This diploma thesis, which has a descriptive and analytical feature, comprises a determination of emotional disorders with their various manifestations and symptoms. I also described social consequences of a neurotic child because they are neurotic children's crucial factor having significant consequences in the process of education. I also analysed the omitted topic of emotional intelligence, which has been studied in the field of science recently. The crucial part of the diploma thesis includes the analysis of a neurotic child motivation within the process of education and the adequate pedagogical and educational attitudes which involve specific treatments. Regarding the basic part of child's emotional life consists of upbringing within a particular family, it precedes not only the period of school education but also it forms its core and is a natural continuance of the prenatal period. The end of the diploma thesis comprises a description and analysis of a large variety of therapeutic options and alternative ways of treating emotional disorders. Nowadays it is possible to treat emotional disorders effectively even without a pharmacological therapy and their correction can be rather permanent. CRUCIAL VOCABULARY: emotional disorders/defects anxiety tension self-concept family upbringing family...

As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) desafiam constantemente a qualidade da assistência prestada no sistema de saúde como um todo. Apesar do conhecimento acerca do conceito de infecção hospitalar, suas origens, fatores relacionados e principalmente as medidas gerais de prevenção e controle das IRAS, o que normalmente se verifica, é a baixa adesão dos PAS às medidas preventivas. Existem várias medidas fortemente embasadas em evidências científicas, porém, a utilização dessas medidas, por profissionais de saúde, permanece um grande desafio. Estudos mencionam que o não cumprimento das diretrizes é um problema universal, e para desenvolver intervenções bem-sucedidas, são necessárias mais pesquisas sobre os determinantes comportamentais. Diante disso este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a adesão às práticas de prevenção e controle de infecção dos (PAS) que atuam em UTI, tais como: cuidados de manipulação e curativo de cateteres venosos centrais (CVC) e manipulação direta do paciente e de seu ambiente próximo e investigar uma possível correlação entre a adesão dos PAS e o desempenho de seus testes psicológicos que avaliaram seus Estilos de pensamento, Autoestima, Qualidade de vida, Estresse e Personalidade. Realizou-se um estudo observacional, prospectivo, no período de julho de 2012 a dezembro de 2013 em quatro Unidades de Terapia Intensiva em um grande hospital escola. Foram realizadas 7.572 observações distribuídas entre as práticas selecionadas de 248 profissionais que atuaram em quatro UTIs, constituídos por médicos e enfermeiros (auxiliares de enfermagem, técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros). Para a equipe de enfermagem a proporção de adesão para o procedimento de cuidados com a manipulação variou entre 13% e 95%, ficando com a menor adesão as etapas que envolveram a higienização das mãos (HM) antes de manipular o cateter e a desinfecção da conexão do CVC. Para o procedimento de cuidados com o curativo do CVC a proporção de adesão variou entre 14% e 99%, ficando com a menor adesão novamente as etapas que envolveram a HM antes de iniciar a troca do curativo do CVC. Para avaliação da equipe médica foi observada a adesão à HM das mãos nos cinco momentos propostos pela OMS. A proporção de adesão variou entre 10% e 98%. Observou-se menor taxa de adesão para os momentos \"Antes do contato direto com o paciente\", \"Após contato com ambiente próximo ao paciente\" e \"Antes de procedimentos assépticos\". Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão logística ajustado para avaliar a associação entre à adesão às práticas de controle de infecção e os testes psicológicos dos profissionais de saúde e apenas a autoestima e aspectos de personalidade (agressão, assistência, deferência, afago e afiliação) obtiveram associação com a adesão às práticas de controle de infecção. Conhecer fatores biopsicossociais (características de personalidade e autoestima) capazes de gerar comportamentos que influenciam o ato de adesão dos PAS às práticas de controle de infecção, pode ser um passo importante para projetar estratégias de intervenção mais eficientes para modificar o comportamento dos profissionais de saúde e aumentar as boas práticas / Health care-associated infections (HAI) consistently challenge the quality of care provided in the health system as a whole. Despite knowledge about hospital infection, its origins, associated factors and the general measures of prevention and control, usually a low adherence of healthcare professional to preventive measures is observed. There are several scientifically-based preventive measures, however the use of these guidelines by health professionals remains a major challenge. Studies point out that failure to comply with the guidelines is a universal problem and for successful interventions to be developed further research on behavioral determinants is needed. The objective of this study was: -to evaluate the adherence to the prevention and infection control practices by healthcare professionals working in ICUs, during procedures such as handling and dressing of central venous catheters (CVC), and direct manipulation of the patient and the close environment to the patient; and -to investigate a possible