Millions of dollars are collected through Mississippi’s timber severance tax every year which then funds the Forest Resource Development Program (FRDP). This study analyzed their contributions to Mississippi’s economy and found that the total possible contribution was estimated to be $6.0 million in industrial output and 222 full-time and part-time jobs in 2019. However, only about 70 percent of the FRDP funds were expended in that year, and the actual contribution was short by $1.80 million in output and 80 full-time and part-time jobs. This study also examined the impact of the severance tax and FRDP on forest investment, using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Results suggest that participation in the program is the most important factor to increase the returns from forest investment and the incentives offered by the program are more important for some landowners than others.

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-02-05T19:41:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Junior Divino Fidelis - 2014.pdf: 729018 bytes, checksum: 72a3f8e85a2934f1207f984dbc6df416 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-19T11:03:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Junior Divino Fidelis - 2014.pdf: 729018 bytes, checksum: 72a3f8e85a2934f1207f984dbc6df416 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-19T11:03:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Junior Divino Fidelis - 2014.pdf: 729018 bytes, checksum: 72a3f8e85a2934f1207f984dbc6df416 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-24 / Cares for the present research work on fair compensation in land expropriation and how they form the overpriced severance. The Federal Constitution of 1988 provides that the property shall comply with a social function and sanctioned with the expropriation, upon payment of prior and fair compensation for land reform purposes, homeowners who do not observe. The regulation conferred by Law No. 8.629 / 1993 provides that fair compensation must match the value of the property market. However, reality has shown that this idea of just compensation is marred by legal process of expropriation and often their final pays for a value much higher than the market, allowing for the overpriced severance. Using the approach as a method of dogmatic criticism, the study sought to identify the causes and how to form these overpriced severance be, and if this model established is constitutional or not. After discussing how society understands the land and what values attributed to him, stating that it is appropriate as well as production and capitalist accumulation, turned into a commodity, which is possible only because the owner individualism that shapes the right of ownership as an individual right subjective to use and enjoy the benefit of appropriate absolute and exclusive mode, which is a Brazilian agrarian question and a debate on agrarian reform as a measure of social justice without consensus emerging in rural areas, came to the conclusion that overpriced severance are formed in the course of judicial expropriation action, notably because of the classical liberal conception one has of right to property which leads to the imposition of accessory to the principal amount of the indemnity convictions as compensatory interest, arrears, payment of floristic coverage, inflation effects and attorney’s fees to the end of the process raise the compensation at a much higher market value threshold. The work is an analysis of the cum ended indemnity model adopted, that of just compensation, as regulated by market value, but which allows the formation of overpriced severance, arguing it is unconstitutional to deny effect to the principle of social function, the postulate of expropriation as a sanction for noncompliance and the principles of fair compensation and reasonableness. / Cuida o presente trabalho de investigação sobre a justa indenização na desapropriação agrária e de como se formam as superindenizações. A Constituição Federal de 1988 prevê que a propriedade deverá cumprir com uma função social e sanciona com desapropriação para fins de reforma agrária, mediante o agamento de prévia e justa indenização, os imóveis que não a observar. A regulamentação conferida pela Lei nº 8.629/1993 prevê que essa justa indenizações deve corresponder ao valor de mercado do imóvel. Contudo, a realidade tem demonstrado que essa ideia de justa indenização é desfigurada pelo processo judicial de desapropriação e comumente, ao seu final, paga-se a um valor muito superior ao de mercado, ensejando as superindenizações. Utilizando como método de abordagem a dogmática crítica, o trabalho buscou identificar as causas e como ser formam essas superindenizações e se esse modelo indenizatório estabelecido é constitucional ou não. Após discutir como a sociedade compreende a terra e quais valores lhe atribui, constando que ela é apropriada como bem de produção e acumulação capitalista, transformada em mercadoria, o que só é possível em razão do individualismo proprietário que conforma o direito de propriedade como direito individual subjetivo de usar e gozar do bem apropriado de modo absoluto e exclusivo, o que faz surgir no meio rural uma questão agrária brasileira e um debate por reforma agrária como medida de justiça social ainda sem consenso, chegou-se à conclusão de serem as superindenizações formadas no decorrer da ação judicial de desapropriação, notadamente em razão da concepção liberal clássica que se tem do direito de propriedade o que leva à imposição de condenações acessórias ao valor principal da indenização, como juros compensatórios, moratórios, pagamento de cobertura florística, expurgos inflacionários e honorários advocatícios que ao final do processo elevam a indenização a um patamar muito superior ao valor de mercado. O trabalho é encerrado com uma análise desse modelo indenizatório adotado, o da justa indenização, compreendida como valor de mercado, mas que permite a formação de superindenizações. Conclui pela sua inconstitucionalidade em razão negar efetividade ao princípio da função social, ao postulado da desapropriação como sanção pelo seu descumprimento e aos princípios da justa indenização e da razoabilidade.

