Bakgrund: Det är vanligt att personer upplever svårighet i att motivera sig till att genomföra en beteendeförändring mot en mer hälsosam livsstil. Det är även vanligt att personer som genomfört en beteendeförändring faller tillbaka i sina gamla rutiner inom sex månader. Interventioner som motiverar och stöttar personer till en långvarig beteendeförändring är därför av stor vikt i syfte att förbättra ohälsosamma levnadsvanor och därigenom förbättra hälsan hos befolkningen. Den digitala tjänsten Hälsocoach online har utvecklats i syfte att stötta, coacha och motivera personer som vill göra en beteendeförändring mot en mer hälsosam livsstil. Interventioner som stödjer användarens självbestämmande har visats kunna bidra till främjande av mer långvariga livsstilsförändringar. Syfte: Studie syfte var att belysa klienternas upplevelse av motivationsstöd för livsstilsförändring i den digitala tjänsten Hälsocoach online ur ett självbestämmande perspektiv. Metod: Studien är av kvalitativ metod och baseras på sju semi-strukturerade intervjuer med klienter som använt sig av Hälsocoach online. Intervjuerna analyserades abduktivt med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet lyfts de delar med Hälsocoach online som klienterna upplevde hade en påverkan på deras motivation till att utföra en livsstilsförändring. Användande av Hälsocoach online upplevdes i många fall som ett positivt stöd för stärkt motivation till beteendeförändring, men även de delar med tjänsten som upplevdes hämmande av motivationen lyftes fram av klienterna. Analysen av intervjuerna resulterade i fem huvudkategorier: Känsla av delaktighet, Personanpassad coaching, Relationen till hälsocoachen, Stöd i omgivningen samt Kommunikationsfaktorer. Resultatet som framkom kunde kopplas till självbestämmandeteorin olika delar, där en tydlig koppling kunde ses mellan tillfredsställelse av de grundläggande behoven autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet och en lyckad livsstilsförändring. Konklusion: Användande av Hälsocoach online upplevdes i många fall som ett positivt stöd för stärkt motivation till att utföra en beteendeförändring och skulle därmed kunna ses som en användbar digital tjänst vid hälsopromotivt arbete. De faktorer som lyftes av klienterna som betydelsefulla för motivation till beteendeförändring kunde kopplas till de grundläggande behoven inom självbestämmandeteorin. Studien visar därmed att hälsocoacher, genom stärkande av de grundläggande psykologiska behoven autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet, kan stödja klienterna till ett ökat självbestämmande. Genom ökat självbestämmande kan en stärkt motivation nås vilket kan leda till en mer lyckad och mer långsiktig beteendeförändring, vilket i sin tur kan bidra till en förbättrad livsstil och hälsa hos klienterna. / Background: It is common for people to experience difficulty motivating themselves to make a change in behavior towards a healthier lifestyle. It is also common for people who have implemented a behavior change to fall back into their old habits within six months. Interventions that motivate and support people to long-term behavioral change are therefore of great importance in order to improve unhealthy living habits and thereby improve the health of the population. The digital service Hälsocoach online has been developed with the aim of supporting, coaching and motivating people who want to make a change in behavior towards a healthier lifestyle. Interventions that support the user ́s self-determination have shown to contribute to promotion of more long-term lifestyle changes. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to elucidate the clients ́ experience of motivational support for lifestyle change in the digital service Hälsocoach online from a self-determined perspective. Method: The study is of a qualitative method and is based on seven semi-structured interviews with clients who have used Hälsocoach online. The interviews were abductively analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: In the result, the parts of Hälsocoach online that the clients experienced had an impact on their motivation to make a lifestyle change are highlighted. The use of Hälsocoach online was in many cases seen as a positive support in strengthened motivation for behavior change, but even those parts of the service that were not experienced as strengthened for the motivation were highlighted by the clients. The analysis of the interviews resulted in five main categories: Sense of participation, Personalized coaching, Relationship with the health coach, Support in the environment and Communication factors. The results that emerged could be linked to the different parts of the self-determination theory, where a clear connection could be seen between satisfaction of the basic needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness and a successful lifestyle change. Conclusion: In many cases, the use of Hälsocoach online was seen as a positive support for strengthened motivation to perform a behavior change and could thus be seen as a useful digital service in health promotion work. The factors highlighted by clients as important for motivation for behavior change could be linked to the basic needs of self-determination theory. The study thus shows that health coaches, by strengthening the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness, can support the clients to an increased self-determination and thereby a stronger motivation for a successful and more long-term behavior change, which in turn can contribute to an improved lifestyle and health of the clients. The increased understanding of the various psychological needs in the motivation process can create the right conditions to being able to offer even more effective and better solutions for promoting healthy behaviors over time.