correlation between adherence of healthcare professionals and their performance in psychological tests (Styles of Thought, Self Esteem, Quality of Life, Stress and Personality). An observational, prospective study was carried out from July 2012 to December 2013 in four Intensive Care Units in a large teaching hospital. A total of 7,572 observations was made, for 248 healthcare professionals who worked in four ICUs. These were doctors and nurses (nurse assistants, nurse technicians and registered nurses). For the nursing team the proportion of adherence to adequate procedures involving CVC manipulation varied between 13% and 95%. The steps with smaller adhesion were: hand hygiene (HM) before beginning the CVC manipulation and disinfection of the CVC hub. For the CVC dressing, adherence varied between 14% and 99%. Lowest adherence was observed for HM before beginning the dressing. For doctors, hand hygiene was observed during the five moments proposed by the WHO. Compliance varied between 10% and 98%. Lowest compliance was observed for the moments: \" Before direct contact with the patient \",\" After contact with environment close to the patient \"and\" Before aseptic procedure \". An adjusted regression logistics model was used to evaluate the correlation between adherence to infection control practices by the healthcare professionals and their psychological tests. Self-esteem and aspects of personality (aggression, attendance, affiliation and cuddle) were associated with compliance. We believe that knowing biopsychosocial factors (personality traits and self-esteem) that may influence adherence of healthcare professionals to infection control practices can be an important step to develop more efficient intervention strategies to modify behavior and increase quality of care for patients

Im Rahmen von drei Teilstudien wurde mathematische Schülerleistung aus einer differentialpsychologischen Perspektive untersucht. Die hierfür verwendeten Daten stammten von 29.386 deutschen Neuntklässlern, die am Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) im Jahr 2000 teilnahmen. In Studie 1 wurden ausgehend von Strukturtheorien kognitiver Fähigkeiten verschiedene Strukturmodelle mathematischer Schülerleistung konfirmatorisch geprüft. So wurde mathematische Schülerleistung in Form eines Nested-Faktormodell als additive Funktion einer mathematikspezifischen Fähigkeit (M´) und der allgemeinen kognitiven Fähigkeit (g) spezifiziert. Dieses Modell wies einen besseren Modellfit auf als das in der psychologischen Forschung dominierende Standardmodell. Für Letzteres wurde angenommen, dass Maße mathematischer Schülerleistung nur von einer generellen mathematischen Fähigkeit (M) beeinflusst werden. In Studie 2 wurden Schulformunterschiede mit konfirmatorischen Mehrgruppen-Faktormodellen untersucht. Schulformspezifische Mittelwertunterschiede in M waren im Standardmodell wesentlich stärker ausgeprägt als bei M´ im Nested-Faktormodell. Weiterhin wurde eine schulformspezifische Differenzierungshypothese für M´ untersucht. Entgegen der Erwartung konnte diese nur sehr eingeschränkt von den Daten gestützt werden. In Studie 3 wurde die Validität mathematischer Schülerleistung im Hinblick auf soziodemografische und motivationale Schülermerkmale sowie Schulnoten analysiert. Bei Verwendung des Nested-Faktormodells resultierte ein im Vergleich zum Standardmodell wesentlich differenzierteres Befundmuster. So waren Geschlechterunterschiede (zu Gunsten der Jungen) in M´ im Nested-Faktormodell deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als bei M im Standardmodell. Implikationen und Perspektiven der drei Teilstudien werden für die psychologische Forschung, die Lehr-Lernforschung, die Konzeption von Schülerleistungsstudien sowie für die pädagogische Praxis diskutiert. / Three studies investigated mathematics achievement from an individual differences perspective, using data from 29,386 German ninth graders who participated in the 2000 cycle of the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). In study 1, different structural models of mathematics achievement were derived from structural theories of cognitive abilities, and tested empirically using confirmatory methods. In a nested-factor model, mathematics achievement was specified to be an additive function of specific mathematical ability (M´) and general cognitive ability (g). This model provided a better fit than the standard model that predominates in psychological research, which assumes that measures of mathematical achievement are only influenced by general mathematical ability (M). In study 2, differences between types of schools were analyzed using confirmatory multigroup factor analytic models. Mean differences in M in the standard model were much stronger than in M´ in the nested-factor model. A school-type-specific differentiation hypothesis for M´ was also investigated. Contrary to predictions, the data provided only limited support for this hypothesis. Study 3 analyzed the validity of mathematics achievement with respect to sociodemographic and motivational student characteristics and school grades. The nested-factor model yielded a much more differentiated pattern of results than the standard model. For example, gender differences (in favor of boys) were much more pronounced in M´ in the nested-factor model than in M in the standard model. The implications and future perspectives of studies 1 to 3 are discussed with respect to psychological and educational research, design of large-scale achievement studies, and educational practice.

