Background: Organized crime and the construction industry in relation to prevention and theoretical perspectives are understudied areas.  Aims and method: This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of organized and financial crime in the Swedish construction industry and map the blind spots for control mechanisms and crime prevention. The purpose is to identify the structure of opportunities for organized crime in the Swedish construction industry through crime script analysis. Results: Two generalizable scripts following a similar modus operandi emerged, the “corporate looting” script and the “invoice factory” script. The peripheral involvement of organized crime groups indicates that there is a point in distinguishing between the actors and actions.  Conclusions: Interventions should target intermediaries, earlier stages, and situations where the script enters the legal market. Further integration of macro-level analysis with crime script analysis can contribute to the formulation of effective crime prevention strategies.

Lack of safety is a problem in many public places in society, including libraries, where disturbances of order and crime are common problems. Perhaps, many people experience the library as a quiet and safe place, without quarrels, vandalism, violence, theft, or harassment, yet all these are recurring problems in libraries. This study is carried out to clarify factors that cause the lack of safety in libraries and to develop measures to counteract these factors. The survey is conducted as a case study of Högdalen library, where the purpose of the study is to understand how the environment at the library affects the safety of the place, based on the visitors' and personnel's safety experiences. In order to get answers to the study's main research question – that is, how visitors and personnel experience the safety at Högdalen library – a questionnaire survey was conducted, answered by 43 library visitors, as well as interviews with four people from the library's personnel. The study also includes an examination and a compilation of statistics from troublesome events that occurred at the library between the years 2017 and 2020 to further – together with the questionnaire survey and interviews – get answers to what problems are most common in the library today. The hope is that the questionnaire survey, the interviews, the statistics, and the study's theoretical and literature basis will provide answers to how crime prevention through environmental design can be used as a reference to improve safety at Högdalen library. The study is delimited and does not include any comparison between Högdalen library and other libraries concerning the safety experience. The results show that visitors and personnel have a positive image of the safety experience at Högdalen library. Most of the questionnaire respondents (83,7 %) have not experienced any situation that has developed the feeling of unsafety, while the personnel, instead, believe that incidents that have been experienced as troublesome have increased their awareness and experiences of how such situations can be handled, and further increased their motivation to strive for a safe environment for all library visitors. Although the above results show a positive safety experience at Högdalen library, a minor number of visitors (16,3 %) experience, or have experienced, the feeling of unsafety in the library's premises. These experiences of unsafety are based on cases linked to disturbances of order, harassment, drugs, or property crimes, but also problems with obstacles, ability to orientate and lines of sight. The personnel also highlight that some troublesome situations – associated with, for example, youth groups and addicts – have contributed to increased stress and a feeling of discomfort, which subsequently has affected their well-being in the workplace. However, it is important to remember that all people experience safety differently, and that a complete elimination of unsafety can thus be difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, it is vital to make every attempt to prevent the existing risks as much as possible. / Otrygghet är ett problem på många offentliga platser i samhället, däribland bibliotek, där både ordningsstörningar och brott är förekommande problem. Förmodligen upplever många människor biblioteket som en lugn och trygg plats, utan bråk, skadegörelser, våld, stöld, eller trakasserier, ändock är alla dessa återkommande problem på bibliotek. Den här studien genomförs med förhoppningen att klara ut orsakerna till otryggande faktorer på bibliotek, och i bästa fall ta fram åtgärder för att motverka dessa faktorer. Undersökningen görs i form av en fallstudie av Högdalens bibliotek, där syftet med studien är att få en ökad förståelse för hur miljön på biblioteket påverkar tryggheten på platsen utifrån besökares och personals trygghetsupplevelser. I syfte att få svar på studiens huvudsakliga forskningsfråga – alltså hur besökare och personal upplever tryggheten på Högdalens bibliotek – görs en enkätundersökning besvarad av 43 biblioteksbesökare, samt intervjuer med fyra personer från bibliotekets personal. Studien innefattar därtill en granskning och sammanställning av statistik från besvärande händelser som inträffat på biblioteket mellan åren 2017 och 2020 för att vidare, tillsammans med enkätundersökningen och intervjuerna, få svar på vilka problem som är mest förekommande på biblioteket idag. Förhoppningen är att enkätundersökningen, intervjuerna, statistiken och studiens teori- och litteraturunderlag ska ge svar på hur brottsprevention genom urban design kan användas som referens för att förbättra tryggheten på Högdalens bibliotek. Studien är avgränsad och innefattar inte någon jämförelse mellan Högdalens bibliotek och andra bibliotek i avseende på trygghetsupplevelsen. Studiens resultat visar att besökare och personal har en positiv bild av trygghetsupplevelsen på Högdalens bibliotek. Majoriteten av enkätrespondenterna (83,7 %) har inte upplevt någon situation som frambringat känslan av otrygghet, medan personalen i stället menar att händelser som upplevts besvärande har ökat deras kunskaper och erfarenheter om hur sådana situationer kan hanteras, samt vidare ökat deras motivation att sträva efter en trygg miljö för alla biblioteks- besökare. Trots att ovannämnda resultat visar en positiv trygghetsupplevelse på Högdalens bibliotek finns det ett mindre antal besökare (16,3 %) som upplever, eller har upplevt, känslan av otrygghet i bibliotekets lokaler. Dessa otrygghetsupplevelser grundar sig på fall kopplat till ordningsstörningar, trakasserier, narkotika eller egendomsbrott, men också problem med hinder, orienteringsmöjligheter och siktlinjer. Personalen belyser också att vissa besvärande situationer – förknippat med exempelvis ungdomsgrupper och missbrukare – har bidragit med ökad stress och en känsla av obehag, vilket fortsättningsvis påverkat deras välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Det är dock viktigt att komma ihåg att alla människor upplever trygghet på olika sätt, och att en fullständig eliminering av otrygghet således kan vara svårt att uppnå – men det är trots detta betydelsefullt att i största möjliga grad försöka förebygga de risker som finns.

