A notable paucity in practice interventions and literature currently exists in regard to self-support in first-time mothers. Recent literature and practice interventions seem to focus largely on social support resources, highlighting the deficiency in the investigation of self-support in first-time mothers as an integral and holistic concept and/or focus point for intervention. Literature continues to illustrate the many challenges first-time mothers encounter and therefore this study focuses on self-support experiences of the first-time mother in relation to her environment by providing an original stance of enquiry. The investigator aimed to explore and describe the experiences of self-support in first-time mothers in the Cape Metropole. The study was conducted qualitatively and according to an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) research design. This provided the researcher with a dual method of investigation: The first undertaking was to describe actual accounts of the participants‟ self-support experiences, while the second was to give an interpretation of these accounts which would reflect their experiences in an understandable, yet authentic manner. The meta-theoretical framework of Gestalt Therapy Theory (GTT) was applied due to its holistic and integrative nature, while the additional theoretical frameworks of Self Determination Theory (SDT) and Positive Psychology (PP) served as contributors to deepen understanding. The sample consisted of thirteen first-time mothers from moderately diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The study succeeded in giving in-depth exploratory descriptions of their self-support experiences during the first two years of motherhood. Findings displayed that the participants‟ self-support cannot be separated from their constantly shifting environments and that self-support is an integrated and dynamic process of development. Internal elements as well as environmental factors prove to disrupt this process of self-support development. Vital components for developing self-support were assuming responsibility for own well-being as a mother; as well as arriving at insight. Joy and gratefulness as experienced by the participants were proven to serve as motivators to sustain self-support. The study further exhibits that a supportive relationship is able to exist between the first-time mother‟s self-support and her environment when she is able to effectively identify, reach out and utilise social support resources available in her environment. Self-support serves as an experiential process (as an alternative to a fixed outcome) where the first-time mother is able, through experience, to mature and become more self-supportive. Findings argue that ideal self-support during novel motherhood is the capability to be in a mature interactive relationship with the environment, constantly adapting according to the organisation of the environmental field. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

<p>Основно истраживачко питање на које смо настојали да<br />добијемо одговор је какав је значај вредносних оријентација,<br />селф-концепта и демографских карактеристика испитаника за<br />куповину аутомобила обзиром на ниво и тип инволвираности у<br />производ.<br />Како би остварили основни циљ маркетинга &ndash; размену, на<br />обострано задовољство и купца и продавца те да би разумели,<br />предвидели и утицали на понашање потрошача неопходно је<br />вршити анализе са циљем упознавања сегмента тржишта за који<br />се претпоставља да је циљна група. То подразумева упознавање<br />демографских одлика потрошача. Анализа понашања<br />неизоставно обухвата истраживање о томе ко су потрошачи, шта<br />купују, зашто купују, када, где и колико често купују. Ипак, да<br />би се добила потпуна слика тржишног сегмента, неопходно је,<br />поред демографских, познавати и психолошке карактеристике<br />потрошача. У докторској дисертацији представљени су<br />теоријски модели куповног понашања, инволвираности и<br />вредности, као и теорија селф детерминације. Приказан је извод<br />из истраживачког опуса о инволвираности и релацијама које<br />остварује са осталим варијаблама испитиваним у овом<br />истраживању.<br />Истраживање је спроведено на пригодном узорку од 222<br />особе које су у последњих шест месеци купиле аутомобил или<br />планирају да га купе у наредних шест месеци, али су у тренутку<br />истраживања већ започелe процес доношења одлуке о куповини.<br />На тај начин извршена је дистинкција купаца и потенцијалних<br />купаца, као и дистинкција узорка од опште популације.<br />Аутомобил као производ који је централан у овом истраживању<br />одабран је на основу пилот истраживања спроведеног са циљем<br />да се утврди у који су производ испитаници чешће високо<br />инволвирани. Из општег циља истраживања изведено је неколико специфичних циљева, како би се одговорило на</p><p>истраживачки проблем. Резултати су указали да инволвираност<br />има мултифакторску структуру. Издвојена су четири фактора<br />који су дефинисани као Важност и задовољство, Значење,<br />Вероватноћа ризика и Последице ризика. Утврђене су разлике у<br />нивоу и типу инволвираности код купаца и потенцијалних<br />купаца, где су потенцијални купци више инволвирани од купаца,<br />и то на укупној инволвираности и на фактору вероватноћа<br />ризика. Тржиште купаца и потенцијалних купаца сегментирано<br />је према инволвираности коју су потрошачи развили. Тржиште<br />чине четири хомогена сегмента који се разликују према нивоу и<br />типу доминантне инволвираности. Сегменти су именовани као<br />Висока, Ниска, Ризична и Експертска инволвираност. Утврђене<br />су значајне разлике сегмената по вредностима, самосвести и<br />каузалним оријентацијама. Као значајни предиктори поједниних<br />фактора инволвираности купаца, а из сета демографских<br />карактеристика испитаника, издвојили су се пол, старост,<br />образовање, задовољство материјалном ситуацијом, као и број<br />чланова домаћинства за које је испитаник одговоран. У подгрупи<br />потенцијалних купаца инволвираност се не може предвидети на<br />основу овог сета демографских варијабли. И сета психолошких<br />карактеристика издвојени су предиктори инволвираности<br />испитаника. Поједини вредносни домени предвиђају факторе<br />инволвираности, а на основу резултата који се тичу каузалних<br />оријентација и самосвести, закључено је да је доношење куповне<br />одлуке приликом куповине аутомобила социјални процес, да<br />особе иако су доминантно аутономне у доношењу одлука,<br />одлуку о куповини аутомобила доносе уз помоћ референтних<br />особа, као и стручњака из ове области. Утврђено је да каузалне<br />оријентације, самосвест и индивидуалне вредности не<br />предвиђају куповно понашање испитаника.