INTRODUÇÃO: A puberdade reuni as mudanças físicas da adolescência como o crescimento pondoestatural e a evolução da maturação sexual. Um marco importante da puberdade no sexo feminino é a menarca. Para sua ocorrência é necessária a interação de múltiplos fatores, destacando-se por sua importância a condição nutricional, da qual faz parte um teor de gordura corporal suficiente para deflagrar não só a primeira menstruação, como também a manutenção dos ciclos menstruais regulares. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo avaliou a associação entre indicadores de estado nutricional (peso, estatura, circunferência braquial e índice de massa corpórea) e de maturidade (idade e maturação sexual) para ocorrência da menarca e avaliou a percepção da imagem corporal em relação a presença ou não deste evento. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo, observacional, de 98 adolescentes femininas, entre 10 e 19 anos, do subdistrito do Butantã, São Paulo, Brasil, que comparou dois grupos: as que apresentaram menarca até três meses antes da pesquisa (27) e as que ainda não haviam menstruado (71). Os dados são provenientes de um banco de dados, coletados na década de 80, mediante questionários padrão, em pesquisa domiciliar e fizeram parte de estudos anteriores. A variável resposta foi a menarca e as explanatórias foram peso, estatura, circunferência braquial e índice de massa corpórea, idade, desenvolvimento mamário, impressão da estatura e impressão da condição nutricional. O processamento e análise dos dados foi realizado no Departamento Materno- Infantil da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, digitados em planilha Excel® e analisados pelo programa EpiInfo versão 3.5.3 CDC e WHO Anthro versão 3.2.2 OMS. As variáveis foram descritas através de suas distribuições, frequências, médias, desvios-padrão e medianas. Testes paramétricos e não paramétricos foram usados na dependência da distribuição normal ou não das variáveis. Os indicadores que apresentaram significância estatística nos modelos univariados e apresentaram baixa correlação entre si foram testados em modelo de regressão logística para controle das variáveis de confusão. A análise da percepção da autoimagem foi realizada pela correlação entre impressão da estatura e condição nutricional com classificação do referencial gráfico. RESULTADOS: Peso, estatura, circunferência braquial, índice de massa corpórea sempre foram superiores para adolescentes com menarca em relação às sem menarca (diferença estatisticamente significativa). A primeira menstruação ocorreu mais frequentemente no estágio de desenvolvimento M4 de Tanner, com média idade de 13,26 anos. Todas as variáveis estudadas se mostraram associadas à ocorrência da menarca nas análises univariadas. No modelo multivariado, o índice de massa corpórea se revelou o principal desencadeante da menarca. Mostraram-se também associados à primeira menstruação: o desenvolvimento mamário e a idade. Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre a percepção da imagem corporal e a classificação gráfica nas meninas com e sem menarca. CONCLUSÃO: O estado nutricional, traduzido pelo índice de massa corpórea, destacou-se como principal fator desencadeante para a ocorrência da menarca, mesmo frente aos indicadores neuroendócrinos e a idade, confirmando a relevância da força do ambiente sobre a herança. Não houve diferença da percepção da imagem corporal para meninas com e sem menarca / INTRODUCTION: Puberty gathers the physical changes of adolescence such as the growth spurt and evolution of sexual maturation. An important biologic mark of puberty in females is menarche. For its occurrence an interaction of multiple factors are required, mainly the nutritional status whose body fat, depending on its amount, might trigger not only the first period, but also the maintenance of regular menstrual cycles. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the association between indicators of nutritional status (weight, height, arm circumference and body mass index) and maturity (age and sexual maturity) for the occurrence of menarche and it assessed the perception of body image compared with the presence or absence of this event. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study of 98 female adolescents between 10 and 19 years old, in the sub-district of Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil, which compared two groups: those that had menarche up to three months before the survey (27) and those that had not menstruated (71). The data come from a database, collected in 80, through standard questionnaires on household survey. These data have already been part of previous studies. The variable response was the menarche, and the explanatory variables were weight, height, arm circumference, body mass index, age and breast development, height perception and nutritional status perception. The processing and analysis of data were performed in the Department of Maternal and Child School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, typed in Excel ® spreadsheet and analyzed by using EpiInfo version 3.5.3 CDC and WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 WHO. The variables were described according to their distributions, frequencies, means, standard deviations and medians. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used depending on the normal distribution of the variables or not. The indicators that showed statistical significance in the univariate models and showed low correlation between them were tested in a logistic regression model for the control of the confusion variables. The analysis of the perception of selfimage was performed by correlation between height and nutritional status perception with reference graph. RESULTS: Weight, height, arm circumference, body mass index were always higher for the adolescents who had menarche than for those who did not (statistically significant difference). The first period occurred more often in adolescents in stage of breast development M4, at the mean age of 13.26. In univariate analysis, all variables were associated with the occurrence of menarche. In the final model of logistic regression the body mass index was the main trigger of menarche. The other variables associated with the menarche were: breast development and age. It was a positive correlation between the perception of body image and graphical classification in girls with and without menarche. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional status, reflected by body mass index, stood out as the main triggering factor for the occurrence of menarche, even against neuroendocrine indicators and age, confirming the relevance of the strength of the environment on the inheritance. There was no difference in the perception of body image for girls with and without menarche

