A efetivação dos direitos sociais, inseridos na Constituição Federal de 1988 como direitos fundamentais, em norma de aplicação imediata, é imprescindível para o alcance dos objetivos do Estado brasileiro, declarados no artigo 3º da Carta Constitucional. Ao Estado foi atribuída a tarefa de concretizá-los por meio de políticas públicas. A busca pela efetivação dos direitos sociais, diretamente relacionada ao exercício da cidadania e à atuação dos Poderes Legislativo e Executivo, tem se deslocado para o Poder Judiciário, que tem assumido um importante papel na concretização desses direitos. A própria concepção dos direitos sociais já desafia os aplicadores do direito, porque dependem, para sua concretização, da atuação prestacional do Estado; estão condicionados às restrições orçamentárias e são materializados, por meio de políticas públicas, que se materializam a partir de escolhas políticas. Para o desenvolvimento do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas de direitos sociais não basta identificar a existência de um direito fundamental social, é necessário que se enfrentem as questões próprias de um direito mutável na sua concretização e execução. É necessário que se conheça a realidade que envolve a adoção de uma determinada política pública e se amplie o campo de cognição além do interesse do autor que reclama a prestação jurisdicional. O presente trabalho traz uma análise sobre o controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas que tratam de direitos sociais, procurando identificar os limites para a atuação jurisdicional e as possibilidades existentes no ordenamento para que esse controle se desenvolva no sentido de contribuir para a efetivação desses direitos de forma coletiva e isonômica, sem que a atuação jurisdicional venha a afrontar o exercício democrático e acabe por invadir a esfera de competência dos demais poderes. / Effective implementation of social rights introduced into the 1988 Federal Constitution as fundamental rights under rules of immediate enforcement, is crucial to ensure attainment of the Brazilian State goals, as stated under article 3 of the Federal Constitution. The State was given the task of turning such rights into actions by means of public policies. Search for effective enforcement of social rights, typically related to the exercise of citizenship and to Legislative and Executive realms of power, has been shifting to the Judiciary, which has been assuming an important role in rendering such rights effective. The very notion of social rights brings challenges to those in charge of applying the Law since enforcement of these rights depend of States actions; they are subject to budget constraints and are turned into actions based on political choices. Development of judicial control on social right-based public policies requires not only identification of a fundamental social right but it also requires addressing of matters of law, the perfecting and enforcement of which are constantly changing. It is necessary to get to know the reality involving selection of a given public policy and to expand such knowledge beyond the specific interests of that plaintiff who seeks relief. This paper brings a review judicial control of public policies addressing social rights and the possibilities available in the existing legal framework to assure that such control develops towards contributing to enforcement of social rights in a collective and equalitarian manner, therefore preventing judicial actions from violating exercise of democracy and ultimately reaching the realm of other powers.

This thesis explores the political struggles that followed after the appearance of irregular migrants in Sweden. The analysis starts from the assumption that the group’s precarious circumstances of living disrupted the understanding of Sweden as an inclusive society and shed light on the limits of the welfare state’s inclusionary ambitions. The overarching analytical point of entry is accordingly that the appearance of irregular migrants constitutes an opening for contestation of the demarcation of the welfare state. The analysis draws on two strands of theory to explore this opening. Citizenship theory, first, provides insights about the contradictory logics of the welfare state, i.e. the fact that it rests on norms of equality and inclusion at the same time as it is premised on a fundamental exclusion of non-members. Discourse theory, furthermore, is brought in to make sense of the potential for contestation. The study approaches these struggles over demarcation through an analysis of the debates and claims-making that took place in the Swedish parliament between 1999 and 2014. The focal point of the analysis is the efforts to make sense of and respond to the predicament of the group. The study shows that efforts to secure rights and inclusion for the group revolved around two demands. The first demand, regularisation, aimed to secure rights for irregular migrants through status, i.e. through the granting of residence permits, whereas the second demand, access to social rights, aimed to secure rights through turning the group into right-bearers in the welfare state. The thesis concludes that the debates and claims-making during the 2000s resulted in a small, but significant, shift in policy. In 2013, new legislation was adopted that granted irregular migrants access to schooling and health- and medical care. I argue that this was an effect of successful campaigning that managed to establish these particular rights as human rights, and as such, rights that should be provided to all residents regardless of legal status. Overall, however, I conclude that there has been an absence of more radical contestation of the citizenship order, and of accompanying notions of rights and entitlement, in the debates studied.