<br />Сви налази су дискутовани у контексту претходних<br />резултата истраживања у овој области, наведене су њихове<br />импликације и ограничења, као и препоруке за маркетиншку<br />праксу.</p> / <p>Osnovno istraživačko pitanje na koje smo nastojali da<br />dobijemo odgovor je kakav je značaj vrednosnih orijentacija,<br />self-koncepta i demografskih karakteristika ispitanika za<br />kupovinu automobila obzirom na nivo i tip involviranosti u<br />proizvod.<br />Kako bi ostvarili osnovni cilj marketinga &ndash; razmenu, na<br />obostrano zadovoljstvo i kupca i prodavca te da bi razumeli,<br />predvideli i uticali na ponašanje potrošača neophodno je<br />vršiti analize sa ciljem upoznavanja segmenta tržišta za koji<br />se pretpostavlja da je ciljna grupa. To podrazumeva upoznavanje<br />demografskih odlika potrošača. Analiza ponašanja<br />neizostavno obuhvata istraživanje o tome ko su potrošači, šta<br />kupuju, zašto kupuju, kada, gde i koliko često kupuju. Ipak, da<br />bi se dobila potpuna slika tržišnog segmenta, neophodno je,<br />pored demografskih, poznavati i psihološke karakteristike<br />potrošača. U doktorskoj disertaciji predstavljeni su<br />teorijski modeli kupovnog ponašanja, involviranosti i<br />vrednosti, kao i teorija self determinacije. Prikazan je izvod<br />iz istraživačkog opusa o involviranosti i relacijama koje<br />ostvaruje sa ostalim varijablama ispitivanim u ovom<br />istraživanju.<br />Istraživanje je sprovedeno na prigodnom uzorku od 222<br />osobe koje su u poslednjih šest meseci kupile automobil ili<br />planiraju da ga kupe u narednih šest meseci, ali su u trenutku<br />istraživanja već započele proces donošenja odluke o kupovini.<br />Na taj način izvršena je distinkcija kupaca i potencijalnih<br />kupaca, kao i distinkcija uzorka od opšte populacije.<br />Automobil kao proizvod koji je centralan u ovom istraživanju<br />odabran je na osnovu pilot istraživanja sprovedenog sa ciljem<br />da se utvrdi u koji su proizvod ispitanici češće visoko<br />involvirani. Iz opšteg cilja istraživanja izvedeno je nekoliko specifičnih ciljeva, kako bi se odgovorilo na</p><p>istraživački problem. Rezultati su ukazali da involviranost<br />ima multifaktorsku strukturu. Izdvojena su četiri faktora<br />koji su definisani kao Važnost i zadovoljstvo, Značenje,<br />Verovatnoća rizika i Posledice rizika. Utvrđene su razlike u<br />nivou i tipu involviranosti kod kupaca i potencijalnih<br />kupaca, gde su potencijalni kupci više involvirani od kupaca,<br />i to na ukupnoj involviranosti i na faktoru verovatnoća<br />rizika. Tržište kupaca i potencijalnih kupaca segmentirano<br />je prema involviranosti koju su potrošači razvili. Tržište<br />čine četiri homogena segmenta koji se razlikuju prema nivou i<br />tipu dominantne involviranosti. Segmenti su imenovani kao<br />Visoka, Niska, Rizična i Ekspertska involviranost. Utvrđene<br />su značajne razlike segmenata po vrednostima, samosvesti i<br />kauzalnim orijentacijama. Kao značajni prediktori pojedninih<br />faktora involviranosti kupaca, a iz seta demografskih<br />karakteristika ispitanika, izdvojili su se pol, starost,<br />obrazovanje, zadovoljstvo materijalnom situacijom, kao i broj<br />članova domaćinstva za koje je ispitanik odgovoran. U podgrupi<br />potencijalnih kupaca involviranost se ne može predvideti na<br />osnovu ovog seta demografskih varijabli. I seta psiholoških<br />karakteristika izdvojeni su prediktori involviranosti<br />ispitanika. Pojedini vrednosni domeni predviđaju faktore<br />involviranosti, a na osnovu rezultata koji se tiču kauzalnih<br />orijentacija i samosvesti, zaključeno je da je donošenje kupovne<br />odluke prilikom kupovine automobila socijalni proces, da<br />osobe iako su dominantno autonomne u donošenju odluka,<br />odluku o kupovini automobila donose uz pomoć referentnih<br />osoba, kao i stručnjaka iz ove oblasti. Utvrđeno je da kauzalne<br />orijentacije, samosvest i individualne vrednosti ne<br />predviđaju kupovno ponašanje ispitanika.<br />Svi nalazi su diskutovani u kontekstu prethodnih<br />rezultata istraživanja u ovoj oblasti, navedene su njihove<br />implikacije i ograničenja, kao i preporuke za marketinšku<br />praksu.</p> / <p>The basic issue of the research is a significance of value<br />orientations, self-concept and demographic characteristics of<br />respondents when purchasing a car, considering the level and<br />type of involvement in the product.<br />In order to achieve the main purpose of marketing,<br />which is an exchange to mutual satisfaction of buyers and<br />sellers, as well as to understand, predict and influence the<br />consumer behavior, it is necessary to make analysis in order to<br />become acquainted with market segment, which is assumed to<br />be the target group. It implies information about the<br />demographic characteristics of consumers. Analysis of<br />consumer behavior inevitably involves research about who the<br />consumers are, what they buy, why they buy, when, where and<br />how often they buy something. However, in order to obtain a<br />complete picture of the market segment, it is necessary to know<br />psychological characteristics of consumers, in addition to<br />demographic ones. The doctoral dissertation presents theoretical<br />models of consumer behavior, involvement and human values,<br />as well as the self-determination theory. There is presented a<br />selection from the research opus on the involvement and<br />relations achieved with other variables examined in this<br />research.<br />The research was conducted on a sample of 222 persons<br />who had bought a car in the last six months, or who planned to<br />buy a car and already started the decision-making process on<br />purchasing at the moment of the research. In this way, there was<br />made a distinction between consumers and potential consumers,<br />as well as the distinction between consumers and the general<br />population. The car as a product, which was central in this<br />research, was chosen according to a pilot study conducted with<br />the aim to determine which product made the respondents to be<br />highly involved. Several specific objectives derived from the<br />general aim of the research, in order to respond to the research<br />problem. The results showed that the involvement had a<br />multifactor structure. There were distinguished four factors,<br />which were defined as Sign, Interest and Pleasure, Risk importance, and Risk probability.