As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) desafiam constantemente a qualidade da assistência prestada no sistema de saúde como um todo. Apesar do conhecimento acerca do conceito de infecção hospitalar, suas origens, fatores relacionados e principalmente as medidas gerais de prevenção e controle das IRAS, o que normalmente se verifica, é a baixa adesão dos PAS às medidas preventivas. Existem várias medidas fortemente embasadas em evidências científicas, porém, a utilização dessas medidas, por profissionais de saúde, permanece um grande desafio. Estudos mencionam que o não cumprimento das diretrizes é um problema universal, e para desenvolver intervenções bem-sucedidas, são necessárias mais pesquisas sobre os determinantes comportamentais. Diante disso este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a adesão às práticas de prevenção e controle de infecção dos (PAS) que atuam em UTI, tais como: cuidados de manipulação e curativo de cateteres venosos centrais (CVC) e manipulação direta do paciente e de seu ambiente próximo e investigar uma possível correlação entre a adesão dos PAS e o desempenho de seus testes psicológicos que avaliaram seus Estilos de pensamento, Autoestima, Qualidade de vida, Estresse e Personalidade. Realizou-se um estudo observacional, prospectivo, no período de julho de 2012 a dezembro de 2013 em quatro Unidades de Terapia Intensiva em um grande hospital escola. Foram realizadas 7.572 observações distribuídas entre as práticas selecionadas de 248 profissionais que atuaram em quatro UTIs, constituídos por médicos e enfermeiros (auxiliares de enfermagem, técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros). Para a equipe de enfermagem a proporção de adesão para o procedimento de cuidados com a manipulação variou entre 13% e 95%, ficando com a menor adesão as etapas que envolveram a higienização das mãos (HM) antes de manipular o cateter e a desinfecção da conexão do CVC. Para o procedimento de cuidados com o curativo do CVC a proporção de adesão variou entre 14% e 99%, ficando com a menor adesão novamente as etapas que envolveram a HM antes de iniciar a troca do curativo do CVC. Para avaliação da equipe médica foi observada a adesão à HM das mãos nos cinco momentos propostos pela OMS. A proporção de adesão variou entre 10% e 98%. Observou-se menor taxa de adesão para os momentos \"Antes do contato direto com o paciente\", \"Após contato com ambiente próximo ao paciente\" e \"Antes de procedimentos assépticos\". Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão logística ajustado para avaliar a associação entre à adesão às práticas de controle de infecção e os testes psicológicos dos profissionais de saúde e apenas a autoestima e aspectos de personalidade (agressão, assistência, deferência, afago e afiliação) obtiveram associação com a adesão às práticas de controle de infecção. Conhecer fatores biopsicossociais (características de personalidade e autoestima) capazes de gerar comportamentos que influenciam o ato de adesão dos PAS às práticas de controle de infecção, pode ser um passo importante para projetar estratégias de intervenção mais eficientes para modificar o comportamento dos profissionais de saúde e aumentar as boas práticas / Health care-associated infections (HAI) consistently challenge the quality of care provided in the health system as a whole. Despite knowledge about hospital infection, its origins, associated factors and the general measures of prevention and control, usually a low adherence of healthcare professional to preventive measures is observed. There are several scientifically-based preventive measures, however the use of these guidelines by health professionals remains a major challenge. Studies point out that failure to comply with the guidelines is a universal problem and for successful interventions to be developed further research on behavioral determinants is needed. The objective of this study was: -to evaluate the adherence to the prevention and infection control practices by healthcare professionals working in ICUs, during procedures such as handling and dressing of central venous catheters (CVC), and direct manipulation of the patient and the close environment to the patient; and -to investigate a possible correlation between adherence of healthcare professionals and their performance in psychological tests (Styles of Thought, Self Esteem, Quality of Life, Stress and Personality). An observational, prospective study was carried out from July 2012 to December 2013 in four Intensive Care Units in a large teaching hospital. A total of 7,572 observations was made, for 248 healthcare professionals who worked in four ICUs. These were doctors and nurses (nurse assistants, nurse technicians and registered nurses). For the nursing team the proportion of adherence to adequate procedures involving CVC manipulation varied between 13% and 95%. The steps with smaller adhesion were: hand hygiene (HM) before beginning the CVC manipulation and disinfection of the CVC hub. For the CVC dressing, adherence varied between 14% and 99%. Lowest adherence was observed for HM before beginning the dressing. For doctors, hand hygiene was observed during the five moments proposed by the WHO. Compliance varied between 10% and 98%. Lowest compliance was observed for the moments: \" Before direct contact with the patient \",\" After contact with environment close to the patient \"and\" Before aseptic procedure \". An adjusted regression logistics model was used to evaluate the correlation between adherence to infection control practices by the healthcare professionals and their psychological tests. Self-esteem and aspects of personality (aggression, attendance, affiliation and cuddle) were associated with compliance. We believe that knowing biopsychosocial factors (personality traits and self-esteem) that may influence adherence of healthcare professionals to infection control practices can be an important step to develop more efficient intervention strategies to modify behavior and increase quality of care for patients