In the discourse of crime and place, the focus has rarely fallen on rural crime. While experiencing comparably lower crime levels than urban counterparts, the common association with rural areas as being symbols of peace and friendly social interaction is not necessarily accurate. One group that often are thought of as inherently rural is farmers, who’s workplaces may possess certain unique vulnerabilities to crime compared to other locations. This thesis aims to obtain a better understanding of the threats against farmers related to animal production in a Swedish context, adding to the knowledge base regarding rural crime and sustainable development of rural and urban areas. The objectives of the study are: • to investigate the nature of the victimization of farmers devoted to animal production in Sweden, especially related the situational conditions of farms and rural areas. • to explore new data that could be used to approximate the scale of the threats against farmers using data from media archives from 2009 to 2019. This study reports types, frequency, and location of crimes against animal production with a focus on mink, rabbit and pig farms. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is used to report the geography of these offences at municipal level. The theories of the routine activity approach and situational crime prevention are used to try to explain certain conditions that may facilitate crime on farms, while the offenders are explored using the theory on techniques of neutralization. The findings of the study show that the experience of the chosen actor’s varied greatly, but with crimes such as trespassing, vandalism and theft being common types of offenses across the board. The locations of the crime events were focused in the southern to mid of Sweden. Situational conditions that may have facilitated crime includes: the large size of farms and low population density providing low detection of crime, high value targets, and relatively high accessibility to the farms. From the data, mainly three techniques of neutralization were observed to be utilized: denial of the victim, denial of injury and appeal to higher loyalties. Multiple techniques were observed to be utilized together, while simultaneously exploiting situational conditions to facilitate the neutralization.

I denna rapport genomfördes en studie på fem folkbibliotek* i Stockholmsregionen, där bibliotekensomgivning och deras inre fysiska miljö undersöktes. Studien utfördes genom att besöka biblioteken där enbesiktning utfördes med hjälp av ett protokoll skapat utifrån teoretiska principer om situationellbrottsprevention och Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Syftet med studien är attbedöma om, och hur biblioteken anpassats och följer principerna för brottsförebyggande design enligt CPTED.Resultatet från protokollet analyserades med hjälp av kalkylblad och diagram i staplar och i procent. För attjämföra biblioteken samlades resultaten för de olika kategorierna i en tabell där alla kategorier adderades förvarje bibliotek. Resultaten visade att bibliotek B har flest brottsförebyggande egenskaper enligt CPTED ochatt bibliotek E har minst. Även om samtliga bibliotek följer CPTED-principerna till viss del, är denyrenoverade biblioteken mer i linje med CPTED-principerna än äldre bibliotek. Således kan en viktig slutsatsdras, vilket är att säkerhets- och situationsbrottsförebyggande perspektiv i planeringen blir en integrerad delav arkitekternas sätt att planera och rusta upp befintliga folkbibliotek. *För att undvika stigmatisering döptes de fem folkbiblioteken i Stockholmsregionen om till biblioteken A-E. / In this study, a fieldwork was carried out in five public libraries* in the Stockholm region, where the librariessurroundings and their internal physical environment were investigated. A fieldwork was executed by visitingthe libraries where an inspection was carried out using a protocol created based on theoretical principles ofsituational crime prevention and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). The aim of theinvestigation was to assess whether and how the environment of the libraries promotes safety conditions forvisitors. The collected data was analyzed using spreadsheets and diagrams in bars and in percentages. In orderto compare the libraries, results were tabulated for the equal categories and added together for each library.Findings showed that library B contains most of crime prevention properties according to CPTED principlesand that library E, the least. Although all five libraries follow to some extent CPTED principles, newlyrenovated ones are more aligned with CPTED principles than older libraries. Thus, an important conclusioncan be drawn is that safety and situational crime prevention perspectives in planning are becoming an integralpart of the way architects plan and refurbish existent public libraries. *To avoid stigmatization, the five public libraries in Stockholm region were renamed as libraries A-E.