</p><p>There were established differences in the level and type<br />of involvement in consumers and potential consumers, where<br />potential consumers were more involved than consumers both<br />on the Total Involvement and the Risk Probability factor.<br />Market of consumers and potential consumers was segmented<br />according to the involvement developed by the consumers.<br />Market consisted of four homogeneous segments which varied<br />according to the level and type of dominant involvement. The<br />segments were named as High, Low, Risk and Expert<br />Involvement. There were established significant differences in<br />segments based on values, self-awareness and causal<br />orientations. Sex, age, education, satisfaction with financial<br />situation, as well as the number of household members which<br />the respondent is responsible for, were found to be significant<br />predictors of individual factors of the consumers involvement,<br />distinguished from a set of demographic characteristics of<br />respondents. In the subgroup of potential consumers, the<br />involvement could not be predicted on the basis of the set of<br />demographic variables. Predictors of the respondents&rsquo;<br />involvement were distinguished from a set of psychological<br />characteristics. Particular value domains predicted factors of<br />involvement. Based on the results concerning the causal<br />orientations and self-awareness, it was concluded that making<br />decision on purchasing a car was the social process and that<br />even though they were predominantly autonomous in decisionmaking,<br />people made the decision to buy a car with help of the<br />reference persons and experts in this field. It was found that the<br />causal orientations, self-awareness and individual values could<br />not predict consumer behavior of respondents.<br />All the findings have been discussed in the context of<br />previous results of the research in this field. There are presented<br />their implications and limitations, as well as recommendations<br />for the marketing practice.</p>

Treningsterapi som en del av tverrfaglig spesialisert rusbehandling. Formålet med studiet er å undersøke hvordan en gruppe pasienter med rusmiddelavhengighet og psykiske lidelser opplever og beskriver sine erfaringer med treningsterapi som en del av behandlingen ved Stiftelsen Bergensklinikkene. Dette sett i lys av Self-Determination Theory (SDT) - selvbestemmelsesteorien.    Studiet har en kvalitativ tilnærming hvor det empiriske materialet er basert på forskningsintervju. Det er blitt gjennomført intervjuer av syv pasienter med rusmiddelavhengighet alle med erfaring med bruk av treningsterapi ved Bergensklinikkene. Treningsterapi vil si planlagte og strukturerte fysiske aktiviteter. Empirien i dette studiet er analysert ved bruk av tradisjonell kvalitativ tilnærming og meningskonsentrering. Hovedfunnene viser at et autonomistøttende miljø er en forutsetning for å bli motivert for behandling. Brukermedvirkning og selvbestemmelse er faktorer som styrker motivasjonen for endring.   Økt kompetanse blant pasientene gjennom nye erfaringer og økt innsikt i treningsterapi, ga grunnlag for en autonomistyrt behandling.  Relasjon til treningsterapeutene var viktig for at pasientene opplevde terapeutens informasjon og veiledning som nyttig. Opplevelsen av et inkluderende felleskap med behandlere og medpasienter var av stor betydning for informantene. I studien kom det frem at behovet for tettere oppfølging i overgangen fra institusjon til hjem var nødvendig.     Opplevelse av bedre rusmestring, bedre søvn, mindre angst og depresjon og mindre ADHD-symptomer var viktige motivasjonsfaktorer. Dessuten ga fysiske effekter både indre og ytre motivasjon til bruk av treningsterapi. Gjennom studien kan en ut fra resultatene konkludere med at informantene blant annet vektlegger en autonomistøttende struktur, økt kompetanse, opplevelse av fellesskap og motivasjon som viktig og nødvendig i treningsterapi. / Excercise as therapy  Exercise as therapy as part of multidisciplinary specialized treatment. The purpose of the study is to understand how a group of patients with substance use disorders and mental illness experience and describe their experiences with exercise therapy as part of treatment at the Bergen Clinics Foundation. The thesis uses a framework of self-determination theory (SDT).   The study has a qualitative approach where the empirical material is based on research interviews. Seven patients were strategically selected to undertake semi-structured interviews regarding their experience with exercise as therapy as part of multidisciplinary specialized treatment in The Bergen Clinics Foundation. Exercise as therapy is physical activity that is planned and structured. The empirical data in this study is analyzed using the traditional qualitative approach.    The results show that an autonomy supportive environment is a prerequisite for being motivated for treatment. User involvement and self-determination are factors that strengthen the motivation for change.   Increased competence among patients through new experiences and greater insight into exercise as therapy, provided the basis for an autonomy-guided therapy. The patients´ relationship with the therapists was important: in case this relationship was deficient, they wouldn´t experience the information and guidance as helpful.   The experience of an inclusive community of practitioners and fellow patients was of great significance for patients. The study revealed that the need for closer monitoring of the transition from institutional to home was necessary.    Experience of better control of drug dependence, better sleep, less anxiety and depression and less ADHD symptoms were important motivators. Besides giving physical effects both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for use of exercise as therapy.   One can conclude from the study that in the patients´ view an autonomy supportive structure, increased expertise, experience of community and motivation represented the most important and indispensable factors in exercise therapy.