The free movement of persons in the EU has been fraught with tension since the Eastern enlargements. This culminated in 2016 when the UK demanded the possibility to limit rights and benefits to intra-EU migrants, making for a fresh investigation into the state of the free movement. From a constructivist perspective of rights and citizenship this in-depth case study aims to elucidate how EU actors describe the free movement of persons. It will further look at how they situate limitations and obstacles and analyze what this reflects in terms of underlying logics and rationales of rights and citizenship in the EU free movement regime. The interviews with EU actors reveal how distinctions of politically constructed categories of migrants which define Insiders and Outsiders are used to rationalize who has the right to social rights. Inclusion is defined in terms of market liberalism and individual responsibility, logics which thus also define the Insiders of Europe. This produces an image of the EU citizen and indirectly defines those who diverge from this image as Outsiders, including “lesser” Europeans. The underlying logics within the EU could therefore contribute to negative perceptions of those who cannot meet the requirements of the ideal European.

Social rights of married couples and registered partners in Czech republic and in France Summary The purpose of the present thesis is to compare social rights of married couples and registered partners in each country in order to be able to compare French and Czech legal regulations. At first it was necessary to analyze forms of family living in both states so that one can gain insight into the legal status of such couples in society. Another question raised by the present study is the access of couples to parental rights. According to the impact that parenthood has on working life and family budget, it can truly be considered a social welfare issue. Firstly we analyze, in separate chapters, individual areas of social welfare law in Czech republic and in France so that we can later compare the two. The thesis centers on survivors' benefits, through an evaluation of their purpose and of the impact of exclusion of registered partners from the group of beneficiaries. The study also examines relevant contemporary jurisprudence, mainly cases before the European Court of Human Rights and European Court of Justice.

1 Abstract The principle of the social state in political theory and the case-law of the Constitutional Court The topic of this work is the phenomenon of the welfare state, social rights and their judicial review performed by the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is to introduce the welfare state in terms of the theoretical, historical and practical implementation of its goals, whether it is a political reality or the decision making practice of the Constitutional Court, which in turn influences political environment. This work is based on theoretical works of political philosophy, findings of constitutional law and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. The thesis points out the different understanding of the social question in basic political theories such as liberalism, socialism or feminism. The historical part of this work comprises of the description of the development of social issues in countries such as the United Kingdom and the USA. It is evident that this was a long-term process beginning in the early seventeenth century and continuing to the period of its greatest expansion after World War II. This work also mentions some aspects of poverty. Another important part is the introduction to the theory of typologies of different "regimes" and types of welfare...

[pt] Este estudo visa mostrar que a experiência de mulheres pobres e anônimas que se destacam por trabalhos sociais em suas comunidades pode nos revelar várias questões plurais dentro de um conjunto supostamente homogêneo. As mulheres escolhidas neste estudo se destacaram através da resistência individual, ou por não se submeter aos padrões sociais que tentam impedir sua inserção em espaços supostamente privilegiados, e da persistência em fazer de trabalhos sociais um caminho de luta rumo à conquista plena de seus direitos enquanto cidadãs. Talvez, ao final deste estudo, se consiga contribuir com a história social das Mulheres no Brasil. O jogo social de consentimentos e conflitos invisíveis que aparece na luta de poder entre as próprias mulheres raramente é exposto como nessa oportunidade em que mulheres pobres e faveladas têm de contar sua história. Para além da visão clássica da condição feminina que uniformiza mulheres e homens, este estudo pretende mostrar os deslocamento destas posições dicotômicas de gênero que englobam questões de raça / etnia, classe e geração. / [en] This study doesn't seek to portray histories of heroines and of executioners, but show that the women's experience can reveal us several plural subjects of a group supposedly homogeneous. The chosen women in this study, got if it highlights through the individual resistance in not submitting to the effective social patterns that try to impede their inserts supposedly in spaces privileged and of the persistence in doing a fight road of their social works heading for the full conquest of their rights while citizens. Maybe, at the end of this study, I get to contribute with the social history of the Women in Brazil putting in prominence the social game of consents and invisible conflicts that appear in the fight of power also among the own women, because rarely, the poor and slum dwellers women have the opportunity to count their history. For besides the classic vision of the feminine condition that it equalizes women and men, this study intends to show the displacement of these divided positions gender that include race / ethno, class and generation.