The South African mining industry has not been shielded from the criminal threat the country faces. In this case study, the nature and extent of asset theft at one of the largest mining companies in South Africa is analysed. The crime prevention strategy adopted by the mine to curb asset theft was studied over a period of five years. This involved a survey of the views of the security managers on the effectiveness of the strategy implemented by the mine. Against the background of the South African Government’s broad description of the crime prevention approach adopted by the country, the researcher explored whether it would be practicable to implement an integrated crime prevention strategy – encompassing situational, social and law enforcement crime prevention approaches on primary, secondary and tertiary level – at the participating mine in order to curb asset theft. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

La prévention situationnelle représente aujourd’hui dans de nombreux pays un secteur de recherche stratégique de la lutte contre le crime. Apparue au milieu des années 1970 au sein du laboratoire de recherche du ministère de l’intérieur britannique, cette nouvelle spécialité a pris la forme d’une ingénierie dont l’objectif est de développer des solutions techniques empêchant le passage à l'acte des délinquants, par une intervention sur les situations particulières lors desquelles des délits semblables sont commis ou pourraient l'être (cambriolage, vol de véhicule, vandalisme, etc.). Ce que l’on appelle désormais la « science du crime » se fonde sur l’assemblage d’une pluralité de savoirs pratiques, évolue entre des laboratoires de recherche et des secteurs professionnels variés (police, urbanistes, etc.), s’appuie sur des modalités d’administration de la preuve qui passent par la déduction mathématique (modélisation statistique) et intègre ses inventions théoriques dans des innovations sociotechniques (des dispositifs de prévention et de réduction des risques). Cette thèse retrace le développement de la prévention situationnelle en se déplaçant dans l’espace et le temps afin d’atteindre les lieux de sa fabrication et de rentrer dans l’intimité des controverses à travers lesquelles elle prend forme. En décrivant cette science du crime en train de se faire - des laboratoires gouvernementaux jusqu’à sa standardisation technique dans les instances de normalisation européenne, en passant par les politiques de recherche et le travail d’instrumentation - nous rendons visibles toutes les entités (théories, chercheurs, gouvernement, instruments, catégories statistiques, modèles de risque, délinquants, victimes, normes techniques, etc.) auxquelles la prévention situationnelle s’attache et se détache. Nous montrons ainsi que les liens concrets tissés entre les chercheurs et leurs différents alliés vont bien au-delà des relations entre les personnes. Ils vont jusqu’à toucher le contenu même de la prévention situationnelle. Au final, il s’agit de représenter la prévention situationnelle sous la forme d’un collectif assumant sa responsabilité politique. / In many countries today, situational crime prevention is a strategic research sector in the battle against crime. Originating within the Home Office Research Unit in the UK during the mid 1970s, this ‘new technology’ has the purpose of developing crime prevention solutions by intervening in situations where crime commonly occurs. What has now come to be called “crime science” is based on an array of practical knowledge, evolves between research laboratories and various professional sectors (police, town planning, etc.), uses evidence-based research, and implements its theoretical discoveries in socio-technical innovations (prevention and risk reduction systems). This thesis retraces the development of situational crime prevention technology to have a closer look at the controversies from which it takes its shape. By describing this crime science-in-the-making, from state laboratories and international policy transfers, from research studies and instrumentation, we reveal all the entities (researchers, government, theories, instruments, statistical classes, risk models, offenders, victims, technical standards, etc.) to which situational crime prevention has become tied, and untied. Thus, we demonstrate that concrete links weaved between researchers and their different allies go far beyond personal relationships, touching the very core of the technology. As such, situational crime prevention is constituted as a collective, political entity.

