Intéressée par la situation sociolinguistique de notre pays d'origine, la Pologne, où l'argot carcéral finit par pénétrer dans d'autres sociolectes, nous nous sommes aussi intéressée au cas français en vue d'explorer la même question. Pour ce faire, notre étude a été réalisée dans deux milieux de référence, à savoir celui des détenus d’une part et celui des non détenus d’autre part. Dans le cadre de la méthode d’enquête sociolinguistique nous avons soumis à ces deux milieux de référence un questionnaire comportant un ensemble choisi d’argotismes carcéraux. Notre travail de recherche nous a permis d’examiner la fiabilité du lexique recueilli et de confirmer l’existence d’une pratique langagière essentiellement carcérale, ce qui nous amène à définir la spécificité de l'argot des prisons utilisé dans un cadre carcéral. Par ailleurs est étudiée la perméabilité de la langue familière française au vocabulaire argotique carcéral, ce qui aboutit à mettre au jour les fonctions remplies par l'argot des prisonniers en milieu carcéral. De plus, la confrontation des deux publics permet de dégager les similarités et les différences dans les résultats, ainsi que d'établir une correspondance entre leur profil social et leur pratique linguistique. / The interest in the topic arose by dint of inspiration drawn from observing a sociolinguistic situation in my native country, Poland, where prison slang proves to permeate other sociolects, in particular youth slang, which turned out to be an excellent point of departure for embarking on a similar survey in France. The research was carried out in two different groups: prisoners and non prisoners. Within the framework of a sociolinguistic study, both of them were requested to complete a questionnaire containing 40 units of prison slang vocabulary. First of all, the research was designed to examine the reliability of a selected lexicon and to confirm a genuine prison slang usage in this particular environment. Furthermore, the paper was supposed to define the degree of permeability of the French colloquial language to prison slang vocabulary as well as to shed some new light on different roles played by this specific language within a prison community. Moreover, the comparison of two groups' performance revealed important similarities and differences and brought to light the correlation between social and linguistic variables.

This paper analyses the translation methods used in translating a colloquial, culture-specific text containing allusions and informal language. The analysis focuses on the difficulties arising in the translation of culture-specific phenomena and aspects such as slang and cultural references as well as allusions and language play. The theoretical framework used for structuring the analysis is supported by the theories of Newmark (1988), Nida (1964), Schröter (2005), Reiss (1989), Pym (2010) and Leppihalme (1994), among others. The results indicate that the translation of culturally and connotatively charged words require knowledge and understanding of languages and cultures alike. Further, the results indicate that concept of a word or concept being ‘untranslatable’ may originate from such lack of understanding or knowledge and that further research on the subject is needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilton Tadeu de Queiroz Alonso.pdf: 33281801 bytes, checksum: fcbd89c6c5a270eeffd6b04806049712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main object of this work is the study of sexual diversity slang in São Paulo, especially the one spoken by people who frequently attend the regions of the City Centre and Jardins . From a first-hand corpus, we intend to investigate sociolinguistic aspects that are present in the use of the slang-word as a group sign. Within the diversity context, we focus on the cryptological features of the slang, the expressiveness and the recurrence of laughter as an effect of the cryptology itself. With an inductive-deductive logical development, divided into stages marked by the presentation itself and the six chapters, we follow a socio-linguistic-semantic-cognitive-pragmatic path. Having sociolinguistics as theoretical basis, to demonstrate the various aspects involved and mobilized during the use of a linguistic sign and cryptological, we turn to some notions of Semantics, Conversation Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Cognitive Linguistics, Pragmatics, Sociology and Anthropology. The slang-word from this group, as evidenced by the glossary collected, consists of the linguistic framework that structures the speech: for "creation" slang, speakers tend to respect diversity and the following aspects phonological, morphological and syntactic rules which apply in the current communication process, directing and allowing/sparing creativity to the semantic aspect of the linguistic sign. Based on the analysis undertaken, it is possible to say that laughter can also be an effect (sense) obtained by the sense cryptological present in this slang-word used by the speakers who belong to the sexual diversity group, aiming to carry an irreverent behavior (associated with the laughter), and with humor, also maintain, if