Cette thèse de doctorat a été réalisée grâce à l'appui financier des fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture. / La présente thèse porte sur la prédiction de la performance à partir de la théorie de la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux (BPNT; Basic Psychological Need Theory; Deci & Ryan, 2000). En plus de valider un instrument de satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux en milieu de travail, cette thèse, composée de trois articles, propose que la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux pourrait prédire la performance des individus par le biais de l’augmentation de la santé psychologique au travail. Le premier article a pour objectif de présenter une recension de la documentation portant sur les liens entre la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux, la santé psychologique au travail et la performance en emploi. Qui plus est, cet article propose, sur la base de ces informations, un modèle explicatif de la performance en emploi basé sur la BPNT. Le second article a pour but de présenter et de valider la mesure de la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux en milieu de travail. Une première étude dans un échantillon de travailleurs québécois permet de faire ressortir les trois facteurs attendus (besoin d’autonomie, besoin d’affiliation sociale et besoin de compétence) de manière exploratoire. Des analyses corrélationnelles avec des critères tels que l’optimisme, la justice procédurale, le bien-être au travail, la détresse au travail et la motivation intrinsèque ont été également réalisées afin d’appuyer la validité critériée de l’instrument. Dans la seconde étude, une analyse d’invariance structurelle dans des échantillons d’enseignants québécois et français montre que cet instrument possède des propriétés psychométriques similaires dans les deux échantillons et apporte un argument de plus à la validité de l’instrument. Des analyses corrélationnelles avec les mêmes critères que dans la première étude ont également été réalisées. Ainsi, il est possible de conclure aux bonnes qualités psychométriques de cet instrument. Les limites et les apports de cette étude sont aussi présentés. Le troisième article examine les liens entre la satisfaction de chacun des besoins fondamentaux (autonomie, affiliation sociale et compétence), la santé psychologique et la performance de tâches des enseignants. Plus précisément, cet article tente de valider le modèle présenté dans l’article un voulant que la santé psychologique agisse comme médiateur dans la relation entre la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux et la performance en emploi. Les résultats des analyses d’équations structurelles montrent la présence d’un effet complet de médiation de la santé psychologique dans la relation entre les besoins d’autonomie et d’affiliation sociale et la performance de tâches des enseignants. Une médiation partielle de la santé psychologique est, par contre, relevée entre le besoin de compétence et la performance de tâches des enseignants. Finalement, ce lien est discuté de même que les limites et les pistes de recherches futures découlant des résultats. Enfin, la conclusion de la thèse synthétise les constats et résultats de cette recherche doctorale. Ainsi, l’adéquation du modèle aux données de l’article trois porte à croire que la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux pourrait potentiellement prédire la performance par le biais de la santé psychologique. Cependant, il est important de ne pas trop généraliser les résultats puisque la thèse comporte certaines limites, notamment l’utilisation d’instruments autorapportés pouvant favorisant les biais de variances communes. / The following thesis addresses the prediction of performance based on the Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT; Deci & Ryan, 2000). This thesis, composed of three articles, proposes that the satisfaction of the three basic needs predicts individual performance by enhancing their psychological health at work, as well as validate an instrument measuring satisfaction of the three basic needs at work. The first article reviews the scientific literature on the links between the satisfaction of the three basic needs, psychological health at work, and job performance. Based on conclusions drawn thereupon, an explanatory model of job performance based on self-determination theory is proposed. The second article’s objective is to present and validate a measure of satisfaction of the three basic needs in the workplace. A first study in a sample of Quebecois workers allowed the three expected factors (need for autonomy, need for competence, need for relatedness) to emerge using an exploratory method. Correlation analyses using criteria such as optimism, procedural justice, well-being at work, distress at work, and intrinsic motivation was also realised, in order to support the criterion validity of the instrument. In the second study, an analysis of structural invariance in samples of Quebecois and French teachers showed that the instrument had comparable psychometric properties in both samples, further supporting the validity of the instrument. Correlation analyses using the same criteria as in the first study were also performed. The results point to the instrument having sound psychometric qualities. Limitations and contributions of the results are also presented. The third article examines the relationship between satisfaction of each of the three basic needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), psychological health, and task performance in a sample of teachers. Specifically, this article attempts to validate the model outlined in article 1, whereby psychological heath acts as mediator of the relationship between the three basic needs and job performance. The results of structural equation analyses revealed a complete effect of mediation of psychological health in the relationships for autonomy and relatedness with task performance in teachers. However, a partial mediation of psychological health was found between the need for competence and task performance. These findings are discussed, along with limitations and directions for future research. Finally, the thesis’ conclusion summarizes the results of the entire research. The results of structural equation analyses presented in the third article suggests that the basic psychological needs could potentially predict performance through psychological health. However, it is important to keep in mind that the generalization of the results is limited by the thesis’ limitations such as the use of self-reported instruments, wich might increase biases of common variances.