INTRODUÇÃO: A puberdade reuni as mudanças físicas da adolescência como o crescimento pondoestatural e a evolução da maturação sexual. Um marco importante da puberdade no sexo feminino é a menarca. Para sua ocorrência é necessária a interação de múltiplos fatores, destacando-se por sua importância a condição nutricional, da qual faz parte um teor de gordura corporal suficiente para deflagrar não só a primeira menstruação, como também a manutenção dos ciclos menstruais regulares. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo avaliou a associação entre indicadores de estado nutricional (peso, estatura, circunferência braquial e índice de massa corpórea) e de maturidade (idade e maturação sexual) para ocorrência da menarca e avaliou a percepção da imagem corporal em relação a presença ou não deste evento. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo, observacional, de 98 adolescentes femininas, entre 10 e 19 anos, do subdistrito do Butantã, São Paulo, Brasil, que comparou dois grupos: as que apresentaram menarca até três meses antes da pesquisa (27) e as que ainda não haviam menstruado (71). Os dados são provenientes de um banco de dados, coletados na década de 80, mediante questionários padrão, em pesquisa domiciliar e fizeram parte de estudos anteriores. A variável resposta foi a menarca e as explanatórias foram peso, estatura, circunferência braquial e índice de massa corpórea, idade, desenvolvimento mamário, impressão da estatura e impressão da condição nutricional. O processamento e análise dos dados foi realizado no Departamento Materno- Infantil da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, digitados em planilha Excel® e analisados pelo programa EpiInfo versão 3.5.3 CDC e WHO Anthro versão 3.2.2 OMS. As variáveis foram descritas através de suas distribuições, frequências, médias, desvios-padrão e medianas. Testes paramétricos e não paramétricos foram usados na dependência da distribuição normal ou não das variáveis. Os indicadores que apresentaram significância estatística nos modelos univariados e apresentaram baixa correlação entre si foram testados em modelo de regressão logística para controle das variáveis de confusão. A análise da percepção da autoimagem foi realizada pela correlação entre impressão da estatura e condição nutricional com classificação do referencial gráfico. RESULTADOS: Peso, estatura, circunferência braquial, índice de massa corpórea sempre foram superiores para adolescentes com menarca em relação às sem menarca (diferença estatisticamente significativa). A primeira menstruação ocorreu mais frequentemente no estágio de desenvolvimento M4 de Tanner, com média idade de 13,26 anos. Todas as variáveis estudadas se mostraram associadas à ocorrência da menarca nas análises univariadas. No modelo multivariado, o índice de massa corpórea se revelou o principal desencadeante da menarca. Mostraram-se também associados à primeira menstruação: o desenvolvimento mamário e a idade. Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre a percepção da imagem corporal e a classificação gráfica nas meninas com e sem menarca. CONCLUSÃO: O estado nutricional, traduzido pelo índice de massa corpórea, destacou-se como principal fator desencadeante para a ocorrência da menarca, mesmo frente aos indicadores neuroendócrinos e a idade, confirmando a relevância da força do ambiente sobre a herança. Não houve diferença da percepção da imagem corporal para meninas com e sem menarca / INTRODUCTION: Puberty gathers the physical changes of adolescence such as the growth spurt and evolution of sexual maturation. An important biologic mark of puberty in females is menarche. For its occurrence an interaction of multiple factors are required, mainly the nutritional status whose body fat, depending on its amount, might trigger not only the first period, but also the maintenance of regular menstrual cycles. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the association between indicators of nutritional status (weight, height, arm circumference and body mass index) and maturity (age and sexual maturity) for the occurrence of menarche and it assessed the perception of body image compared with the presence or absence of this event. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study of 98 female adolescents between 10 and 19 years old, in the sub-district of Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil, which compared two groups: those that had menarche up to three months before the survey (27) and those that had not menstruated (71). The data come from a database, collected in 80, through standard questionnaires on household survey. These data have already been part of previous studies. The variable response was the menarche, and the explanatory variables were weight, height, arm circumference, body mass index, age and breast development, height perception and nutritional status perception. The processing and analysis of data were performed in the Department of Maternal and Child School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, typed in Excel ® spreadsheet and analyzed by using EpiInfo version 3.5.3 CDC and WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 WHO. The variables were described according to their distributions, frequencies, means, standard deviations and medians. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used depending on the normal distribution of the variables or not. The indicators that showed statistical significance in the univariate models and showed low correlation between them were tested in a logistic regression model for the control of the confusion variables. The analysis of the perception of selfimage was performed by correlation between height and nutritional status perception with reference graph. RESULTS: Weight, height, arm circumference, body mass index were always higher for the adolescents who had menarche than for those who did not (statistically significant difference). The first period occurred more often in adolescents in stage of breast development M4, at the mean age of 13.26. In univariate analysis, all variables were associated with the occurrence of menarche. In the final model of logistic regression the body mass index was the main trigger of menarche. The other variables associated with the menarche were: breast development and age. It was a positive correlation between the perception of body image and graphical classification in girls with and without menarche. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional status, reflected by body mass index, stood out as the main triggering factor for the occurrence of menarche, even against neuroendocrine indicators and age, confirming the relevance of the strength of the environment on the inheritance. There was no difference in the perception of body image for girls with and without menarche

<p>The purpose of my work is to investigate the experiences in school for pupils with Asperger syndrome around the question, what is a good school for them. I´m also interested in what experiences the staff has about this question. I made a qualitative interview study. I have interviewed three pupils with Asperger syndrome, a teacher and a pupil assistant. To give the reader background information I have written about what the researchers say about what it is like to have Asperger syndrome. I have also in the literature information about experiences from people with Asperger syndrome. The interviewed pupils are in senior level and the interviewed staff is their supporting staff. All the pupils in this investigation are included in “their own” class. They can leave the class to get support in a small group, either to get help in a special subject, or because they decide that they want help or peace and quiet. My results show that the interviewed pupils have it rather good at school, except in relations to friends. Both the staff and the pupils say that the relationship to the staff is very important. To get an even better school the pupils want that the teachers in the class listen carefully what pupils say to each other.</p> / <p>Syftet med mitt arbete är att undersöka skolerfarenheter hos elever med Aspergers syndrom kring frågan hur en bra skola ser ut för dem. Jag är också intresserad av uppfattningarna hos personalen. För att nå mitt syfte har jag gjort en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning, där jag har intervjuat tre elever med Aspergers syndrom, en lärare och en elevassistent. För att läsaren ska få en bakgrundsinformation har jag tagit upp vad forskarna säger om hur det är att ha Aspergers syndrom. I litteraturgenomgången finns information om hur personer med Aspergers syndrom själva upplever sitt funktionshinder. Eleverna går på högstadiet och den intervjuade personalen är deras stödpersonal. Alla elever i den här undersökningen är inkluderade i ”sin” klass. De går ifrån till en stödgrupp, antingen för att få hjälp i ett speciellt ämne, som är schemalagt, eller för att de själva bestämmer att nu behöver jag hjälp eller lugn och ro. Mitt resultat visar att de intervjuade eleverna har det ganska bra i sin skola, förutom när det gäller kamratrelationer. Relationen till skolpersonalen är mycket viktig, enligt både elever och personal. För att få en ännu bättre skola vill eleverna att lärarna i klassen ska vara mer vaksamma på vad som sägs mellan eleverna.</p>

The purpose of my work is to investigate the experiences in school for pupils with Asperger syndrome around the question, what is a good school for them. I´m also interested in what experiences the staff has about this question. I made a qualitative interview study. I have interviewed three pupils with Asperger syndrome, a teacher and a pupil assistant. To give the reader background information I have written about what the researchers say about what it is like to have Asperger syndrome. I have also in the literature information about experiences from people with Asperger syndrome. The interviewed pupils are in senior level and the interviewed staff is their supporting staff. All the pupils in this investigation are included in “their own” class. They can leave the class to get support in a small group, either to get help in a special subject, or because they decide that they want help or peace and quiet. My results show that the interviewed pupils have it rather good at school, except in relations to friends. Both the staff and the pupils say that the relationship to the staff is very important. To get an even better school the pupils want that the teachers in the class listen carefully what pupils say to each other. / Syftet med mitt arbete är att undersöka skolerfarenheter hos elever med Aspergers syndrom kring frågan hur en bra skola ser ut för dem. Jag är också intresserad av uppfattningarna hos personalen. För att nå mitt syfte har jag gjort en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning, där jag har intervjuat tre elever med Aspergers syndrom, en lärare och en elevassistent. För att läsaren ska få en bakgrundsinformation har jag tagit upp vad forskarna säger om hur det är att ha Aspergers syndrom. I litteraturgenomgången finns information om hur personer med Aspergers syndrom själva upplever sitt funktionshinder. Eleverna går på högstadiet och den intervjuade personalen är deras stödpersonal. Alla elever i den här undersökningen är inkluderade i ”sin” klass. De går ifrån till en stödgrupp, antingen för att få hjälp i ett speciellt ämne, som är schemalagt, eller för att de själva bestämmer att nu behöver jag hjälp eller lugn och ro. Mitt resultat visar att de intervjuade eleverna har det ganska bra i sin skola, förutom när det gäller kamratrelationer. Relationen till skolpersonalen är mycket viktig, enligt både elever och personal. För att få en ännu bättre skola vill eleverna att lärarna i klassen ska vara mer vaksamma på vad som sägs mellan eleverna.

