The paper argues that the distinction between religious and secular realms of society is not as clear-cut in modern societies as it appears in theories of functional and institutional differentiation. The data used are mainly from China with a short excursion to the United States. The starting point is ancestor worship, which is a central element of traditional Chinese religion. The significance of ancestor worship in Chinese history and culture is briefly explained to illustrate on the one hand its central importance as a ritual practice and on the other hand the ambiguities of interpretation. On this basis, some theoretical considerations about the existence of ancestors are presented. This is followed by a report on contemporary temple festivals focusing on the worship of Fuxi, a mythic figure considered to be the first ancestor of the Chinese people. The next step is the description of official state rituals devoted to the worship of the very same mythological hero in contemporary China. Against this backdrop, the last part of the paper discusses the theoretical questions of classification and distinguishing between the religious and the secular.

The study of secularity in Iceland has so far largely been restricted to institutional differentiation, alongside legal aspects of the relationship between the state and the country’s national church. This paper approaches the formation of secularity in the country from a different angle. Adopting a research perspective shaped by both cultural history and sociology of culture, it investigates the role of the Icelandic sagas, and the medieval culture which spawned them, in the development of secularity in Iceland. Instead of looking at the processes through which Christian religion came to be separated from other spheres of society, it probes the discourses legitimising such a separation. It pays special attention to the reception and understanding of the sagas and the medieval culture which produced them, and further asks how they provided a background against which a secular culture could be imagined, both in the past and for the present.

Jediism is a new religious phenomenon where fictitious material is used as religious source material. The phenomenon is called hyper-real religion because the fictitious source material being used in the real world makes it ‘hyper-real’. This study explored Jediism and its usage of Star Wars as a religious source material.  Semi structured interviews with participants from the two largest Jedi communities were conducted: Temple of the Jedi Order and Force Academy. The informats only answered about the Light Aspect of the community, which means that there is still more to be explored in Jediism as it has sides primarily focused on the Dark and the Shadow Aspects of the ‘Force’. Furthermore the phenomenon of Jediism is put in the context within the theoretical approaches of secularization, sacralization and post secularity by Liselotte Frisk and Peter Åkerbäck. By using this theoretical framework the questions regarding who the people are that are looking for this kind of religion, why they chose to be part of it and how the informants from Temple of the Jedi Order and Force Academy speak of Jediism in terms of religious ideas and praxis were explored.     It is argued that Star Wars is the main source material for the studied communities and that it's part of a larger religious movement in Europe and the U.S through the processes of secularization, sacralization and post secularity. Jediism and hyper-real religion, as is shown by this study, should be included in the larger religious landscape that has been shaped by other forms of New Age religion.

The aim of this study is to examine the different types of challenges and struggles that religious students face in the Swedish school system, more specifically the different struggles that occur within the Swedish subject of religious studies. This will be done by analysing different types of opinion forming articles that expresses how religious students are excluded from the subject and the school environment. The questions that will lead this study and determine which direction of development it will take, are the following. 1.     What are the problems and challenges being expressed in each of the opinion forming articles? 2.     Do the different types of religious traditions problems and challenges that are more characteristic for their own specific situation? 3.     How can these problems and challenges that are identified within opinion forming articles, be depicted, and further understood through the Kittelmanns operationalization of secularity/secularism? When it comes to the opinion forming articles that will be examined, a demarcation has been made to articles that concerns the Abrahamitic religions, i.e., Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These articles will be examined with a qualitative text analysis and more specifically, with the methods of qualitative text condensation and discourse analysis. Karin Kittelmann has in her thesis (2015) concluded that a secular discourse exists within the classroom for the subject of religion within the Swedish schools, and that the secular discourse perpetuates itself as a hegemonic position. This study will use Kittelmanns operationalization of secularity and secularism to analyse the articles to further understand how the classroom environment relates to a society that has been strongly described as secular. The conclusion this study makes is that a strong secularism is present within the classroom for the subject of religion in Sweden, but also that this presence is crucial for understanding the secularity of Sweden.