L’équipe de travail représente, de nos jours, une forme d’organisation du travail incontournable pour accroître la performance des entreprises. Il est maintenant largement reconnu que la composition d’une équipe de travail est susceptible d’affecter son efficacité et, plus particulièrement, la qualité des relations interpersonnelles au sein de l’équipe et la performance de ses membres. Des études se sont donc attardées à isoler certaines caractéristiques individuelles permettant d’influencer le contexte des équipes de travail. Ainsi, l’effet de la composition des équipes a été étudié sous l’angle des traits de personnalité des membres, de leurs attitudes et de leurs valeurs, ou encore en fonction des habiletés cognitives démontrées par chacun des coéquipiers. Malgré quelques invitations répétées à étudier davantage la motivation des équipes de travail et de leurs membres, peu de travaux ont porté sur la composition motivationnelle de ce contexte collectif. Dans la foulée des études portant sur les équipes de travail, on observe une tendance à ne considérer que la performance des équipes et des coéquipiers comme unique critère d’évaluation de leur efficacité. Devant les données alarmantes concernant les problèmes de santé psychologique vécus par les travailleurs, il appert qu’il est essentiel de se pencher sur les conditions nécessaires à mettre en place dans ce contexte de travail interpersonnel pour contribuer à la fois au bien-être et à la performance des coéquipiers. Avec l’utilisation du cadre d’analyse proposé par la théorie de l’autodétermination, la présente thèse vise à répondre à ces enjeux. Le premier article de la thèse propose un modèle théorique qui définit en quoi la composition d’une équipe de travail, en regard des styles de régulations individuelles des membres de l’équipe, est susceptible d’affecter les relations interpersonnelles au sein de l’équipe et d’avoir un impact sur la performance et le bien-être des membres. S’appuyant sur les mécanismes d’émergence proposés par les théories multiniveaux, ce cadre théorique suggère également que, sous certaines conditions, la composition motivationnelle d’une équipe de travail puisse entraîner la formation d’un phénomène singulier de motivation d’équipe. Les mécanismes favorisant cette émergence sont présentés dans l’article. Le second article de la thèse représente une première vérification empirique de certaines des propositions de l’article théorique. À partir d’un échantillon de 138 équipes, regroupant 680 travailleurs, il a été possible de vérifier, à partir d’analyses multiniveaux, l’impact de la composition autonome ou contrôlée d’une équipe sur la satisfaction au travail des participants. Les résultats de l’étude montrent qu’une forme de composition d’équipe de nature plus autonome est positivement reliée à la satisfaction des travailleurs. Plus encore, on observe une interaction entre la régulation autonome individuelle et la régulation autonome d’équipe quant à la satisfaction vécue au travail. Ainsi, la satisfaction au travail est plus élevée pour les participants dont le style de régulation est plus autonome et qui évoluent dans une équipe à composition motivationnelle plus autonome. Parallèlement, les résultats montrent que la composition motivationnelle plus contrôlée est négativement reliée à la satisfaction au travail. De façon générale, la présente thèse souligne la pertinence de considérer le contexte sociomotivationnel émergeant de la composition de l’équipe en regard des styles de régulations individuelles des membres qui la composent. Cette thèse permet de considérer, avec un regard nouveau, la motivation des équipes de travail et les variables de motivation à évaluer dans la formation des équipes de travail au sein de nos organisations. / These days, the work team constitutes an indispensable form of task organization that increases organizational performance. It is now widely recognized that the composition of a work team can affect the effectiveness of that team - specifically, the quality of the interpersonal relationships and performance of its members. Studies have attempted to isolate the individual characteristics liable to influence the work team context. Indeed, the effects of the composition of a work team have been studied through the personality traits of its members, their attitudes and values, as well as the cognitive ability they have each demonstrated. Despite repeated insistence on studying the motivation in and of work teams, very little work has been done on the motivational composition within this collective context. Within the large stream of research on work teams, the tendency seems to be to measure team effectiveness exclusively through team and team member performance. Faced with significant data concerning problems of psychological health among workers, it has become paramount to investigate the conditions under which work teams can contribute to both the well-being and performance of their members. Using the analytical framework proposed by Self-Determination Theory, the present thesis seeks to address these issues. The first article of the thesis proposes a theoretical model that outlines how the composition of a work team, along with the regulatory styles of each of its members, can potentially affect the interpersonal relationships of team members, as well as their performance and well-being. Using Multilevel Theory’s processes of emergence, this model also suggests that, under certain conditions, the motivational composition of a work team can bring about the unique phenomenon of team motivation. The mechanisms facilitating the emergence of this phenomenon are presented in this article. The second article of this thesis focuses on the first empirical verification of certain propositions from the theoretical article. From a sample of 138 teams comprising 680 workers, it was possible to verify, using multilevel analyses, the impact of either an autonomous or controlled motivational work team composition on the work satisfaction of participants. The results of this study show that a more autonomous work team composition is positively related to work satisfaction. Moreover, an interaction between individual autonomous regulation and the autonomous regulation of a team on satisfaction experienced at work was found. Thus, work satisfaction is higher for participants whose regulatory style is more autonomous and who are part of a team whose motivational composition is more autonomous. Conversely, the results show that a more controlled motivational composition is negatively related to work satisfaction. Overall, this thesis highlights the importance of considering the socio-motivational context that emerges from the composition of a work team, in terms of the individual regulatory styles of each of its members. This thesis allows for a fresh perspective on work team motivation, as well as the motivational variables that should be evaluated when creating work teams within organizations.