L'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville fait l'objet d'un débat. D'un côté, l'image des zones urbaines sensibles comme enclavées est forte dans les discours sur la ville et dans les représentations collectives. D'un autre côté, cet enclavement est nuancé, voire réfuté, par de nombreux chercheurs qui suggèrent de se concentrer sur les facteurs socio-économique de l'exclusion de leurs habitants. Positionnée à « l’entre-deux » entre sciences humaines et sociales et géomatique, cette thèse élabore une méthode générique de mesure de l'enclavement dans les espaces urbains à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique. Nous questionnons ainsi l'apport de la géomatique à une problématique relevant jusque-là de disciplines comme la géographie, la sociologie ou l'urbanisme. Nous entendons l'enclavement comme une situation de faible potentiel de contact avec l'altérité, qui réduit les échanges entre une entité et le reste du territoire, et provoque une mise à l'écart de ses habitants. Nous proposons de distinguer trois dimensions de l'enclavement : la Fermeture, l'Isolement et la Différenciation. Ces trois dimensions structurent notre méthode. Chacune renvoie à des axes de recherche différents – les coupures urbaines, les mobilités piétonnes, la caractérisation de la forme urbaine, l'accessibilité, la mesure de ségrégation – que nous mobilisons pour construire des indicateurs géographiques d'enclavement. Nous appliquons ensuite cette méthode aux zones urbaines sensibles. Cette application spécifique nous permet à la fois de valider notre méthode, en recoupant des résultats connus avec d'autres approches (urbanisme, sociologie), et à la fois de contribuer au débat sur l'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville au moyen d'une approche quantitative / In France, there is a debate in Urban Policies: are the “zones urbaines sensibles”, underprivileged urban areas benefiting from specific public policies, suffering from geographical isolation ? On the one hand, these areas are perceived in collective representations as “enclaves” where inhabitants are blocked in their district. On the other hand, this isolation is nuanced, even refuted, by many researchers who suggest focusing on the socio-economic factors of exclusion.With an approach in between social sciences and geomatics, this PhD thesis develops a generic method of measuring geographical isolation in urban spaces by using a geographic information system. We aims to question the contribution of geomatics to a debate that until then belong to disciplines such as geography, sociology or planning.We define geographical isolation as a situation of weak potential for contact with otherness, which reduces the exchanges between an entity and the rest of the territory, and causes the severance of its inhabitants. We propose to distinguish three dimensions of geographical isolation: Enclosing, Remoteness and Differentiation. These three dimensions give a frame to our method. Each refers to different fields of research – “community severance” or “barrier effect”, pedestrian mobility, characterization of urban form, accessibility, segregation measure – that we mobilize to construct indicators of geographical isolation.We then apply this method to the “zones urbaines sensibles”. This specific application enables us both to validate our method, by combining known results with other approaches (planning, sociology), and both to contribute to the debate on the geographical isolation of the “zones urbaines sensibles” with a quantitative approach