necessary, a feeling of superiority to its non-members (with the narrow sense) / O tema central deste trabalho é o estudo da gíria da diversidade sexual paulistana, especialmente daquela falada pelos frequentadores das regiões do Centro e dos Jardins. A partir de um corpus de primeira mão, pretendemos a investigação de aspectos sociolinguísticos presentes no emprego do vocábulo gírio como signo de grupo. No contexto da diversidade, centramo-nos no caráter criptológico da gíria, na expressividade e na ocorrência do riso como um efeito de sentido proveniente dessa criptologia. Com um desenvolvimento lógico indutivo-dedutivo, dividido em etapas e marcado pela própria apresentação dos seis capítulos, seguimos um percurso sócio-linguístico-semântico-cognitivo-pragmático. Tendo como eixo teórico norteador a Sociolinguística, para demonstrarmos os vários aspectos envolvidos e mobilizados durante o uso de um signo linguístico e criptológico, recorremos a algumas noções da Semântica, Análise da Conversação, Análise do Discurso, Linguística Cognitiva, Pragmática, Sociologia e Antropologia. O vocábulo gírio desse grupo, tal como comprova o glossário coletado, é constituído pelo arcabouço linguístico que estrutura a fala: para a criação gíria, os falantes da diversidade tendem a respeitar e a seguir os aspectos fonético-fonológicos, morfológicos e sintáticos que vigoram no processo de comunicação corrente, direcionando e reservando a criatividade para o aspecto semântico do signo linguístico. Com base nas análises desenvolvidas, podemos afirmar que o riso também pode ser um efeito (de sentido) obtido pelo sentido criptológico presente no vocábulo gírio empregado pelos falantes que integram o grupo da diversidade sexual, com o objetivo de ostentar um comportamento irreverente (associado ao riso) e, com humor, também manter, se necessário, um sentimento de superioridade em relação aos não integrantes (associado ao sentido restrito)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NiltonAlonso.pdf: 2274201 bytes, checksum: eade99f23f216d3f4ff7faa865419cc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-28 / nenhum / This dissertation aims to identify & analyse the street language used by the people from sexual minority who concentrate in Jardins, and Central Sao Paulo, both in Sao Paulo city. This study is required due to the evident growth of the sexual diversity present in Sao Paulo. This can be verified by the occurrences of the Gay Pride Parade GLBT (Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals and Trangenders) which took place in May 2005 and gathered more than 1.8 million people, according to the local police (Policia Militar). This can also be verified by the absence of a linguistic register of the street vocabulary within the timely and geographical limits described above. The register of the language uses was based on regular visits to the region, and without the use of a proper structured questionnaire with the aim of preserving the spontaneity of the speakers, and based mainly by the sociolinguistic theory, observing its correct uses. The analysis related with the formation of the meaning through lexical fields, and with both these references, some reflections about the formation of such meanings as to analyse the formation of the signifier. Before all observed, registered and analysed, it can be concluded that there is a group of speakers, which form the sexual diversity, who effectively and regularly make use of street language (slangs) as the identification of the group, as cryptic linguistic, defensive and with the aim to exclude those who are not part of the group, characterised many times by sarcasm, irony and irreverence. The same group of speakers use slang as a way to show and reaffirm the identity of its members, as well as to evidence determined peculiar behaviours of such group. At the same time, try to defend itself from eventual aggressions and discrimination and impose itself to the wider stronger society, so that they can live in equal conditions of peaceful citizenship / A presente dissertação possui como objetivos o levantamento e a análise da gíria usada pelos falantes da diversidade sexual que freqüentam a noite paulistana e que se concentram nas regiões dos Jardins e do Centro. Justifica-se o estudo pela crescente evidência que o segmento da diversidade sexual vem conquistando na sociedade paulistana, como podem corroborar as próprias Paradas do Orgulho GLBT (Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais e Transgêneros), por exemplo, a de maio de 2005, que reuniu mais de um milhão e oitocentas mil pessoas, segundo dados da Polícia Militar, e também pela ausência de um registro lingüístico do vocabulário gírio nos limites temporais e geográficos descritos. A partir de visitas regulares feitas a tais regiões, sem a distribuição de questionários, visando à preservação da espontaneidade dos falantes, e embasado, principalmente, na teoria da Sociolingüística, observados os usos, procedeu-se ao registro do glossário, bem como a uma análise relacionada à formação do significado por campos lexicais e, com tais referências, a algumas reflexões sobre a formação de tais