Hälsan kan främjas av fysisk aktivitet men trots detta är unga vuxna alltmer inaktiva idag. Motivation är en bakomliggande faktor som påverkar en individs fysiska aktivitetsbeteende. Motivation kan delas upp i inre och yttre faktorer.  Syftet är att utforska vilka faktorer som påverkar samt identifiera vilka faktorer som främjar unga vuxna 18-29 års motivation till fysisk aktivitet. Metoden var en systematisk litteraturstudie om befintlig forskning inom ämnet.  Resultatet visar att det är flera faktorer som påverkar motivationen, det som påverkar fysisk aktivitet positivt är inre motivation, socialt stöd och feedback. En yttre faktor som främjar fysisk aktivitet på kort sikt är belöningar.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between self-determined motivation and exercise amount. The current study consisted of a Swedish population with a total of 134 participants (73.9% women) between 18-58 years of age (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6) who practiced a varied amount of physical activity. There were no specific requirements for participation as a general population was sought. The study was of a cross-sectional design and the data was gathered through a digital survey and was published on several different Facebook groups, a variety of Facebook groups was sought and thereby the groups consisted of everything from training specific to culture specific. The dependent variable was measured by the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), the independent variable was measured by the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-4) and the moderating variable was measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). All forms consisted of the Swedish translated version. The result of the moderation analysis was non-significant, which indicates that mindfulness does not moderate the relationship between self-determination and exercise frequency and was analysed through the SPSS add-on Process v.4.1. This specific relationship within the research field is undeveloped and it is therefore recommended that the results of the current study are used cautiously, until more studies contribute to a justified conclusion. / Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om dispositionell mindfulness modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och motionsmängd. Föreliggande studie bestod av en svensk population på totalt 134 deltagare (73,9% kvinnor) mellan 18-58 år (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6) som utövade en varierad grad av fysisk aktivitet. Det krävdes inga specifika krav för att delta eftersom en generell population eftersträvades. Studien var av tvärsnittsdesign och datainsamlingen skedde genom en digital enkät och publicerades på flera olika facebook-grupper, där variation eftersträvades och berörda grupper bestod av allt från träning- till kulturspecifika. Beroendevariabeln mättes genom Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), den oberoende variabeln mättes genom Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-4) och den modererande variabeln mättes genom Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Samtliga formulär bestod av den svensköversatta versionen. Modereringsanalysen utfördes genom SPSS tillägget Process v.4.1 och resultatet framkom som icke-signifikant, vilket innebär att mindfulness inte modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och motionsmängd. Denna specifika relation är inom forskningsområdet outforskat och det rekommenderas därför att resultatet beaktas med varsamhet, tills mer belägg kontribuerar till en befogad slutsats.

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om och hur en tvåårig intervention med ett inriktningsval i kursen idrott och hälsa 1 på gymnasiet upplevdes som en behovsstödjande miljö för eleverna. Fyra frågeställningar var centrala för studien: a) Hur beskrev eleverna sina möjligheter att tillfredsställa de grundläggande psykologiska behoven autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet genom ett inriktningsval? b) Hur beskrev eleverna sin motivationskvalité när de fått genomföra kursen idrott och hälsa 1 genom ett inriktningsval? c) Hur upplevde elevernas lärare interventionens möjligheter att tillfredsställa de psykologiska behoven hos eleverna? d) Hur arbetade elevernas lärare med behovsstödjande ledarskap i sin undervisning i interventionsgrupperna? Metod: Metoden var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sju elever rekryterades genom ett bekvämlighetsurval från grupperna ”dans och träning till musik” och ”boll-, slag- och nätspel”. Elevernas undervisande lärare i interventionen intervjuades också. Intervjuerna transkriberades och därefter användes Braun och Clarkes (2019) sex steg för tematisk analys som grund i analysarbetet med en abduktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet visade att interventionen upplevdes som en stödjande miljö främst för de psykologiska behoven autonomi och kompetens. Behovet av tillhörighet hämmades för en del av eleverna. De tre behoven samvarierade starkt med varandra och den grupp som upplevde behovsfrustration på grund av bristande tillhörighet beskrev en kontrollerad motivationskvalité som följd. För de elever som beskrev en behovstillfredsställelse upplevdes det inverka positivt på den självbestämmande motivationskvalitén. Vidare framkom det att de homogena grupperna som bildades upplevdes positivt både utifrån kompetens- och tillhörighetsbehovet, men också för lärarnas behovsstödjande arbete som resultatet visade upplevdes som stort. Slutsats: Resultatet tyder på att ett inriktningsval i idrott och hälsa på gymnasiet kan skapa en behovsstödjande miljö men att det behöver kombineras med andra metoder för att stödja behovet av tillhörighet hos eleverna. / Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate if and how a two-year intervention with a choice of specialization in physical education in upper secondary school was perceived as a need-supporting environment for the students. Four questions were central to the study: a) How did the students describe their opportunities to satisfy the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness through a choice of specialization? b) How did the students describe their motivation quality when they were allowed to complete physical education through a choice of specialization? c) How did the students’ teachers experience the intervention´s opportunities to satisfy the students’ psychological needs? d) How did the students’ teachers work with need-supporting leadership in the intervention groups? Method: The method was qualitative semi-structured interviews. Seven students were recruited through a convenience selection from the group “dance and training to music” and “ball-, stroke- and net games”. The students‘ teachers in the intervention were also interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and Braun and Clarke´s (2019) six steps were used for thematic analysis as a basis for the analysis work with an abductive approach. Results: The results showed that the intervention was perceived as a supportive environment primarily for the psychological needs autonomy and competence. The need for relatedness was thwarted for some of the students. The three needs covaried strongly with each other and the group that experienced need frustration due to lack of relatedness described a controlled motivation quality as a result. Students who described greater need satisfaction, it was felt to have a positive effect on the self-determination quality of motivation. Furthermore, it emerged that the homogeneous groups that were formed were experienced positively both on the basis of competence and the need for relatedness, but also for the teachers´ need supporting leadership as the result showed was perceived as large. Conclusions: The results indicate that a choice of specialization in physical education in upper secondary school can create a need-supporting environment, but that it needs to be combined with other methods to meet the need for relatedness among students.