This analysis of material from two of metal band Bring Me the Horizon’s music albums aims to investigate religious expressions and references, how the band’s view on religion can be interpreted from that, and to what extent it can be seen as expressions of the band’s religiosity. The perspective of the analysis stands in relation to theories on post secularity, and the method used is content analysis which mainly functions to interpret meaning. The results show that the theory of post secularity leading to people expressing their (religious) thoughts and feelings in alternative ways seems to make sense. The band's art can be understood as a field where both the artists and fans (regardless of religious orientation) can express their emotions and reflect on religion or other topics in relation to religion. Religion constitutes both theme and object for critique in the song lyrics. Apart from that it could also be the product of the songwriter’s processing of his own religiosity and the lyrics could therefore be an expression of that. The songwriter’s critique against religion seems to be sparking his willingness to use it for his art while, consequently, when he becomes less critical he seems to write less about religion. The two albums partly cover different topics (the earlier seems to be more religiously oriented and the later more politically oriented) though both include the topic of bad mental health which is being discussed in parallel to religious expressions and references. The shift of focus between the albums seems to be due to both global changes and the songwriter’s personal experiences.

Die Säkularität stellt weltweit den vorherrschenden Modus staatlicher Organisation dar und impliziert eine formelle Trennung der Religion von weltlichen Sphären der Gesellschaft, allem voran der Politik. Der öffentliche Raum ist dabei idealtypisch der Rationalität vorbestimmt. Dennoch ist Religion ein weitverbreitetes Phänomen in öffentlichen städtischen Räumen säkular konstituierter Staaten, womit ihr ein Anschluss an Prozesse der gesellschaftlichen Allgemeinheit möglich wird. Anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung Guayaquils - der größten Stadt in Ecuador - wird in der Dissertation folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: (1) In welcher Form tritt das Religiöse im öffentlichen städtischen Raum in einer säkular verfassten Gesellschaft auf und wie ist dieses Auftreten jeweils bedingt? (2) Auf welche Weise nutzen religiöse Akteure den öffentlichen Raum bzw. auf welche Weise wird Religion im öffentlichen Raum genutzt? (3) Welche Konsequenzen hat eine Präsenz der Religion im, idealtypisch der Rationalität vorbehaltenen, öffentlichen Raum für die Politik? (4) Auf welche Weise wirkt sich die gleichzeitige Exposition divergierender Weltanschauungen im öffentlichen Raum auf religiöse Praxis und Religion aus? Resultierend erweist sich eine formelle Trennung von Religion und weltlicher Sphären im Rahmen der Säkularisierung als unzureichend für ein tatsächliches Verdrängen aus dem öffentlichen Raum. Religion bleibt dank historischer Kontinuität im öffentlichen Raum erhalten und strebt aktiv nach den ihm innewohnenden Profiten, welche eine Etablierung oder den Machterhalt in der Gesellschaft ermöglichen. Die Präsenz von Religion im öffentlichen Raum führt zu ihrer Verweltlichung und politischer Einflussnahme aber auch der Vereinnahmung ihrer Potentiale durch politische Akteure. Nicht zuletzt bedingt die Exposition unterschiedlicher religiöser Weltanschauungen im öffentlichen Raum ein Verschwimmen konfessioneller Grenzen und neue Formen religiöser Identität. / Secularity is the dominant mode of the organisation of states worldwide. It implies the formal separation of religion and the worldly spheres of societies, particularly the separation of the religious from the political sphere. Consequentially, public spaces are rather known as rational spheres free from religiosity. But despite this theoretical assumption, religion remains a widespread phenomena of public urban spaces in secular states, and therewith remains an essential part of societies. This thesis addresses the following questions through an empirical study in Guayaquil, the largest city of Ecuador: (1) How does the religious appear in public urban spaces of a secularised society? What are the conditions and constraints of its appearance? (2) How do religious actors make use of public spaces and how is religion being used in public spaces? (3) Which are the consequences of a religious presence in public spaces for political practices? (4) How does the co-presence of different worldviews in the same public spaces affect religious practices themselves? This thesis shows, that the formal separation of religious and worldly spheres doesn’t result in the displacement of religions out of public spaces. Rather, as a result of historical continuity, religion remains part of public spaces, benefiting from its social functions, and enabling religious communities – depending on their initial conditions – to establish themselves in society or maintain their status. The presence of religion in public spaces leads to a growing political influence of religions and an absorption of its potentials by political actors at the same time. Finally, the co-presence of different ideologies in public spaces results in a blurring of denominational boundaries and new forms of religious identity.