Selon la théorie de l’auto-détermination, l’autonomie est un besoin universel de base qui, lorsque soutenu, permet aux individus de mieux fonctionner et de vivre plus de bien-être psychologique (p. ex., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Le style parental des parents qui soutiennent l’autonomie de leur enfant est caractérisé par le soutien du fonctionnement autodéterminé de ce dernier. Sa définition traditionnelle inclut des pratiques telles qu’offrir des explications et des choix lors des requêtes, communiquer de l’empathie, et encourager les prises d’initiatives tout en minimisant l’utilisation d’un langage contrôlant (p. ex., Soenens et al., 2007). Les bénéfices d’un style parental qui soutient l’autonomie d’un enfant ont été bien documentés (p. ex., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997), toutefois, peu d’études ont été effectuées auprès des bambins. Or, cette thèse visait à enrichir la littérature sur le « parentage » en explorant les pratiques soutenantes qui sont utilisées par des parents de bambins dans un contexte de socialisation (étude 1), ainsi qu’en examinant les facteurs qui peuvent brimer leur mise en pratique (étude 2). La première étude a examiné un grand nombre de pratiques de socialisation que les parents qui favorisent davantage le soutien à l’autonomie (SA) pourraient utiliser plus fréquemment lorsqu’ils font des demandes à leurs bambins. Cette étude nous a permis d’explorer comment les parents manifestent leur SA et si le SA dans ce type de contexte est associé à un plus grand niveau d’internalisation des règles. Des parents (N = 182) de bambins (M âge = 27.08 mois) ont donc été invités à rapporter la fréquence avec laquelle ils utilisent 26 pratiques potentiellement soutenantes lorsqu’ils demandent à leurs bambins de compléter des tâches importantes mais non intéressantes et de rapporter à quel point ils valorisent le SA. Huit pratiques ont été identifiées comme étant soutenantes: quatre façons de communiquer de l’empathie, donner des explications courtes, expliquer pourquoi la tâche est importante, décrire le problème de façon informative et neutre, et mettre en pratique le comportement désiré soi-même. De plus, l’ensemble des huit pratiques corrélait positivement avec le niveau d’internalisation des bambins, suggérant aussi que celles-ci représentent bien le concept du SA. Des études futures pourraient tenter de répliquer ces résultats dans des contextes potentiellement plus chargés ou ébranlants (p. ex., réagir face à des méfaits, avec des enfants souffrant de retard de développement). La deuxième étude a poursuivi l’exploration du concept du SA parental en examinant les facteurs qui influencent la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes dans des contextes de socialisation. Puisque la littérature suggère que le stress parental et le tempérament difficile des bambins (c.-à-d., plus haut niveau d’affectivité négative, plus faible niveau de contrôle volontaire/autorégulation, plus faible niveau de surgency) comme étant des facteurs de risque potentiels, nous avons exploré de quelle façon ces variables étaient associées à la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes. Les buts de l’étude étaient: (1) d’examiner comment le tempérament des bambins et le stress parental influençaient le SA parental, et (2) de vérifier si le stress parental médiait la relation possible entre le tempérament des bambins et le SA parental. Le même échantillon de parents a été utilisé. Les parents ont été invités à répondre à des questions portant sur le tempérament de leur enfant ainsi que sur leur niveau de stress. Les résultats ont démontré qu’un plus grand niveau d’affectivité négative était associé à un plus grand niveau de stress parental, qui à son tour prédisait moins de SA parental. De plus, le stress parental médiait la relation positive entre l’autorégulation du bambin et le SA parental. Des recherches futures pourraient évaluer des interventions ayant pour but d’aider les parents à préserver leur attitude soutenante durant des contextes de socialisation plus difficiles malgré certaines caractéristiques tempéramentales exigeantes des bambins, en plus du stress qu’ils pourraient vivre au quotidien. / According to self-determination theory, psychological autonomy is a basic, universal need that, when supported, enables individuals to function more positively and experience greater psychological well-being (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Parenting that supports the autonomy of a child is classically defined as the parental support for their self-determined functioning and includes practices such as providing rationales and choices for requests, communicating empathy, and encouraging initiatives while using non-controlling language (e.g., Soenens et al., 2007). The benefits of autonomy-supportive parenting have been well-documented (e.g., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997) however, few studies to date have been conducted with toddlers. The present thesis thus sought to enrich the parenting literature by exploring what autonomy-supportive parenting practices are used by parents of toddlers in a socialization context (Study 1) and by examining the factors that may hinder their use (Study 2). The first study examined a wide range of socialization practices that parents who favoured AS to a greater extent may use more frequently when making requests to their toddlers. The study allowed us to explore how parents manifest AS towards their toddlers and whether AS in this context is associated with greater rule internalization. Parents (N = 182) of toddlers (M age = 27.08 months) were thus asked to report the frequency at which they used 26 potentially autonomy-supportive practices when asking their toddlers to complete important yet uninteresting activities and the extent to which they valued AS. Eight practices were identified as being autonomy-supportive: four forms of communicating empathy, providing short rationales, explaining why the task is important, giving an informational and neutral description of the problem, and modeling the desired behaviour. The set of eight practices was positively associated with toddlers’ level of internalization, further suggesting that they embodied the concept of AS. Future studies may seek to replicate these findings in more potentially volatile or distressing contexts (e.g., reacting to misdeeds, with children with developmental delays). The second study extended the results further by examining what factors influenced the use of parental AS in socialization contexts. Since the literature points to parental stress and toddler difficult temperament (i.e., higher levels of negative affectivity, lower levels of effortful control, and lower levels of surgency) as possible risk factors, we explored how they related to the frequency of use of autonomy-supportive practices. The goals of the study were: (1) to examine how toddlers’ temperament and parental stress influenced parental AS, and (2) to verify if parental stress played a mediating role in the putative relationship between toddlers’ temperament and parental AS. Using the same sample, parents were asked to answer questions regarding their toddler’s temperament and their own stress levels. The results showed that greater child negative affectivity was associated with greater parental stress, which in turn predicted lower parental AS. Moreover, parental stress partially mediated the positive relationship between child effortful control and parental AS. Future research could investigate possible interventions that aim to help parents preserve their autonomy-supportive stance during challenging socialization contexts, in the face of exacting child temperamental characteristics, and in addition to the stress brought on by daily life.

