Many Aboriginal women in Canada go missing each year and many of them are engaged in the sex trade industry. Thus far, little has been done to prevent this trend. This study is aimed at filling this gap by exploring and highlighting several challenges confronted by Saskatchewan (Saskatoon) Aboriginal women who are engaged in sex work. Existing literature indicate an overrepresentation of Aboriginal women involved in sex work, their experiences of abuse while working on the street, and their lack of adequate protection from law enforcement agents and members of the Canadian Criminal Justice System (CCJS). The overall theoretical framework of this thesis is intersectionality theory with focus on the compound oppression faced by Aboriginal prostitutes due to the intersection of gender, race, and socio-economic class. This study examines the reasons for Aboriginal women’s overrepresentation in street prostitution, their experiences while working on the streets, and how they are treated by the CCJS. The three main questions addressed in the study are: a) Why are Aboriginal women overrepresented in the sex trade industry in Saskatchewan?; b) Do Aboriginal women involved in prostitution confront violence from clients and other members of the society? If so, why?; and c) Do Aboriginal women sex workers receive protection and justice from law enforcement agents and members of the CCJS? If so how, and if not, why? First, these questions are explored through semi-structured, open-ended interviews with two Aboriginal women who have been involved in street prostitution in Saskatchewan. Second, content analysis of three court transcripts of cases where men were charged with violence towards Aboriginal women working in the sex trade in Saskatchewan is conducted. The results of this study indicate that Aboriginal women are highly overrepresented in the Saskatchewan sex trade for reasons that include: a) childhood sexual abuse and b) lack of options due to the multiple oppression of the intersection of gender, race, and class. And that Aboriginal sex workers encounter severe violence and abuse on the street including rape and death with limited protection and justice from the CCJS due to multiple forms of oppression as racialized women living in poverty. The study’s results provide an understanding of how the intersection of race, class and gender impact the experiences of Aboriginal women in the sex trade industry. The study’s findings also allow for the recommendation of strategies for dealing with these issues and preventing these trends from continuing in the future.

The aim of this study was to examine sex workers openness in regards to sex sale when communicating with other people and authorities. The essential questions that laid the foundation of this research were different factors that influence an individual on their choice of openness and concealment of their experiences, and also how they cope with the consequences of this. The results of this study are based on qualitative interviews conducted with five sex workers. The theoretical framework used to analyze the study’s findings is Erving Goffman’s theory of Stigma and Dramaturgical metaphor. The results indicate that sex workers experience difficulties with being open with other entities, including relationships and authorities. The underlying factors behind this appear to be among other things, based on current laws and social stigma in the society. Sex workers experiences of openness to people in their environment have been both positive and negative. Nevertheless, they have mostly been met with prejudices and dislikes. This signifies that many sex workers feel compelled to withhold and conceal their experiences to others. Our findings also show that sex workers use different strategies when coping with concealment of sex sale, which can have an emotional distress for some individuals.