<p dir="ltr">Thinning operations play a crucial role in ensuring forest health and sustainability. It strategically removes weaker trees and enhances overall growth by providing more essential resources such as sunlight, nutrients, and water. Small-diameter timber (SDT) is generally a byproduct of thinning operations in natural or plantation forests from either softwood or hardwood species. SDT is characterized by a diameter at breast height (DBH) of less than 9 inches for softwood and 11 inches for hardwood species.</p><p dir="ltr">Plantation forests contribute significantly to uniform material resources, needed for sustainable timber production. However, using SDT is often challenging because of the high cost of management, thinning operation, and its intrinsic characteristics, such as decreased wood properties due to the presence of juvenile wood and defects. Economic difficulties are especially evident for hardwood plantation owners because of the longer growth period of hardwoods.</p><p dir="ltr">This study explores feasible methods to enhance the value of hardwood SDT, encouraging its utilization and aiding plantation owners in offsetting management and thinning operations costs before the harvest of large-diameter timber. There are three parts: exploring potential products based on semi-products, conducting a case study by producing school furniture from six walnut SDTs, and providing recommendations for possible production from SDT.</p><p dir="ltr">Our investigation reveals strategic considerations for future school furniture producers. Establishing sorting and grading criteria, investing in more advanced machinery, producing edge-glued panels from SDT lumber, and having broader ideas for school furniture are pivotal for optimizing the SDT value-added process. The findings suggest that having a plan for the utilization of SDT, considering the recommendations provided, can elevate challenges, optimize strategies, increase the potential value of SDT from plantations, and promote sustainable and profitable use of forest resources.</p>

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This master thesis is focused on the theoretical description and practical implementation of software defined transmitter. The main aim of this thesis was made the prototype of software defined transmitter in FM band. Theoretical part is determined to description of basic parts of equipment and working principles to understand the basic principle of digital transmitters and define the appropriate component base for construction. Discussed are used types of A/D and D/A converters, blocks of digital signal processing and the roles, which these components performs. The second part is focused practical. Specified are suitable types of components and block diagram is proposed for following electrical connection and printed circuit board in Eagle program as a plug-in modul for developmental platform Arduino. The main point is program, which sets and controls the transmitter. Next important part is impedance match and antenna tuning, which is explain in practical part of thesis. The result is prototype of software defined transmitter compatible with Arduino Uno platform.

This thesis investigates the use of scaffolding techniques in video game design to increase player engagement and satisfy psychological needs as defined by self-determination theory (SDT). It focuses on how games use scaffolding mechanisms to improve player autonomy, competence, and relatedness—the three fundamental needs proposed by SDT as ways to promote intrinsic motivation. The study also examines self-scaffolding strategies employed by players, exploring how they independently leverage game features to meet their psychological needs. Through case studies on games including Hearthstone, Magic: the Gathering Arena, and Path of Exile, the research analyzes the application of scaffolding and self-scaffolding using formal analysis of game tutorials and systems, as well as discourse analysis of player and specialist discussions about these aspects. The findings indicate that Hearthstone's tutorial, which effectively uses scaffolding, is well received by players, while the scaffolding in Magic: the Gathering Arena is not as effective. Path of Exile's complex skill tree promotes self-scaffolding, highlighting the importance of self-directed learning in intricate game environments. The study concludes that effective scaffolding design is essential for onboarding players, but tutorials should be skippable to accommodate experienced players. At the same time, games should provide sufficient structure to guide player learning while allowing freedom for exploration, innovation, and self-directed learning.

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