Fastighetsbildning i Sverige är en process som innebär förändringar i fastighetsindelningengenom både nybildning och ombildning av fastigheter. Genom dessa åtgärder anpassasfastigheterna till förändrade behov och markanvändningen effektiveras. Avstyckning ochklyvning är två olika fastighetsbildningsåtgärder som regleras i fastighetsbildningslagen.Genom dessa åtgärder nybildas nya fastigheter. Ur ett fastighetsbildningsperspektivhandläggs klyvning och avstyckning på liknande sätt. Studien syftar till att undersöka i vilken mån dessa bildningsåtgärder kan sammanföras ifastighetsbildningslagen. Studien syftar även på att undersöka vad konsekvenserna blir omdessa åtgärder skulle sammanföras. Dessutom vad det skulle innebära för de berördaaktörerna som till exempel det Statliga Lantmäteriet (SLM) och den kommunalalantmäterimyndigheten (KLM). Målet med examensarbetet är att öka kunskapen om dessa två fastighetsbildningsåtgärderoch redovisa hur detta skulle påverka de berörda aktörerna om åtgärderna skullesammanföras i fastighetsbildningslagen. Förhoppningsvis leder detta arbete till att nå enlösning om en förbättring i fastighetsbildningslagen. För att besvara arbetets frågeställningar har intervjuer med förrättningslantmätare från detStatliga och kommunala Lantmäteriet genomförts. Den kvalitativa metoden i form avintervjuer har kompletterats med den kvantitativa metoden i form av data som harinhämtats från det Statliga Lantmäteriet. Inhämtat data behandlar inkomna och beslutfattade ärenden i avstyckning och klyvning. En juridisk metod genom dagens regelverkkring åtgärderna har studerats för att få en förståelse på hur lagstiftningen i dag är. Av arbetets resultat framgår det att avstyckning är den vanligaste nybildningsåtgärden tillskillnad från klyvning som förekommer väldigt sällan. Trots det resultatet är det intemöjligt i dag att sammanföra samtliga åtgärder i fastighetsbildningslagen då varje åtgärduppfyller sin funktion i respektive kapitel i lagstiftningen. Vidare drar slutsatsen att SLMoch KLM påverkas på samma sätt om en eventuell lagändring skulle ske. Lagstiftningengällande klyvning i dag gör det svårt för det Statliga lantmäteriet (SLM) och denkommunala lantmäterimyndigheten (KLM) att handlägga klyvningar på ett effektivt sättutan tvister. / Real estate formation in Sweden involves changes in property divisions through both thecreation of new properties and the reorganization of existing ones. These measures aim toadapt properties to changing needs and improve land use efficiency. Subdivision anddivision are two distinct procedures regulated by the Real Estate Formation Act that resultin the creation of new properties. From a real estate formation perspective, subdivisionand division are handled in similar way. This study aims to investigate the extent to which these formation procedures can beintegrated into the real estate formation legislation. The study also examines theconsequences of merging these procedures and the implications for stakeholders, such asthe State Land Survey and the Municipal Land Survey. The objective of this thesis is to increase knowledge about these two real estate formationprocedures and to elucidate how their integration into the legislation would impact theinvolved stakeholders. The hope is that this work will contribute to finding a solution forimproving the real estate formation legislation. To answer the research questions,interviews were conducted with cadastral surveyors from both the State and MunicipalLand Survey offices. The qualitative method of interviews was completed by thequantitative method using data obtained from the State Land Survey. The collected datapertains to incoming cases and decisions made in subdivision and division procedures.Additionally, a legal analysis of the current regulations governing these procedures wasconducted to gain an understanding of the existing legislation. The results of the study indicate that subdivision is the most common procedure forcreating new properties, whereas division occurs very rarely. Despite this finding, it iscurrently not possible to merge all the procedure serves its purpose within its respectivechapter of this legislation. Furthermore, the study concludes that both the State LandSurvey and the Municipal Land Survey would be similarly affected if a potential legalamendment were to take place. The existing legislation concerning division poseschallenges for the State Land Survey and the Municipal Land Survey in effectively handlingdivision procedures without disputes.