Background Female Sex Workers (FSW) in Mali are highly vulnerable to HIV. Their prevalence in 2009 was nine times higher (24.2%) than that among pregnant women (2.7%). The aim of this study was to document the effectiveness of HIV prevention programming targeting FSW between 2000 and 2013 funded by the U.S. Government (USG) in Mali. Methods The content, scope and coverage of interventions were assessed through a document review and key informant interviews with FSW peer educators and program managers. Data from the Integrated Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Prevalence and Behavior Surveys (ISBS) conducted in 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009 were analyzed to measure changes in outcomes over time. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for changes in FSW demographics and to analyze sub-groups. Results From 2000 to 2013 the USG was the key partner to the government of Mali (GOM) for HIV testing, surveillance, STI treatment, and behavior change communication (BCC) targeting FSW. The USG spent over $42 million on HIV programming between 2003 and 2013. Since 2001, programming for FSW covered most urban areas and transport hubs in Mali. USG partners exceeded their goals, making over 1.3 million BCC contacts with FSW and their sexual partners. However, outcomes were negatively impacted by frequent stock-outs of medications to treat STIs between 2006 and 2011. Also, evidence suggests that interventions were of insufficient intensity and coverage. Finally, M&E system was rudimentary and inconsistent, which made it impossible to link outcomes with programming with confidence. Nevertheless, important positive changes in outcomes occurred. Between 2003 and 2009, HIV prevalence dropped from 44.14% to 28.49% (P <0.0001) among Malian FSW, from 21.33% to 12.71% (P =0.0082) among Nigerian FSW, and from 43.42% to 33.67% (P =0.0442) among FSW from other countries. Between 2000 and 2009 HIV testing increased (40% to 76% P <0.0001). Consistent condom use with clients improved for Malian FSW (72.3% to 81.5% P =0.0092). Consistent condom use with boyfriends was low and improved only for Nigerian FSW (9.8% to 28.4% P =0.0003). Factors associated with HIV prevalence in the multivariate model were older age, study year (2003 and 2006), nationality, lack of education, mobility, STI symptoms, gonorrhea prevalence, and younger age at first sex. Conclusions This study documents progress in the fight against HIV among FSW in Mali, but coverage and intensity must be increased and the quality and diversity of interventions must be expanded. The different vulnerabilities to HIV of different nationality FSW should be addressed in future programming and research. Program adoption of and adherence to Mali’s new M&E plan for key populations would do much to facilitate the necessary improvements. / 2017-04-02T00:00:00Z

Attityder till sexköpslagen har varierat historiskt sett, däremot har två perspektiv dominerat debatten över tid. Sexarbetare har delvis setts som utsatta offer eller handlande agenter. Viss tidigare forskning har ansett att ett fullständigt offerperspektiv kan vara stigmatiserande för sexarbetaren, däremot finns det anledningar att ifrågasätta synen på sexarbetaren som en agent. Det finns tidigare forskning som utforskat attityder till prostitution, prostituerade och lagstiftning gällande prostitution. Däremot finns ingen tidigare svensk forskning som undersökt attityder till sexarbetare och försäljning av sexuella tjänster hos professionsstudenter. Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra attityder till individer som säljer sexuella tjänster hos studenter som läser olika professionsutbildningar. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten består av tre begrepp som används i analysen av materialet; attityder, agent och offer. Studien är centrerad kring en enkätundersökning som består av demografiska frågor samt påståenden om sexarbetare och sexuella tjänster, vilken besvarats av 317 respondenter. Analysen undersöker sambandet mellan attityder till sexarbetare och sexuella tjänster samt utbildningsinriktning och utbildningslängd genom deskriptiv statistik, t-test och regressionsanalyser. Regressionsanalyserna genomförs dessutom för att testa om könsidentitet har en påverkan på attityderna. Resultatet visar ingen signifikant skillnad av variansen i attityder till varken sexarbetare eller sexuella tjänster beroende på utbildningsinriktning samt utbildningsinriktning indelad efter utbildningslängd. Den deskriptiva datan tyder på att det endast finns små skillnader inom den observerade gruppen. Däremot visar resultatet att könsidentitet påverkar både attityder till sexarbetare samt attityder till sexuella tjänster. Fastän både män och kvinnor i högre utsträckning tycks svara i riktning av att sexarbetaren förstås som ett utsatt offer tenderar män att i en aning högre grad svara i linje med en förståelse av sexarbetaren som en handlande agent.