sentidos, para, posteriormente, analisar-se a formação do significante. Ante todo o observado, registrado e analisado, pôde-se concluir que há um grupo de falantes, os quais compõem o segmento da diversidade sexual, que, efetiva e regularmente, emprega a gíria como signo de grupo, como forma lingüística criptológica, defensiva e excludente, caracterizada, muitas vezes, pelo sarcasmo, pela ironia e pela irreverência. O mesmo grupo de falantes utiliza a gíria como um dos modos de se mostrar e de afirmar a identidade própria de seus membros, assim como para evidenciar determinados comportamentos particulares do grupo, e, simultaneamente, ao buscar se defender de eventuais agressões e discriminações, impor-se a uma sociedade majoritária, para que possa viver em condições igualitárias e pacíficas de cidadania

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Costa dos Santos Fortanell.pdf: 11353059 bytes, checksum: d3e4445c694f24ec48de61786c6ee23e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-12 / Nowadays, the spoken and written language are analyzed jointly and not dichotomously as once they were. Through recent studies, it is possible to infer that many features of these manifestations of language are shared. The occurrence of this phenomenon depends on the level of formality required, on the genre in which the speech is inserted, among other factors. Based on this perspective, this dissertation investigates how the marks of orality are presented in a theatrical text, in this case, in the play O Abajur Lilás, from the playwright Plinio Marcos, and what are the reasons that justify this use. For this research, we rely on the theory of Conversational Analysis and Sociolinguistics / Atualmente, a língua falada e a escrita são analisadas de forma conjunta e não mais dicotomicamente como outrora se fazia. Por meio de estudos atuais, é possível inferir que muitas características dessas manifestações da língua são partilhadas. A ocorrência de tal fenômeno dependerá do nível de formalidade exigido, do gênero em que o discurso está inserido, entre outros fatores. Tendo como base esta perspectiva, a presente dissertação busca investigar de que maneira as marcas de oralidade apresentam-se em um texto teatral, mais precisamente, na peça O Abajur Lilás, do dramaturgo santista Plínio Marcos, e quais são os motivos que justificam este uso. Para a realização desta pesquisa, apoiamo-nos na teoria da Análise da Conversação e da Sociolinguística

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Leite Morais.pdf: 569661 bytes, checksum: ae0bfad9e14bf381d90063e9670a3420 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The language of a determined group is what it characterizes it how such. She manifests herself through several uses in several situations. According to the use of the language for the group, him if it transforms in standards that regulate the communication. Each linguistic community regulates his language through specific characteristics, for example, the slangs use criptológicas to be communicated. From the point of view of the vocabulary, the slang is a basic caraterística between the communication of the funkeiros. The slang has two perspectives: the common slang and that of group. It is aimed, with this study, defines the social group funk, funk sets out the "standard" and the slang as basic elements for construction of the language of the linguistic community. The slang favors to the group a more free communication, which secures the protection of the group and not participants of the group it imposes a limit to. The obscene vocabulary and the Marks (products names, persons or category) also are of our interest in the present study. Basing us on studies of Preti (1983, 1984, 1994, 2004), whose works are references in the explanation and "slangy" clarity of the subject and obscene vocabulary ; of Coseriu (1979) to explain the question of the "standard" and his variations; of Horton and Hunt (1980) to explain what he is social group and Maingueneau (2013) as for the studies of the "Marks" that represent products of consumption like, in case of the funk, motorcars, motorbikes, garment and props of luxury, is that there will happen the explanation of the basic elements for the development of this work. The study also tends to show that the linguistic variation is made perceptible in the letters of funk analysed / A linguagem de um determinado grupo é o que o caracteriza como tal. Ela se manifesta por meio de diversos usos em diversas situações. Conforme o uso da linguagem pelo grupo, ele se transforma em normas que regulam a comunicação. Cada comunidade linguística regula sua linguagem por meio de características específicas, por exemplo, a utilização de gírias criptológicas para se comunicar. Do ponto de vista do vocabulário, a gíria é uma caraterística fundamental entre a comunicação dos funkeiros. A gíria possui duas perspectivas: a gíria vulgar e a de grupo. Objetiva-se, com este estudo, definir o grupo social funk, explicitar a norma e a gíria como elementos fundamentais para construção da linguagem da comunidade linguística funk. A gíria propicia ao grupo uma comunicação mais livre, o que assegura a proteção do grupo e impõe