The purpose of this study was to examine formal volunteering among retirees in order to explore whether their volunteer experiences represent an extension of their career in the paid workforce or whether their volunteer activities represent a completely new direction, and how this influences their career self-concept, as interpreted through Donald Super’s life-span, life-space theory of career development. This study employed a developmental mixed-method design. In Phase 1, qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 participants to better understand retirees’ volunteer experiences. Phase 1 informed the design of an instrument for the Phase 2 survey which examined the issues among a larger sample of 214 retirees. The Phase 2 results supported the Phase 1 findings and indicated that many retirees sought an extension of career in volunteer activities in that they used similar skills and knowledge. Study participants also displayed a desire for lifelong learning. Retirees relinquished their paid-work career, took on the retiree and volunteer roles, and integrated these roles within their career self-concept to create a new sense of self. These results indicated that the retirees had entered a new stage of life, qualitatively different from ‘retirement’. To better reflect the experiences of these retirees, it was proposed that Donald Super’s life-span, life-space theory of career development be extended to include Redirection. This theorizing is consistent with the finding that retirees both wanted to and are able to integrate previous paid work elements as well as seek out lifelong learning opportunities within their volunteer activities. This study demonstrates that the volunteer role in the lives of retirees can lead to personal renewal and reshaping of the career self-concept, or what is labeled as the stage of Redirection. This study also has implications for volunteer management, retirement planning and social policy, and may be of interest to volunteer managers, nonprofit organizations, career counsellors, financial planners, retirement planning consultants, life coaches and policy planners.

Die Gestaltung berufsorientierender Lehr- und Lernprozesse für Naturwissenschaft und Technik besitzt insbesondere vor dem immer wieder diskutierten Fachkräftemangel in diesem Bereich eine zentrale Bedeutung. In diesem Sinne soll Berufsorientierung für Naturwissenschaft und Technik dazu beitragen, dass Lernende naturwissenschaftsbezogene Berufe als Option für die Gestaltung der eigenen Ausbildungs- und Berufsbiographie wahrnehmen. Um diese Funktion zu realisieren, sind Maßnahmen notwendig, die auf eine Veränderung der für die Berufswahl relevanten Schüler-merkmale fokussieren. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde daher zunächst der Stand der Forschung zu Modellen der Berufswahl sowie empirischen Studien hinsichtlich der für die Berufsentscheidung bedeutsamen Schülermerkmale analysiert. Als Handlungskonsequenzen für die Gestaltung schulischer Berufsorientierungsprozesse hat sich ergeben, dass zum einen Interesse und Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept gefördert werden müssen, um die Entscheidung für ein naturwissenschaftlich-technisches Studium zu begünstigen. Über die Förderung von Interesse und Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept hinaus bedarf es zum anderen im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Berufsorientierung der Ausbildung naturwissenschaftlich-technischer Kompetenzen hinreichender Qualität sowie wahrscheinlich der Entwicklung eines realistischen Berufskonzepts. Die ebenfalls im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit vorgenommene Analyse von best-practice-Beispielen an explizit berufsorientierenden Maßnahmen hat gezeigt, dass insbesondere eine in den Fachunterricht integrierte Berufsorientierung besonders wirksam ist. Jedoch gibt es hierfür bisher keine tragfähigen Ansätze, die alle genannten Aspekte miteinander verknüpfen. Es bedarf somit einer konkreten konzeptionellen Grundlage. Da im Rahmen einer in den Fachunterricht integrierten Berufsorientierung die Arbeit von Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaftlern neben den natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Fachinhalten zu einem expliziten Aneignungsgegenstand wird, ist eine valide Beschreibung dieser notwendige Voraussetzung für die konzeptionelle Umsetzung. Diese stellt jedoch ebenso wie der Gestaltungsansatz eine Lücke der Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Berufsorientierung bzw. Naturwissenschaftsdidaktik dar. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher zunächst die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren beschrieben und strukturiert. Um dann auf dieser Basis ein Ansatz zur Gestaltung integrierter Berufsorientierung zu entwickeln. Darüber hinaus wurden im Sinne einer passfähigen Berufsorientierung die Kenntnisse von Lernenden über die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren und der Zusammenhang zwischen einem realistischen Berufskonzept und der Ausbildung natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Berufserwartungen untersucht. Denn obwohl stets die Bedeutung von Berufskenntnissen betont wird, kann diese nur normativ begründet werden, da belastbare Forschungsergebnisse fehlen. In den Teilen II bis IV der Arbeit wurden somit folgende Problemfelder nacheinander bearbeitet: - die Beschreibung und Strukturierung der Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren (= Teil II); - die Ermittlung der Kenntnisse von Lernenden über die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren sowie deren Einfluss auf die Ausbildung naturwissenschaftlicher bzw. technischer Berufserwartungen (= Teil III); - die Entwicklung eines Ansatzes für die Gestaltung berufsorientierender Konzepte im Rahmen des Naturwissenschaftsunterrichts (= Teil IV). Für die Charakterisierung der Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren konnte nicht auf bestehende Erkenntnisse zurückgegriffen werden. Denn in anderen Forschungsgebieten wie z. B. der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie oder der berufswissenschaftlichen Forschung, werden lediglich Ausschnitte natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftliche Arbeit unter jeweils wissen-schaftsspezifischen Fragestellungen analysiert. Eine systematische für berufsorientierende Lehr- und Lernprozesse geeignete Aufarbeitung fehlt bisher. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher in der ersten empirischen Studie auf Basis berufswissenschaftlicher Arbeitsanalysen in Unternehmen sowie Forschungseinrichtungen zentrale Initiierungskontexte und Arbeitsaufträge naturwissenschaftlicher bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit bestimmt. Die Arbeitsanalyse stellt eine Kombination verschiedener qualitativer Befragungs- und Beobachtungsmethoden zur Erfassung der Arbeitswelt dar. Die ermittelten Daten wurden mittels eines in Anlehnung an die strukturierende Inhaltsanalyse von Mayring entwickelten Auswertungssystems analysiert. Hierdurch konnte ein Überblick zu den typischen Initiierungskontexten und Arbeitsaufträgen sowie den jeweils zugehörigen Arbeitsaufgaben natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit ermittelt werden. Für die berufsspezifische Beschreibung wurde ein Perspektivwechsel von einer auftragsbezogenen zu einer berufsbezogenen Betrachtung vorgenommen. Dies bedeutet, dass die innerhalb eines Arbeitsauftrags anfallenden Arbeitsaufgaben bzw. Arbeitsaufgabenkomplexe dem Beruf des Naturwissenschaftlers oder Ingenieurs zugeordnet und kategorisiert worden sind. Ergebnis dieses Prozesses war, dass die von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren übernommene Arbeit mittels berufsspezifischen Kernarbeitsaufträge und -aufgaben sowie berufsübergreifenden Managementaufgaben und Transferaufgaben beschrieben werden können. Diese Kategorisierung natur- bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit war Grundlage für die Erfassung der Berufskenntnisse. Ziel der zweiten Studie war, das bei den Lernenden bestehende Konzept über die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren zu charakterisieren sowie dessen Bedeutsamkeit für die Ausbildung natur- bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Berufserwartungen zu bestimmen. Hierfür wurden Gymnasiasten der 10. und 11. Klasse (N = 450) ein Testinstrument zur Erhebung der Berufskenntnisse sowie ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Berufswünsche und weiterer berufswahlrelevanter Merkmale vorgelegt. Für die Auswertung der erhobenen Daten wurden zur Beschreibung des Berufskonzepts deskriptive Methoden eingesetzt und für die Bestimmung der Bedeutsamkeit von Berufskenntnissen logistische Regressionsmodelle spezifiziert sowie Mediationseffekte mittels Bootstrapping geprüft. Hinsichtlich der Kenntnis natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit wurde deutlich, dass Lernende bereits einen guten Überblick über die zentralen Arbeitsaufträge von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren besitzen, jedoch die bei der Bearbeitung auftretenden Arbeitsaufgaben kaum kennen sowie natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit nur un-genügend zu entsprechender Facharbeit abgrenzen können. Bezogen auf die Bedeutsamkeit von Berufskenntnissen konnte gezeigt werden, dass lediglich ausgewählte Aspekte in einem Zusammenhang mit natur- bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Berufserwartungen stehen. Für die Ausbildung von naturwissenschaftlichen Berufswünschen sind dies die Kenntnis der Transferaufgaben sowie die Abgrenzung von natur- zu ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit. Für die Ausbildung von ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Berufswünschen sind dies hingegen die Kenntnis der Kernarbeitsaufträge sowie die Abgrenzung von ingenieurwissenschaftlicher zu betriebswirtschaftlicher Arbeit. Die Ergebnisse verweisen darauf, dass berufsorientierende Lehr- und Lernprozesse neben naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Interessen und Fähigkeiten auch die Ausbildung eines realistischen Berufskonzeptes fördern müssen. In Bezug zu den Ergebnissen beider empirischer Studien wurden abschließend Kriterien und Ziele berufsorientierender Lehr- und Lernprozesse differenziert sowie ein konkreter Gestaltungsansatz entwickelt und hinsichtlich einer projektorientierten Umsetzung untersetzt Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde weiterhin ein Ansatz zur Gestaltung von in den naturwissenschaftlichen Fachunterricht inte-grierten Berufsorientierungsprojekten unter Rückgriff auf kontextorientierte bzw. berufsbildende Ansätze entworfen. Grundlegendes Prinzip des Konzepts ist die Konfrontation der Lernenden mit didaktisch-aufbereiteten beruflichen Arbeitsaufträgen des Naturwissenschaftlers bzw. Ingenieurs. Zur Bearbeitung des Auftrags sind die damit verbundenen Arbeitsaufgaben auszuführen. Hierbei wird von den Lernenden das erforderliche naturwissenschaftliche Know-how angewendet bzw. angeeignet. Weiterhin erschließen sich die Lernenden die Arbeitswelt von Ingenieuren bzw. Naturwissenschaftlern aktiv. Perspektivisch ist dieser Ansatz weiterzuentwickeln und hinsichtlich seiner Wirksamkeit zu evaluieren. Hierbei eröffnen sich Potentiale an die Evaluation berufsorientierender Konzepte weiterführende Forschungsfragen hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs zwischen von Berufskenntnissen und Berufserwartungen zu koppeln.