none / Shanghai is one of China’s most developed cities; by 2006, the GDP per capita had reached US$7490, with the year-to-year economic growth exceeding 8% every year for the past decade. These results leave everyone impressed. Besides this factor, Shanghai is where the East meets the West, with a truly cosmopolitan cultural milieu. For these very reasons, many young Chinese come to Shanghai in search of their lucky pot of gold. But homosexual male-to-male sexual workers leave their hometowns for the big city, availing themselves of the chance to get rid of their family pressures, and to embrace new lives with their sexual orientation. So why do they instead choose to remain subject to the traditional Chinese way of thinking, being limited by the traditional Confucian precepts, seeing marriage as an absolutely essential element of life? What are the relations between economic development and social mores in terms of China’s male-to-male sexual workers (sex or sexual)? As the economy develops very rapidly, the concept of sexulization has begun to sprout in China, so how can male-to-male sexual workers (sex or sexual) envision themselves in light of these trends? From the traditional views of the subservient master-servant Confucian vertical social relations, to the present circumstance of transforming one’s body into a product for sale, does this help China’s male-to-male sexual workers (sex or sexual)to oppose the constraints of the traditional Confucian views, so that they can, like China’s female prostitutes, begin a quest for their equal human rights? These are among the many questions addressed in this study. Therefore, the primary focus of this study is to understand the working milieu of the male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual) in Shanghai, China, in appreciation of the background causes for underlying male-to-male sex work (sex or sexual) and perception of the entire process of their experiences. .An in-depth study on these male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual?) in Shanghai, China, was conducted as to when they left their hometowns, and how they came to grip with their sexual orientation yet had to return to face the issue of forming a traditional family (by marriage). How could someone who has been living in a country and society steeped in patriarchy, go to work as a prostitute for the male? How strong are the forces of internal anxiety and external pressure upon these men’s inner world? These are the core issues this study intends to explore and follow up. After the research motivation for this study was specified and the author became acquainted with these men, one realized that each of these men worked as male-to-male sex workers had within their personal histories, some skeletons which they wish they had left alone in the closet. Their inner worlds are both bitter and complicated. This is also the reason why qualitative analysis was adopted in this study, to possibly penetrate the world of these men’s hearts, and to analyze their individual family backgrounds, living predicaments, interactions with the broader world and social pressures, and other aspects during the interview process. After interviewing with the 15 MB, the author has learned more from examining the circumstances of male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual) who are willing to engage in the male-to-male sex trade and also willing to held a traditional marriage, from the three perspectives of their sexual orientation, economic status and overall social environment. (A) From the sexual orientation point of view. Among the male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual) in this study with the exception of one participant who was a heterosexual, the majority of the participants in this interview were all homosexuals staying in the closet. And many of the MBs in the countryside share common formative sexual experiences with other boys, such as sleeping together and masturbation…etc. In the more densely populated countryside where living conditions are relatively poor, it is quite common to see many boys sleeping together in one room, thereby increasing the opportunity for the boys to develop intimate contact. Therefore in light of their formative experiences, the ways they grew up actually contributed to these MB’s acceptance of the male-to-male sex trade. (B) From the economics point of view. All of the research subjects had indicated that the main reason for becoming an MB was to make money. Money became the focal point of these MB’s lifestyles because they had grown up in very poor rural areas and suffered from the pressures of an impoverished environment and unfair society. For recently-graduated students from the rural areas, the education which they have received at great expense is still not comparable with those students graduated from the city. Moreover, China is a social-networking or so-called “guanxi” in Chinese. Rural families often find absolutely no connections to help them find jobs. As a result, graduation spells unemployment. And consequently under great economic pressures, many rural youths go to Shanghai in search of their fortunes. However as they run into brick walls and run out of resources, selling their bodies becomes an easy way to increasing their wealth and a means of survival. (C) From the social environment point of view. Chinese people have stepped away from communism due to the development of capitalism. The emergence of the commodity economy society enables people to pursue a material life and leave virtues of contented living behind. Now with the formation of a capitalist society, wealth has become one of the standard measures for things. The impact of the worship for mammon on Chinese people now results in people using the amount of money as a criterion for interaction. Such a society gradually develops a positive attitude towards prostitution. Sensations, attitudes and affinity distance are all determined by the amount of wealth. Prostitution becomes a means of pursuing money. According to the results from this study, respondents indicated that they have agreed that the sale of body is a tool or method for making money, and have repeatedly emphasized that money is the main factor of becoming MBs. Instead, sex trade was triggered by socio-economic oppression and self-expectations or expectation in sudden success (Structural tension theory, Merton). Furthermore, due to unequal social opportunities, for examples, most of the MBs have not attained good schools; neither does their family have good social relations, which results in a consistent and normal behavior of prostitution among the MBs. For this reason, MBs are in need of social and public concern, while nonetheless such efforts cannot be completed through a group. The society should subvert its current social standards and the value classification, evaluate human values and needs with an attitude of non-judgmental awareness, and seriously look into each individual and his or her work. By understanding and helping those people in need, consequently we will develop a happy world in prosperity.