um limite aos não participantes do grupo. O vocabulário obsceno e as Marcas (nomes de produtos, pessoas ou categoria) também são de nosso interesse no presente estudo. Baseando-nos em estudos de Preti (1983, 1984, 1994, 2004), cujas obras são referências na explanação e clareza do tema gíria e vocabulário obsceno ; de Coseriu (1979) para esclarecer a questão da norma e suas variações; de Horton & Hunt (1980) para esclarecer o que é grupo social e Maingueneau (2013) quanto aos estudos das Marcas que representam produtos de consumo como, no caso do funk, automóveis, motos, vestimenta e adereços de luxo, é que se dará o esclarecimento dos elementos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. O estudo também tende mostrar que a variação linguística se faz perceptível nas letras de funk analisadas

Cette thèse est le fruit d’un projet de recherche qui mêle la pratique et la théorie de la traduction. Divisée en deux volumes, elle étudie des questions liées à la traduction de l’argot tel qu’utilisé dans des oeuvres de fiction. Le premier comprend un commentaire critique composé de trois parties, et le second une traduction en anglais du roman Moi non (P. Goujon, Gallimard, 2003). L’intrigue du roman se déroulant en banlieue parisienne, le commentaire explore la façon dont les jeunes adultes marginalisés peuvent s’exprimer par l’emploi de l’argot, une variété linguistique non-standard. Cette variété est souvent représentative d’un lieu précis et d’une identité particulière, participant à un ensemble de formes d’expression qui sert à distinguer la jeunesse marginalisée de groupes dominants. Une telle utilisation de la langue soulève des questions concrètes et abstraites quand on décide de la transcrire et de la traduire dans une oeuvre de fiction. Souvent, le traducteur a recours à l’emploi d’une langue standard ou à l’utilisation d’un argot dit « équivalent ». La traduction proposée de Moi non s’inscrit dans une méthode alternative qui s’inspire d’un style informel ainsi que de procédés créatifs que l’on peut notamment employer dans le rap et dans l’élaboration de nouvelles expressions argotiques. Préférant éviter de situer la traduction dans une aire géographique spécifique, cette traduction invite à explorer les points communs de l’ensemble des parlers jeunes du monde anglophone. Ce projet représente ainsi une opportunité de vérifier la cohérence et la logique de cette démarche alternative de la traduction de l’argot d’un roman, et de la comparer avec l’approche empruntée par les traducteurs de textes similaires. / This thesis is the fruit of a research project which marries translation practice and theory. Separated into two volumes, it explores questions related to the translation of slang in fictional texts. The first volume is a critical commentary composed of three parts, and the second a translation from French into English of the novel Moi non by Patrick Goujon (Gallimard, 2003). Since the plot unfolds in the banlieue of Paris, the critical component investigates the way in which marginalised youth can express themselves through slang, a variety of non-standard language. Often representative of a specific place and identity, slang constitutes one of many forms of expression that contribute to setting marginalised youth apart from dominant groups. Such use of language raises a number of questions, both concrete and abstract in nature, when one decides to transcribe and translate it in a work of fiction. Translators often employ standard language to render this voice in the translated text or otherwise make use of an “equivalent” slang. The proposed translation of Moi non embodies an alternative method inspired by an overall informal style of writing, as well as by the creative devices employed in rap lyrics and in the creation of slang words and expressions. In an effort to avoid suggesting a specific setting outside of the banlieue, this translation seeks to identify and harness features of English shared by young people throughout the Anglosphere. This thesis thus represents an opportunity to ensure the coherence and the logic of this alternative approach to translating slang in an entire novel, and to compare this approach with that adopted by the translators of similar texts.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

Swahili has been moulded in a long process by many factors over many centuries (Chiraghdin & Mnyampala 1977, Khalid 1977, Nurse & Spear 1985, Shariff 1973, Whiteley 1969). One of the latest chapters in its history is the standardisation and implementation as national and official language in Tanzania after independence.The National Swahili Council was given the task of further developing as well as guarding the standard form in textbooks for schools, in literature, in music texts, and in radio and television broadcasting. However, while Standard Swahili was taught in schools and writtenin books and newspapers, people in town quarters where Swahili was spoken developed and used a colloquial style of speech by enriching the standard form with “slang” expressions and lexemes.Recently, many people in Tanzania speak of “lugha za mitaani” (‘languages of the town quarters’, or ‘street