台灣集團企業中到大陸工作的台籍幹部,因就業地點在大陸而需適用大陸基本養老保險制度及勞動合同法下的養老保險金及經濟補償金, 再因台籍幹部的指揮考核權在所謂集團總部的台灣而需適用台灣勞動基準法及勞工退休金條例下的退休金及資遣費,此舉除了加重勞資雙方的負擔外,也直接影響台籍幹部的就業機會.本論文係檢討台籍幹部適用兩岸退休金及資遣費制度而衍生出來的亂象,透過法律層面及實務運作的分析,提出針對台籍幹部職銜,薪酬及勞動契約之合法及合理規劃.

本研究以2005年勞退新制為例，探討資遣費對資遣率之影響。在勞退新制實施之後，資遣費的給付額度不僅大幅減少，還多了上限，因此，基於資遣費往往被視為雇主所直接面對的資遣成本，資遣率是否會受到勞退新制中資遣費改變的影響，為本研究欲探討分析的議題。本研究資料來源為人力運用擬-追蹤調查資料庫，研究方法使用差異中之差異法(difference in differences)，並依據員工是否適用於勞基法，將樣本劃分為實驗組與對照組進行分析。實證結果顯示，資遣費對於資遣率並無顯著的影響力，因此政府若希望資遣費制度能有預防雇主任意資遣員工的效果，則現行的資遣費制度可能無法達到此目標，而未來是否需要針對資遣費進行修法仍有討論空間。 / This study uses the 2005 Labor Pension Act (LPA) in Taiwan as the quasi-experiment to analyze the impact of severance pay on the layoff rate. After implementation of LPA, severance pay is reduced significantly and constrained by an upper boundary. Since severance pay is often considered as the firing cost, whether the layoff rate is affected by the largely reduced severance pay is what this study expects to analyze. Data used in this study are drawn from the Manpower Utility Quasi – Longitudinal Survey (MUQLS). In order to apply the difference in differences method, the observations are divided into the treatment group and the reference group according to the coverage of the Labor Standards Act (LSA). The empirical results suggest that severance pay has no significant impact on the layoff rate. Therefore, if severance pay is expected to prevent the arbitrary layoff, the current severance pay system might not achieve this goal and some modifications of this system might be necessary.

Essay I: Employment Security Agreements, which are elements of Swedish collective agreements, offer a unique opportunity to study very early job search counselling of displaced workers. These agreements provide individual job search assistance to workers who are dismissed due to redundancy, often as early as during the period of notice. Compared to traditional labor market policies, the assistance provided is earlier and more responsive to the needs of the individual worker. In this study, I investigate the effects of the individual counseling and job search assistance provided through the Employment Security Agreement for Swedish blue-collar workers on job finding and subsequent job quality. The empirical strategy is based on the rules of eligibility in a regression discontinuity framework. I estimate the effect for workers with short tenure, who are dismissed through mass-layoffs. My results do not suggest that the program has an effect on the probability of becoming unemployed, the duration of unemployment, or income. However, the results indicate that the program has a positive effect on the duration of the next job. Essay II: The well-known positive relationship between the unemployment benefit level and unemployment duration can be separated into two potential sources; a moral hazard effect, and a liquidity effect pertaining to the increased ability to smooth consumption. The latter is a socially optimal response due to credit and insurance market failures. These two effects are difficult to separate empirically, but the social optimality of an unemployment insurance policy can be evaluated by studying the effect of a non-distortionary lump-sum severance grant on unemployment durations. In this study, I evaluate the effects on unemployment duration and subsequent job quality of a lump-sum severance grant provided to displaced workers, by means of a Swedish collective agreement. I use a regression discontinuity design, based on the strict age requirement to be eligible for the grant. I find that the lump-sum grant has a positive effect on the probability of becoming unemployed and the length of the completed unemployment duration, but no effect on subsequent job quality. My analysis also indicates that spousal income is important for the consumption smoothing abilities of displaced workers, and that the grant may have a greater effect in times of more favorable labor market conditions. Essay III: Evidence from around the world suggest that individuals who are awarded disability benefits in some cases still have residual working capacity, while disability insurance systems typically involve strong disincentives for benefit recipients to work. Some countries have introduced policies to incentivize disability insurance recipients to use their residual working capacities on the labor market. One such policy is the continuous deduction program in Sweden, introduced in 2009. In this study, I investigate whether the financial incentives provided by this program induce disability insurance recipients to increase their labor supply or education level. Retroactively determined eligibility to the program with respect to time of benefit award provides a setting resembling a natural experiment, which could be used to estimate the effects of the program using a regression discontinuity design. However, a simultaneous regime change of disability insurance eligibility causes covariate differences between treated and controls, which I adjust for using a matching strategy. My results suggest that the financial incentives provided by the program have not had any effect on labor supply or educational attainment.