My diploma thesis titled Private Sex Business by Customer's View focuses on factors influencing motivation to visit sex business, focusing on users who visit www.nornik.net. Users are often also clients of sex workers who are listed on the discussion site. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the definition of concepts related to sex business, motivation to sex business, a brief insight into the history of sex business with distribution to important historical periods, in other chapters deals with typology of sex workers, sex workers and health impacts. The other chapters deal with legislation that includes defining the legal framework for business sex. Social work with sex workers is in the next part, in which the work describes mainly field social work. The theoretical part continues with the definition of organizations aiding sexual workers and ends with the last chapter dedicated to the concepts of the website www.nornik.net. In the research part I deal with description of methodology of research itself, interpretation and presentation of research results. About the aim of this thesis and the specificity of the research group, a qualitative research strategy was chosen. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the motivation to visit private sex workers and based on the above-mentioned goal the research question has been determined: What factors influence the motivation to visit sex business? The choir is used by visitors to the website - www.nornik.net. I'm focusing on websites related to motivation to visit private sex business. The analysis resulted in 11 categories that I organized based on results from open, axial coding. The diagrams show clients' motivation to visit the private sex business, are complemented by authentic statements by some users. The research results show the key motivation of clients to visit the private sex business. analyzes showed that among the main factors influencing the motivation of clients we rank the first visit of private sex business, physical appearance of employees, their clothing, intimate parts, attributes of their persons, private spaces, range of services provided, quality of provided services, communication and agreement with sex worker, service pricing, and internet advertising.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis, I will argue that one of the ways to think about the concept of homelessness and its relationship to violence is to trace the concept as it emerges in key theoretical texts of critical intellectuals who find themselves both in and outside the Western homeland. In attempting to do so, I limit this thesis to three key theoretical articulations from which the concept of homelessness can be extracted: the works of Sigmund Freud, Franz Fanon and Michael Foucault. In bringing to bear the life and work of these individuals, the hope is to conceive of the relationship between violence and homelessness in new and unforeseen ways. I propose to bring an informed interdisciplinary and gender perspective to bear on the concept of homelessness. Accepting the supposition that the body can be seen as a site of homecoming,I explore the question of who owns the body. This exploration is undertaken through an examination of the advocacy slogan, ‘my body, my business’, and the placement of the Afrikan sex worker alongside Freud, Fanon and Foucault. The Afrikan sex worker in this work is a new feminist potentiality in much the same way that homelessness offers new postcolonial possibilities. While much of postcolonial criticism has centred on the problem of the colonized subject’s relation to the home, there has not yet been a sustained undertaking of the history and meaning of the concept of homelessness and, more importantly, its relationship to the experience of violence in the contemporary world. The history of homeless people tends to be recorded through surveillance and documentation by those institutions responsible for providing discipline, punishment, shelter and cure so as to ‘save’ and ‘rescue’ them. These responses, particularly when done systematically, can become frameworks that hold the homeless person ransom to a particular language game of ‘truth’, thereby restricting the homeless person’s movement and possibility of finding a voice. Deriving a concept of homelessness from the life and work of Freud, Fanon and Foucault allows for new insights. These thinkers offer a view of homelessness that is productive for thinking against the grain of dominant orthodoxies. This contrasts with the implication of pathologization of homelessness which arises in the frameworks of dominant political,therapeutic and social work approaches.The creation of homelessness also recalls the attendant violence of its experience. I argue that the space of homelessness needs to be contextualized. When homelessness is imposed, as with torture or a tsunami, there is a closing down of space; but when chosen, as with the transgendered sex worker who leaves her home and community due to threats, impositions and judgements, homelessness may paradoxically open up space. Drawing on the insights from these theorists, I also suggest that the concept of homelessness may at a symbolic level serve rather as a powerful space of resistance to hegemonic practices of belonging, offering a way of destabilising dominant patriarchal, heteronormative and Western constructions of home.The thesis concludes that homelessness cannot be kept outside the boundaries of the home; and neither can the homeless be fully assimilated into the homeland, as something within the home is irreducible to any ordering of things. The border, boundary and intersections of home and homelessness are blurred, forever incomplete, as the home finds itself ceaselessly stained and crossed with the uncanny, that is, the ‘unhomely’. Home, as noted by Delia Vekony (2010), is a site of hospitality. It is a space to think, play, and dream, eat, make love and raise children. But it is also a stage upon which the state apparatus, global economy, monotheistic religions and patriarchal order assert control over the body. Homelessness has been constructed as a material experience for many: a site of terror, abandonment and lack of direction. It is often experience it as free falling or as the mental foreclosure of space. Yet I underline another dimension of homelessness: as an experience of liberation. This ‘camping on the borders’ allows for a disruption of identification, a state of refuge from the demands of others and a form of nomadic thinking. Within any home setting lurks the uncanny, what cannot be housed, likewise within any homeless setting a becoming-at-home is possible. Both home and homelessness hold the possibility of terror as well as a comforting, exciting retreat and escape.