This study measures levels of religiosity and secularity among students at the Claremont Colleges, including students’ (ir)religious affiliations, beliefs, and practices. The religious landscape in the U.S. is shifting in multiple ways, and young adults feature prominently in these changes. Using data from an online survey of students, the present study addresses the following research questions: What is the (ir)religious makeup of the student body at the Claremont Colleges? Do the observed patterns mirror those of the general U.S. population? The results of this study show that the sample population at the Claremont Colleges is much less religious than the U.S. as a whole in terms of affiliation, beliefs, and practices. The findings highlight the shifting religious landscape in the U.S., particularly in the younger population, and the importance of understanding these shifts in order to best serve the needs of students.

This thesis aims at contributing to a critical discussion on the supposedly far-reaching secularity of Sweden on the one hand, and on the incongruence and inconsistency of lived religion on the other. At the center are people referred to as semi-secular Swedes – a group that is often neglected in the study of religion. These people do not go to church or get involved in any other alternative organized spiritual activities, neither are they actively opposed to religion or entirely indifferent to it. Most of them describe the ways they are – or are not – religious as in line with the majority patterns in Swedish society. The study is qualitative in method and the material has been gathered through interviews and a questionnaire. It offers a close reading of 28 semi-secular Swedes’ ways of talking about and relating to religion, particularly in reference to their everyday lives and their own experiences, and it analyzes the material with a focus on incongruences. By exploring how the term religion is employed vernacularly by the respondents, the study pinpoints one particular feature in the material, namely simultaneity. The concept of simultaneity is descriptive and puts emphasis on a ‘both and’ approach in (1) the way the respondents ascribe meaning to the term religion, (2) how they talk about themselves in relation to different religious designations, and (3) how they interpret experiences that they single out as ‘out-of-the-ordinary’. These simultaneities are explained and theorized through analyses focusing on intersubjective and discursive processes. In relation to theorizing on religion and religious people this study offers empirical material that nuance a dichotomous understanding of ‘the religious’ and ‘the secular’. In relation to methodology it is argued that the salience of simultaneity in the material shows that when patterns of religiosity among semi-secular Swedes are studied there is a need to be attentive to expressions of complexity, contradiction and incongruity. / Religious ambiguities on the urban scene

In this thesis, I explore the psychological and experiential aspects of the shift from a supernatural theistic worldview (specifically born-again Christianity) to aphilosophically naturalistic and atheistic worldview in the context of the religiouslandscape in the U.S. I posit that certain features of this transition, which is known as "deconversion,” can be thought of as potentially analogous, both psychologically and subjectively, to the experience of another's death as an objective environmental change. I provide anthropological and psychological evidence that believers often experience the God of born-again Christianity as an independently existing and active agent in the world. The similarities between human relationships and God relationships provide the foundation for the claim that loss of these relationships potentially constitute similar experiences, respectively. Both shifts (deconversion and death) share a number of similarities. For example, they both feature a reduction in the number of entities that are believed perceived as having minds (i.e., theory of mind determinations). Also, both shifts require a re-understanding of purpose and meaning in the world (i.e., teleological reasoning). I explore each of these shifts in detail. Finally, I show that the interpretation of the deconversion experience as analogous to the experience of death has implications for the public dialogue between Christians and atheists.

The following is intended to suggest a fairly simple contention concerning a number of interconnected propositions made in connection with the debates on modernity and secularism. None of these propositions is particularly novel, nor is this the first time that they have been put forward. Yet the issues raised have remained with us and become all the more pressing; I can see that points that were made, against the flow, more than two decades ago, now stand out more cogently than ever, and are being revisited, rediscovered or simply discovered by many. The simple contention I wish to start with concerns Islamism, often brought out emblematically when secularism and modernity are discussed. Like other self-consciously retrogressive identitarian motifs, ideas, sensibilities, moods and inflections of politics that sustain differentialist culturalism and are sustained by it conceptually, Islamism has come to gain very considerable political and social traction over the past quarter of a century.