Changing working conditions in South Africa are currently characterised by various challenges to individuals in the workplace, such as affirmative action, voluntary severance packages and discharges. Discharges are often associated with employment insecurity and threatening loss of employment. Insecurity about employment can be very stressful to remaining workers after a discharge process. Their lack of control over what happens to them, can lead to high levels of stress and deteriorating attitudes in the workplace. Insecurity about employment may last for months or even years and could have a negative influence on not only the “mental health” of the individual worker, but also on their entire existence. A psychological approach to threatening loss of employment on its own is inadequate. The spiritual needs of human beings should also be taken into account. Therefore pastoral care and support should be available to people in order to help them to cope effectively with painful, frustrating and frightening situations. The threat of loss of employment requires a holistic approach to helping. At present holistic approaches include emphases on holistic medicine, meditation, prayer and the role of spiritual healing. Pastoral care is increasingly taking note of what is happening in the secular professions and how it can be supportive. This development challenges the practical theologian to be part of a multi-disciplinary approach when dealing with people who are subject to the threat of loss of employment. The aim of this study is to examine the possibilities of a holistic approach as part of pastoral support to persons experiencing threatening loss of employment. Although pastoral care can benefit from a multi-disciplinary approach to threatening loss of employment, this cooperation is not a simple or straightforward matter. Pastoral care is in need of guidelines for its relationship with psychology and for how to deal with faith in the counselling process. In order to provide some guidelines for pastoral care for individuals who feel a protracted threat of loss of employment, this study will make use of Gerkin’s model for pastoral care which will be brought into dialogue with a cognitive behavioural therapeutic model. Pastoral care should not focus on only “problem-solving”, but the counsellee should experience that healing takes place within the “pastoral relationship”. In this “relationship” the counsellee should always be reassured that human suffering cannot separate people from the love of God as it was revealed in Christ. Pastoral care may never lose sight of the Christian traditions that shaped its identity and should strive for an approach to counselling in which the Bible as testimony to God’s love is taken seriously. Pastoral care should take the lead in involving the Christian community in caring for one another and for the human needs in the wider community. A strong, healing Christian community that is open to the challenges and opportunities in secular society can make a contribution to a global partnership. / Dissertation (MA (Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / MA / unrestricted

This study evaluates the constitutionality of section 78(1B) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (CPA), which places the burden of proving criminal capacity on the party who raises the issue, against section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (CRSA). In a legal system such as ours, that has a high regard for equality, any form of unequal treatment must be scrutinised, assessed and, if found to be unjust, rooted out. Even more so where the unequal treatment affects a marginalised minority group such as the mentally disabled. This study weighs section 78(1B) against section 9(1) of the CRSA. It also weighs the section against section 9(3) of the CRSA. Attempts are made to justify possible infringements according to section 36 of the CRSA. An appropriate remedy is then ascertained. This study also provides the historical development of section 78(1B) of the CPA – both in the common law and statute. This study furthermore provides original guidelines and principles in assessing expert evidence where criminal capacity is placed in dispute due to a mental illness or defect of the accused. The main findings are that section 78(1B) infringes on both section 9(1) and section 9(3), that it cannot be justified in terms of section 36 of the CRSA and that the appropriate remedy is the striking out of the whole section from the CPA. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Public Law / unrestricted

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