Male sex workers (MSW) in the Dominican Republic (DR) have multiple sexual partners, including personal and client-relationships, and are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We examined the prevalence of condomless anal and/or vaginal intercourse (CI) among MSW in the DR as a function of social network factors. Self-report surveys and social network interviews were administered to MSW recruited through venue-based sampling (N = 220). A generalized linear model was used to complete a Poisson Regression model and identify variables significantly associated with the outcome of interest. CI was more common with female (28.3%) than with male partners (4.9%). Factors associated with CI with the last female partner included older age of MSW, CI with the last male partner, having a stable female partner (a consistent or main partner), and having ≥1 family member in the participants’ social network. Partner and social network characteristics associated with CI among MSW suggest the utility of dyadic and network interventions to reduce HIV risk. / National Institute of Mental Health / Revisión por pares

Introduction: Prostitution is a phenomenon naturally related to different type of risky behavior such as drug use. There is an easier access to psychoactive substances in the sex business environment where becoming drug addict can be more accelerated. Psychoactive substances can be used as a way of breaking moral boundaries while working in sex business. The experts believe that drug use contributes to relaxation and reduces both mental and physical barriers when providing sexual services. Goals: The goal of this dissertation is to look into the issue of prostitution in the Czech Republic in the years 2010 to 2014 to map out the illegal drug use and presence of sexually transmitted diseases within the sex business. Methods: The practical part of this dissertation was based on secondary analysis of data obtained by long term research by the organization Rozkoš bez rizika (Pleasure without Risk) in sex business. The data analysis was taken between the years 2010 and 2014. Results: Sexual services are mostly provided in night clubs by girls and women in the age of 21-30, women of the Czech nationality, single women. The highest level of education is mostly practical school without graduation. The concentration of sex workers in capital Prague and in the border area with Germany and Austria was...