Att behålla sin anställningsbarhet genom hela livet blir allt viktigare i dagens föränderliga arbetsmarknad. De ökande krav som läggs på individen gällande anställningsbarhet kan vara en anledning till att antalet studenter på Sveriges högskolor stadigt ökar. Men frågan är hur viktigt anställbarhet är för studenters studiemotivation. Motivation delas i huvudsak in i två kategorier, inre och yttre motivation (Deci &amp; Ryan, 2000). I en mer detaljerad indelning skiljer man på sex motivationsfaktorer; to know, toward accomplishment, to experience stimulation samt identified, introjected och external regulation (Vallerand m.fl, 1993). Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som påverkar en individs val att börja studera på högskola. Vi har även undersökt om motivationen ser annorlunda ut beroende på respondenterna kön och ålder. Empirin samlades in via en webbenkät som var baserad på Academic Motivation Scale (Vallerand m.fl, 1992), där deltagarna fick skatta till vilken grad de ansåg att respektive påstående motiverat dem i valet att börja studera. Även om marginalerna var små så visade vårt resultat att yttre motivationsfaktorer hade störst påverkan på valet att studera. Identified var den motivationsvariabeln som fick högst värde vilket innebär att man gör någonting för att man har bestämt det, även fast det inte är kul. Att man istället ser handlingen som en nödvändighet eller för att man tror att man kan ha nytta av det i framtiden. Vi fann inga signifikanta skillnader mellan könen. Dock visade vår analys att de fanns signifikanta skillnader i motivationen, men dessa hängde samman med respondenternas ålder. / Maintaining one’s employability throughout their lives is becoming increasingly important in today's labor market, which is in constant change. The increasing demands placed on the individual regarding one´s employability can be a reason why the number of students at Swedish colleges is steadily increasing. But the question is how important is the factor employability for students' student motivation. Motivation can be divided into two categories, internal and external motivation (Deci &amp; Ryan, 2000). In a more detailed division, six motivational factors are distinguished; to know, toward accomplishment, to experience stimulation as well as identified, introjected and external regulation (Vallerand et al., 1992). The purpose of this study was to investigate which motivational factors affect an individual's choice to study at college. We have also investigated whether the motivation appears different depending on the respondents' gender and age. The empirical data was collected via a web survey that was based on Academic Motivation Scale (Vallerand et al., 1992), where the participants estimated in what extent they considered each claim to have motivated them in their choice to start studying. Even though the margin was small our result showed that external motivational factors had the greatest impact on the choice to study. Identified was the motivational variable ranked highest, which means to do something because one has decided to do it although it is not fun. That the activity is seen as necessary or because one believes that doing an activity will be useful in future. We found no significant differences between the sexes. However, our analysis showed that there were significant differences in motivation, but these were related to the respondents' age.

O uso assertivo e eficiente das estratégias de aprendizagem depende, muitas vezes, da compreensão e consideração de aspectos psicológicos e motivacionais. O adequado emprego de estratégias de aprendizagem se reflete no desempenho acadêmico, no domínio de construtos e modelos e no amadurecimento crítico e científico. A presente tese defende que há uma relação entre as estratégias de aprendizagem autorregulada e as estratégias de aprendizagem autodeterminada predominantes em alunos de mestrado e doutorado em Contabilidade. O estudo se justifica, porquanto, porque além de inaugurar uma linha de pesquisa ainda inédita no contexto da Contabilidade Humana, seus resultados destacam um original entendimento da relação da aprendizagem com a regulação e a motivação pessoal. Tem como objetivo principal apresentar diagnóstico, dimensões e correlações das estratégias de aprendizagem autorregulada e aprendizagem autodeterminada de alunos de programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Contabilidade no Brasil. Participaram do survey 516 respondentes, sendo 383 mestrandos e 133 doutorandos. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos psicométricos: Self-Regulated Learning Strategies (SRLS) e Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). O modelo operacional de pesquisa delineou a formulação de oito hipóteses, sendo que a primeira delas sustenta a defesa da tese, enquanto as demais defendem a influência das variáveis idade, gênero, tipo de curso, estágio no curso, tipo de instituição de graduação, nota do curso atribuída pela Capes e graus de instrução dos pais nos níveis de Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) e Self-Determination Theory (SDT). A partir da análise multivariada dos dados, os resultados corroboraram a tese e a influência do gênero no nível de SRL. A metaconclusão desta tese ratifica os estudos referenciados, confirmando que a aprendizagem pode ser dominada e controlada pelo indivíduo, ao se adotar estratégias individuais de regulação e motivação. Uma importante contribuição desta pesquisa consiste em oferecer conclusões empíricas que podem ajudar docentes, discentes, pesquisadores, instituições de ensino e programas de pós-graduação a compreender mais sistematicamente os aspectos da aprendizagem autorregulada e da aprendizagem autodeterminada que caracterizam o aluno de Contabilidade. Limitações importantes deste estudo podem ser vistas como oportunidades para pesquisas futuras: a amostra envolve um público específico, a pesquisa survey pode apresentar vieses de método comum e a baixa participação de alunos de mestrado profissional. Estudos futuros poderão adotar outras estratégias metodológicas e/ou envolver amostras mais diversificadas ou em maior lastro temporal / Assertive and efficient use of learning strategies often depends of the understanding and consideration of psychological and motivational aspects. Appropriate use of learning strategies is reflected in the academic performance, in the appropriation of constructs and models and in the critical and scientific maturity. This dissertation argues that there is a relationship between predominating self-regulated learning strategies and self-determined learning strategies in accounting master\'s and