The South African mining industry has not been shielded from the criminal threat the country faces. In this case study, the nature and extent of asset theft at one of the largest mining companies in South Africa is analysed. The crime prevention strategy adopted by the mine to curb asset theft was studied over a period of five years. This involved a survey of the views of the security managers on the effectiveness of the strategy implemented by the mine. Against the background of the South African Government’s broad description of the crime prevention approach adopted by the country, the researcher explored whether it would be practicable to implement an integrated crime prevention strategy – encompassing situational, social and law enforcement crime prevention approaches on primary, secondary and tertiary level – at the participating mine in order to curb asset theft. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

This study aims to investigate how physical planning can prevent crime and increase safety in an urban environment, with the theoretical starting point in Crime prevention through environmental design, CPTED, and the Vivalla area. Vivalla is located in Örebro and was chosen because it is a particularly vulnerable area. The district is under reconstruction with a completely renovated quarter, Visgatan. The questions and purpose are fulfilled through a literature study and document study supplemented with an interview and a location observation. The interview was held in place at Örebro Bostäder's office and the interviewees were the company's district manager and a project developer. The theoretical part of the report aims to provide an understanding of how safety, security and crime are connected to the physical urban environment. Also how planners can make use of different theories and apply these in practice to achieve as safe and secure an environment as possible. The results of the study show that the project did not follow any theoretical model in terms of physical design, but that several of the CPTED-principles can still be connected to the reconstruction of Vivalla. The analysis chapter describes how the principles have been implemented and to what extent. The case study leads to the conclusion that the safety on Visgatan has increased after the redevelopment and there are fewer crimes on Visgatan than the rest of Vivalla, which could potentially be due to the measures taken during the redevelopment. / Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka hur den fysiska planeringen kan förebygga brott och öka tryggheten i en stadsmiljö, med teoretiska utgångspunkten i Crime Prevention through environmental design, CPTED, och området Vivalla. Vivalla ligger i Örebro och valdes på grund av att det är ett särskilt utsatt område. Stadsdelen är under ombyggnation med ett färdigrenoverat kvarter, Visgatan. Frågeställningarna och syftet uppfylls genom en litteraturstudie och dokumentstudie kompletterat med en intervju och ett platsbesök. Intervjun hölls på plats på Örebro Bostäders kontor och de som intervjuades var bolagets distriktschef och en projektutvecklare.  Rapportens teoridel syftar till att ge en förståelse kring hur trygghet, säkerhet och brottslighet hänger ihop med den fysiska stadsmiljön. Även hur planerare kan ha användning av olika teorier och tillämpa dessa i praktiken för att uppnå en så trygg och säker miljö som möjligt. Studiens resultat visar att projektet inte följt någon teoretisk modell vad gäller fysisk utformning, men att flera av CPTED-principerna ändå går att koppla till ombyggnationen av Vivalla. Analysavsnittet redogör hur principerna har implementerats och i vilken utsträckning. Fallstudien leder fram till slutsatsen att tryggheten på Visgatan har ökat efter ombyggnationen och det sker färre brott på Visgatan än övriga Vivalla, vilket potentiellt skulle kunna bero på åtgärderna som vidtagits under ombyggnationen.

The exploratory study investigated jewellery store robbery from a victim risk and intervention perspective. An explanation of the phenomenon was offered based on the information obtained from a review of the existing literature, case studies, personal observations at jewellery stores, discussions with jewellers, a scientific questionnaire submitted to jewellers, and semi-structured and structured interviews conducted with a group of knowledgeable respondents and victimised jewellers respectively. A predominantly quantitative research method was applied. The research findings obtained during the study enabled a proposal for a jewellery store robbery intervention model based on the situational crime prevention perspective, which is inclusive of decisional, environmental, situational, procedural, personnel and business-oriented strategies. / Criminology / M.A. (Criminology)