Em que pese o ato de prostituir-se já ser conhecido de há muito na História da humanidade, o Brasil não logrou, até o presente momento, oferecer uma resposta adequada a esta questão social. A legislação permite considerar a prostituição, em si mesma, um ato lícito, mas criminaliza por razões exclusivamente morais as atividades a ela umbilicalmente ligadas. A pesquisa encontrou fundamentação teórica em material bibliográfico multidisciplinar disponível sobre o assunto. Também o método da história oral foi utilizado, a partir da teoria das representações sociais de Henri Lefebvre, para conhecer do cotidiano e das condições de trabalho dos profissionais do sexo. Após a análise histórica do comércio sexual, das regulamentações permissivas e proibicionistas existentes ao longo da História, foi possível compreender o estigma que o trabalho e seus trabalhadores enfrentam até a atualidade. Postas estas questões, passamos à análise dos crimes relacionados à prostituição e o cotejo destes com os direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana. Examinamos os movimentos sociais de profissionais do sexo existentes em todo o mundo, bem como a solução apresentada para a questão social do trabalho do sexo por diversos países, como Estados Unidos da América (e particularmente o Estado de Nevada), Nova Zelândia, Holanda, Alemanha, dentre outros. Analisamos os projetos de lei propostos na última década acerca da regulamentação profissional dos trabalhadores do sexo, e deles extraímos conceitos importantes para a análise do trabalho sexual no Brasil, seja aquele exercido por mulheres, homens ou travestis. Esta diferenciação em três categorias realizada na pesquisa foi importante para a compreensão de certas particularidades existentes em cada tipologia do meretrício, que pode manifestar-se de múltiplas formas. Em consonância com a teoria penal do bem jurídico, analisamos os tipos penais existentes no Código de 1940, os quais demonstram, na atualidade, não tutelar nenhum interesse legítimo; além disto, em sua aplicação prática, desrespeitam tais comandos legais diversos direitos fundamentais do trabalhador do sexo, expondo-o a situações discriminatórias e antijurídicas (em comparação com outros trabalhadores). Na compreensão sistêmica da Constituição Federal e de seus preceitos, especialmente os direitos fundamentais individuais e sociais, é possível concluir pela inconstitucionalidade dos dispositivos existentes nos artigos 227 a 231-A do Código Penal, ainda que em alguns casos exista inconstitucionalidade parcial. A proteção penal deverá dar-se apenas quando houver exploração sexual, como a reforma de 2009, sem muito êxito, tentou realizar. Finalmente, na análise do conceito jurídico de trabalho, pudemos concluir que o trabalhador do sexo realiza, de fato, trabalho, cujo desenvolvimento poderá dar-se apenas de forma autônoma. Somente a prostituição adulta restou analisada e foi alvo de nossas conclusões. Desta feita, buscamos propor uma nova visão acerca do trabalho sexual, mais inclusiva, que objetive conferir direitos elementares a esta classe trabalhadora que há séculos já existe. / Despite the act of prostitution is already known long ago in human history, Brazil has failed until the present date to provide an appropriate answer to this social question. The legislation allows considering prostitution in itself a lawful act, but criminalizes - only because of moral reasons the activities inextricably linked to it. The research found theoretical foundation in multidisciplinary bibliographic material available on the subject. Also the oral history method was used, based on the theory of social representations of Henri Lefebvre, to know the daily life and working conditions of sex workers. After the historical analysis of the sex trade, permissive and prohibitionist regulations that existed throughout the history, it was possible to understand the stigma that the work and its workers face until today. Presented these issues, the crimes under the Brazilian law related to prostitution were analyzed and collated with the fundamental rights of the human person. The social movements of sex workers around the world were examined, as well as the proposed solution to the social issue of sex work by several countries, including the United States of America (and particularly the state of Nevada), New Zealand, Netherlands, Germany, among others. The bills of the last decade on the field of professional regulation of sex workers were also analyzed, and pulled from them important concepts for the analysis of sex work in Brazil, the one exercised by women, men or transvestites. This differentiation into three categories in the survey conducted was important for the understanding of certain peculiarities existing in each typology of prostitution, which can manifest itself in multiple ways. In line with the penal theory of the juridical interest, the criminal types that existed on the Brazilian Penal Code of 1940 were analyzed, which actually demonstrate that they do not protect any legitimate interest, moreover, in its practical application, these legal commands disrespect several fundamental rights of the sex worker, exposing he or she to discriminatory and anti-juridical situations (if compared with other workers). Within the systemic understanding of the Brazilian Constitution and its principles, especially the individual fundamental and social rights, we conclude for the unconstitutionality of existing legal devices in Articles 227 to 231-A of the Brazilian Penal Code, although in some cases there is partial unconstitutionality. The criminal protection should be given only when there is sexual exploitation, such as the reform of 2009, without much success, tried to accomplish. Finally, in the analysis of the legal concept work, we concluded that the sex worker does, indeed, work, whose development may take place just independently. Only adult prostitution was analyzed and was the target of our conclusions. This time we seek to propose a new vision about sex work, more inclusive, that aims to give basic rights to this working class that already exists for centuries.