyses secondaires montrent que le lien entre l’implication des parents et le niveau d’AP des jeunes est présent chez les familles biparentales seulement; le lien avec le temps d’écran est présent dans les quartiers sécuritaires seulement. Aucune association n’est observée pour le statut pondéral. Conclusion: Les stratégies de promotion de la santé ciblant la participation des parents aux AP de leurs enfants pourraient réduire le fardeau des maladies chroniques, étant donné l’association favorable entre leur implication et les habitudes de vie des jeunes. / Objective: To examine the association between parental involvement in their child’s physical activity (PA) and child lifestyle behaviours and weight status. Methods: Data were from the 1999 Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey, comprising representative samples of youth aged 9, 13, and 16 years. Parental involvement in PA with their child was assessed and measured as both, one, or neither parent engaging in PA with their child ≥once/week, based on parent reports. A 7-day PA recall was used to categorize youth as inactive, moderately-active, or highly-active. Screen time was classified as ≤14 and >14 hours of TV and video viewing/week. Overweight status was defined according to Cole’s sex- and age-specific BMI cut-points. Results: Participants (n=2511) with both parents engaging in PA with them ≥once/week (vs. neither parent) were more likely to be highly-active at ages 13 (OR 3.89, 95% CI: 1.85-8.18) and 16 (OR 3.45, 95% CI: 1.32-9.01), and to report ≤14 hours/week of screen time at age 13 (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.30-4.25). No associations were observed for weight status. We examined effect modification in post-hoc analyses; the association between parental involvement and youth PA was present in two-parent households only, while the association between parental involvement and screen time was only present in neighbourhoods perceived to be safe by parents. Conclusion: Health promotion strategies targeting parental involvement in youth PA may reduce the future burden of chronic disease, given the favorable association of parental involvement with several youth lifestyle behaviours.

Genom smarttelefonens genombrott och framfart har mobiltelefonen på bara några år kommit att bli en av de mest centrala delarna i många individers liv. Den används bland annat för att hålla kontakt med familj, vänner och kollegor, för att kommunicera och vara aktiv i olika sociala flöden. Många människor är sociala varelser som pratar och kommunicerar med andra individer hela tiden. Men det finns något som håller på att glömmas bort, något som kan tyckas självklart; att kunna föra ett muntligt samtal med en annan individ utan att en mobiltelefon på något sätt finns med i bilden. Sherry Turkle och Professor Jean M. Twenge har under många år bedrivit forskning på barn och unga vuxna som är flitiga användare av sina smarttelefoner. Många av dessa unga personer har aldrig haft något annat val än att ha en smarttelefon och hela deras sociala liv existerar genom den. Ett växande fenomen är att många av dessa unga personer kommunicerar med varandra genom text i sina smarttelefoner, även om de sitter bredvid varandra i samma rum. Barn leker inte tillsammans som de gjorde förr och deras emotionella utveckling verkar gå allt mer långsamt. Syftet med följande undersökning har varit att skapa en motvikt till denna utveckling och genom ett medietekniskt perspektiv presentera en mobilapplikation som uppmuntrar och inspirerar till muntlig dialog mellan individer. / Through the smartphone's breakthrough and advancement, the mobile phone has in just a few years become one of the most central parts in many individuals' lives. It is used, among other things, to keep in touch with family, friends and colleagues, to communicate and be active in different social online activities. Many people are social beings who talks and communicate with other individuals most of the time. But there is a lack of something that may seem obvious; be able to have an oral conversation with another human being without a mobile phone in any way being included in the picture.  Sherry Turkle and Professor Jean M. Twenge have been conducting research for many years on children and young adults who are frequent users of smartphones. Many of these young people have never had any choice but to have a smartphone and their entire social life exists through it. One growing phenomena is that many of these young people communicate with each other through text in their smartphones, even though they sit next to each other in the same room. Children do not play together as they did in the past and their emotional development seems to progress more slowly. The purpose of the following survey is to create a counterweight to this fosterage and, through a media-technical perspective, present a mobile application that encourages and inspires oral dialogues between individuals.

Objectif: Examiner le lien entre la participation des parents aux activités physiques (AP) de leur enfant et les habitudes de vie et le statut pondéral de ces derniers. Méthode: Les données proviennent de l’Enquête Sociale et Santé des Enfants et des Adolescent Québécois (1999), comprenant des échantillons représentatifs de jeunes de 9, 13 et 16 ans (n=2511). L’implication des parents est définie par aucun, 1 seul, ou 2 parents faisant de l’AP avec leur enfant ≥1/semaine. Un rappel 7 jours a servi à classer les jeunes selon leur niveau d’AP, soit faible, modéré ou élevé. Le temps d’écran a été défini par: ≤14 vs. >14 heures/semaine. Le statut pondéral a été défini selon les critères de Cole. Résultats: Lorsque les deux parents participent aux AP du jeune, le niveau d’AP des adolescents de 13 (OR 3.89, IC 95%: 1.85-8.18) et 16 ans (OR 3.45, IC 95%: 1.32-9.01) est davantage élevé, et le temps d’écran moindre (OR 2.36, IC 95%: 1.30-4.25) chez ceux de 13 ans. Des analyses secondaires montrent que le lien entre l’implication des parents et le niveau d’AP des jeunes est présent chez les familles biparentales seulement; le lien avec le temps d’écran est présent dans les quartiers sécuritaires seulement. Aucune association n’est observée pour le statut pondéral. Conclusion: Les stratégies de promotion de la santé ciblant la participation des parents aux AP de leurs enfants pourraient réduire le fardeau des maladies chroniques, étant donné l’association favorable entre leur implication et les habitudes de vie des jeunes. / Objective: To examine the association between parental involvement in their child’s physical activity (PA) and child lifestyle behaviours and weight status. Methods: Data were from the 1999 Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey, comprising representative samples of youth aged 9, 13, and 16 years. Parental involvement in PA with their child was assessed and measured as both, one, or neither parent engaging in PA with their child ≥once/week, based on parent reports. A 7-day PA recall was used to categorize youth as inactive, moderately-active, or highly-active. Screen time was classified as ≤14 and >14 hours of TV and video viewing/week. Overweight status was defined according to Cole’s sex- and age-specific BMI cut-points. Results: Participants (n=2511) with both parents engaging in PA with them ≥once/week (vs. neither parent) were more likely to be highly-active at ages 13 (OR 3.89, 95% CI: 1.85-8.18) and 16 (OR 3.45, 95% CI: 1.32-9.01), and to report ≤14 hours/week of screen time at age 13 (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.30-4.25). No associations were observed for weight status. We examined effect modification in post-hoc analyses; the association between parental involvement and youth PA was present in two-parent households only, while the association between parental involvement and screen time was only present in neighbourhoods perceived to be safe by parents. Conclusion: Health promotion strategies targeting parental involvement in youth PA may reduce the future burden of chronic disease, given the favorable association of parental involvement with several youth lifestyle behaviours.