languages’), using the plural to point to the fact that there exists a whole range of varieties of non-standard language, depending on local and social factors. The more recent development of lugha za mitaani reflects very much the social, economic, and political liberalisation in Tanzania, which started in the late 1980s. Little research has been done on the complex of these locally coloured colloquial Swahili variants, and we hope that our work will prepare the ground for further, more detailed studies. Since we acknowledge the existence of variants, we will use Lugha ya Mitaani (henceforth abbreviated LyM) to denote the phenomenon as such, whereas we will apply the term Lugha za Mitaani (henceforth abbreviated LzM) when we speak of the complex of variants.The primary characteristic of lugha za mitaani in general is that they deviate from Standard Kiswahili by their special lexicon which is in a constant process of rapid renovation. This is done by way of deliberate manipulation of existing lexical items, as an expression of an attitude of jocular and provocative violation of linguistic norms.Looking into the linguistic makeup, it is quite clear that Lugha ya Mitaani is not an independent language, but a sociolect or register of Kiswahili. The geographical centre of the ongoing creation and recreation of linguistic elements is Dar es Salaam. From there the linguistic items spread very quickly into the interior and reach even remote places such as Nachingwea (Lindi region) and Kurio (Dodoma region), where we conducted our research. The remarkably high mobility of the youth in Tanzania plays a crucial role in this process, but also the media, especially music, radio, video, and the yellow press contribute a lot to the rapid diffusion of Lugha ya Mitaani-terms. This article is based on research conducted in Tanzania between 2000 and 2006 and approaches the phenomenon of Lugha ya Mitaani from different angles. A substantial part of the field research was lexicographic in nature, complemented by ethnographic methods (see chapter two). The analysis focuses on form, function, mediation and general comparative sociolinguistic issues of Lugha ya Mitaani.

Many lexicographers found some words unsuitable for inclusion in their dictionaries, thus the examination of general purpose dictionaries alone will not give us a faithful history of changes of the language. Nevertheless, by taking into account cant and slang dictionaries, the origins and history of such marginalized language can be truly examined. Despite people's natural fascination with these works, the early slang dictionaries have received relatively little scholarly attention, the later ones even less. This dissertation is written to honor those lexicographers who succeeded in a truthful documentation of nonstandard language. One of these disreputable lexicographers who found joy in an unending search for new and better ways of treating abstruse vocabulary was John Camden Hotten. This study investigates the importance of Hotten's Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words in the evolution of dictionary making. I analyze how many editions exist, the popularity of the 1864 edition, and differences between this and preceding editions, suggesting the inexorable growth of Hotten as a compiler. A short history of British cant and slang lexicography is provided and questions concerning the inclusion and exclusion of obsolete words and who makes such decisions are answered. Key terms such as slang and cant are defined and discussed briefly within the context of recent, relevant scholarship. The conclusions drawn from this research are laid out in extensive annotations embedded in the lexical items of a critical edition demonstrating once again that Hotten's compilation was extremely important in the evolution of dictionary making. That Hotten's work was accepted as authoritative is evidenced by the number of allusions and borrowings from it as seen in the work of later lexicographers: Barrere and Leland draw extensively upon it in A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon, and Cant, 2 vols. (1889-90) as do Farmer and Henley in Slang and Its Analogues, 7 vols. (1890-1904), and Eric Partridge in A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). Hotten's work seems to have been very influential in the preservation of words as well. A vast number of slang words that are cited in Hotten's dictionaries were used for a long time among the common people; in fact, the popular literature of the nineteenth century, particularly historical fiction, draws upon this vocabulary, and may well prove to be specifically indebted to Hotten's work. Thackeray's Vanity Fair and Joyce's Ulysses are full of slang expressions; Conan Doyle shows himself familiar with the terminology of pugilism in Rodney Stone, as does George Bernard Shaw in Cashel Byron's Profession. This dissertation places John Camden Hotten as a writer/publisher/compiler and his work within contemporaneous scholarly argument, and, contrary to popular opinion, acknowledges the publisher's significant contributions to the development of Victorian literature and late nineteenth- and twentieth-century lexicography.