doctorate students. The study can be justified in view of, apart from inaugurating a research line within the context of Human Accounting, their results highlight a unique understanding of the relationship of learning with regulation and personal motivation. Its main goal is to present a diagnosis, the dimensions and the correlations of self-regulated learning and self-determined learning strategies of graduate Accounting students in Brazil. Five hundred and sixteen respondents participated in the survey, comprising 383 master\'s and 133 doctoral students. Two psychometric instruments were applied: the Self-Regulated Learning Strategies (SRLS) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The operating model research outlined the formulation of eight hypotheses, being that the first of them supports the thesis, while the others investigate the influence in the levels of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) of age, gender, type of course, stage in the course, type of undergraduate institution (public or private), grade attributed by Capes to the course and parental formal education degrees. From the multivariate data analysis,the results support the thesis and that gender has influence in the SRL level. The metaconclusion of this thesis confirms the referenced studies, estating that learning can be dominated and controlled by individuals through the adoption of individual strategies of regulation and motivation. An important contribution of this study is to offer empirical conclusions that might help teachers, students themselves, researchers, educational institutions and graduate programs to understand more systematically the aspects of self-regulated learning and self-determined learning that characterize the Accounting graduate students. The major limitations of the present study can be seen as opportunities for future researches: the sample involves a particular audience, research can provide common methods bias and the low participation of professional master\'s degree students in the sample. Future studies can take further methodological strategies and/or involve more diversified samples or consider longitudinal approaches

Offentliga organisationer implementerar nya arbetssätt i allt högre utsträckning. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att förstå hur individens inneboende motivation påverkas av företagets samhällsansvar, CSR (Corporate social responsibility). För att uppnå syftet studeras den statliga myndigheten Trafikverket. Examensarbetet utgår från en hermeneutisk kunskapssyn där en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi används för att tolka vilka faktorer som påverkar individens inneboende motivation inom organisationen. Två urvalsgrupper intervjuas där en av urvalsgrupperna har en starkare relation till CSR i form av CSR-verktyget SUNRA. Dataanalysen utförs med inslag från grundad teori. Examensarbetet kommer fram till att ett samband mellan inneboende motivation och CSR inte kan fastslås, vilket delvis motsäger den tidigare forskningen. Resultaten antas bero på att individernas internalisering av SUNRA som arbetssätt inte har fullbordats. Tolkningen görs att individerna använder SUNRA, eftersom det ingår i deras arbetsroll och som en följd av självpålagd press. Dessutom visar examensarbetets resultat att individerna tenderar att hålla isär sitt arbete och privatliv. Trots detta antyder examensarbetet att det finns utrymme för inneboende motivation på Trafikverket om förbättringsåtgärder vidtas för att höja individens upplevda kompetens och autonomi inom organisationen. / Public sector organizations increasingly implement working processes such as corporate social responsibility (CSR). The aim of this study is to understand how intrinsic motivation is affected by this specific working process. To achieve this aim, this thesis studies Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket). A hermeneutic approach is used to interpret which factors affect the intrinsic motivation of individuals. Two sample groups are interviewed, where one of the groups has a stronger connection to CSR through the use of the CSR-tool SUNRA. The data is analysed with elements from grounded theory. Previous literature states that intrinsic motivation and CSR are related, but the results of the thesis cannot confirm such a relation. The results are assumed to be affected by the individuals’ failed internalization of SUNRA. The results indicate that the individuals use SUNRA because it is a part of their work role and as a result of self-imposed pressure. Furthermore, the individuals seem to distinguish between work and personal life. It is shown that the possibilities to be driven by intrinsic motivation is decent at the Swedish Transport Administration. However, it is suggested that improvement actions are necessary in order to increase perceived autonomy and competence.

Budget constraints will cause federal furloughs to continue through 2035. Federal furloughs such as the one in 2012-2013, affected 800,000 out of 2.7 million federal employees. This dramatic workforce reduction caused remaining employees to experience stress and morale issues in the workplace. The purpose of the research was to understand how managers comprehend and experience the impact of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on remaining employees' performance and attitudes during the furlough process. The theoretical foundation and conceptual framework were designed using both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation concepts and theories. Aspects of self-determination theory and hierarchy motivation theory were used to describe intrinsic motivational concepts. Extrinsic workplace motivation was described through expectancy theory, equity theory, and goal-setting theory. The overarching question addressed the lived experiences of 15 government managers to understand their perceptions on employee motivation during a furlough in the workplace through a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Through the use of Flick's method of data analysis, 5 themes emerged from the interviews with the participants. The most notable results described the perceptions that managers had about their challenges in maintaining employee motivation and trust in an organization where the managers felt powerless. Recommendations may support positive social change by enabling more local control for managers and to develop and implement policies and procedures to support motivation of employees. Additionally, this study outcomes may lead to sensitizing national leaders to the detrimental effects of furloughs and the impact to employees and their families.