保險詐欺是自有保險制度以來就有的問題，世界各國都被這個問題所困擾。因為沒有受到廣泛的宣傳及討論，加上執法機關的忽視、抗拒提供調查機能及加強追訴，所以在1980年代以前沒有被當作重大問題予以重視，一般民眾完全不知它的嚴重性，把它當作「沒有被害人的犯罪（victimless crime）」。然而保險詐欺隨時都在發生，而且範圍及程度日益擴大，已堪稱為「溫和的巨災（quiet catastrophe）」，不但影響個人經濟負擔，且破壞社會安定，因此本文就如何防制保險詐欺加以探討。 保險詐欺直接衝擊的是保險公司的經營穩定性與安全性，對保險公司而言是經營上的風險，因此從風險管理的角度，分析保險公司的實務運作，探討運用各種風險管理對策防制保險詐欺的可行性。經本文研究發覺以風險管理模式可以防制保險詐欺或減輕保險詐欺的損失，各種風險管理對策運用如下： （一） 風險自承原則：對規模小、影響層面小的保險詐欺案件，列為「堪忍的詐欺」，予以承受，以節省相關的查證經費。 （二） 風險規避原則：建立「防範保險詐欺查核表」，在進行核保、理賠作業時嚴格查核，積極避開保險詐欺風險。 （三） 風險分散原則：針對損失頻率低、損失幅度大的案件採取同業共保的方式；對損失頻率高、損失幅度小的案件採取約定自負額方式承保，以分散風險。 （四） 風險轉嫁原則：約集保險同業成立相互保險組織，把保險詐欺所帶來的風險移轉給相互保險組織。 保險詐欺基本上是犯罪行為，要消弭犯罪行為可以藉由對犯罪環境加以有效管理、設計或操作，以及降低犯罪機會達到目的。本文研究發現推動「詐欺管理生命週期理論」的嚇阻、預防、察覺、緩和、分析、政策、偵查、追溯等措施，及「情境犯罪預防理論」的增加犯罪困難度、提升犯罪風險、降低犯罪報酬、削弱犯罪動機等措施，喚起全民共同防制保險詐欺的意念，可以壓制保險詐欺之發生。 嚴謹的法令規範是防制犯罪的根本，經由本文的探討發覺保險詐欺的盛行，除了民眾法治觀念差以外，現行法令不周全，讓歹徒有機可乘及執法單位強制力不足，亦是原因之一。修訂保險法及刑法，對於防制保險詐欺有很大的效益。 / “Insurance Fraud” has been an issue, by which the countries all over the world are perplexed, since there exists the system of insurance. By 1980’s, not much attention has been paid to this issue which deemed a victimless crime and the public does not realize how serious the problem is due to the lake of broad propaganda and the ignorance, being rejected to offer the function, and being refused to strengthen prosecution by the law enforcement agency. Nevertheless, insurance fraud happens all the time and has already been called the “quiet catastrophe” because the range and severity caused keep expanding day by day. Resulting from, not only the financial burden of the individual is influenced, but the social stability is destroyed as well. Therefore, this paper probed into “how to prevent Insurance Fraud”. Since Insurance Fraud would strike the financial stability and security of an insurance company, it becomes kind of risk on company’s management. This paper would be analyzing the practical operation of an insurance company and trying to find out the feasibility of Insurance Fraud Prevention by using various kinds of risk management countermeasures. By which, this paper discovers the losses caused by insurance fraud could be prevented and/ or reduced. The followings are those risk management countermeasures studied and applied: A. The principle of “Risk Retention & Reduction”: Sorting out those cases by loss amount scale. Smaller ones are classified & named as “Admitted Fraud”, and settled without verification in order to save the related expenses for investigation. B. The principle of “Risk Avoidance or Hedging”: Setting up “Checking List of Insurance Fraud”, by using which to actively avoid the risk of insurance fraud while carrying on the operations of underwriting and claim handling. C. The principle of “Risk Sharing & Diversification”: Co-insuring with peer companies for those accounts with the characteristic of low frequency & high severity in terms of loss exposure. As to other accounts, appointing an appropriate policy deductible level to disperse the risk of Insurance Fraud. D. The principle of “Risk Transference or Shift”: Establishing the pooling system or organization to transfer the risk of Insurance Fraud to the peer companies. Basically, Insurance Fraud is a criminal offence, which could be eliminated and / or reduced by way of methods of management, design, and operation on the crime environment. It is found that the occurrence of Insurance Fraud could be depressed by: A. Promoting measures of “The Fraud Management Lifecycle Theory”, such as deterrence, prevention, detection, mitigation, analysis, policy, investigation, prosecution etc., and B. Executing the countermeasures of “The Situational Crime Prevention Theory” such as increasing perceived efforts, increasing perceived risks, reducing anticipated reward, removing excuses etc., and C. Arousing the public the thought of fighting Insurance Fraud mutually. A rigorous legal system is the base of preventing criminal offence. As discovered and presented by this paper, reasons why the Insurance Fraud has been prevailing are not only because of a poor sense of legal compliance of the public, but also the un-thoroughness of the current legal system resulting in offering ruffians opportunities to take advantages from Insurance Fraud and the in-sufficient power of prosecution of the law enforcement agency. Therefore, to revise the insurance law and criminal law would be greatly workable for preventing Insurance Fruad.