O presente estudo tem o objetivo de apresentar e problematizar as concepções do que se convencionou chamar \"terceiro setor\", situando-o na perspectiva de análise sobre formas de atuação e intervenção da sociedade civil brasileira no processo de construção democrática do país. Para tanto, é analisada a definição do que é atualmente entendido como terceiro setor, problematizando sua imprecisão conceitual e a inclusão das chamadas ONGS nessa categoria. Procura mostrar também as interações das organizações do terceiro setor com o Estado e o mercado, e por fim, analisa as perspectivas críticas à idéia de terceiro setor, apontando-o como categoria que contribui para desarticular o padrão de resposta pública estatal à questão social brasileira, devido ao seu potencial despolitizador na luta por direitos sociais. Conclui-se, com isso, que as ações do terceiro, na perspectiva da ação solidária com ênfase em ações voluntárias e filantrópicas, se contrapõem à concepção de ação política dos atores da sociedade civil, pautada pela luta por direitos de cidadania. / This work intends to present and discuss the conceptions and ideas about so called \"third sector\". Such category will be analyzed under the perspective of brazilian civil society´s atuation and intervention plans in the country´s democratic construction. We will examine the actual usage definition for third sector, questioning its conceptual imprecise and the inclusion of ONGs on such category. Besides, we will present the connections between State and third sector´s institutions, and between these last ones and the market. We will also analyze the critical ideas about third sector: such ideas consider it as a category that contributes for the destabilization of the public state actions and for the fight for social right´s reduction. As a result, we concluded that the third sector´s actions (engaged in voluntary work) contradict the social actor´s political actions, based on the fight for citizen and social rights.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir para a formulação de uma crítica da tecnologia jurídica dos direitos sociais. Sobejam na doutrina jurídica e na teoria social manifestações que apontam a função ideológica de tais direitos e os interesses de classe por trás de sua instituição. Esta contribuição, ao contrário, caminha no sentido de formular a crítica dos direitos sociais na perspectiva da forma jurídica por isso crítica da tecnologia na esteira das obras de Pasukanis e Edelman. Para atingir este objetivo, o trabalho reconstrói a epistemologia materialista histórico-dialética, extraindo-a da própria totalidade social que constitui seu objeto, e demonstra porque somente uma crítica da tecnologia jurídica pode constituir o modo adequado de fazer ciência do direito. A partir daí, o trabalho reconstrói a crítica da tecnologia jurídica de Pasukanis e Edelman como fundamento para seu ponto culminante: demonstrar como os direitos sociais se adequam ao princípio da equivalência inerente à troca mercantil e, portanto, não constituem uma alternativa viável para a superação do modo de produção capitalista. Por fim, embora consciente de que a via da transição ao comunismo não pode ser jurídica, o trabalho aponta uma alternativa para que os direitos sociais sejam aliados na luta política pela superação do modo de produção capitalista: sua universalização absoluta, única forma possível de romper com a lógica de equivalência que preside a constituição da forma jurídica. / This work intends to contribute to the formulation of a critique of social rights juridical technology. There is plenty of works in jurisprudence and social theory pointing the ideological function of social rights and the class interest behind its institution. This work, instead, intends to formulate the critique of social rights under the perspective of juridical form therefore a critique of technology following the works of Pasukanis and Edelman. To achieve this goal, this work reconstructs the historical-dialectical materialist epistemology, extracting it from the own social totality that is its object, and demonstrates why the proper mode of doing law science is criticize the juridical technology. From this point, this work reconstructs Pasukanis and Edelmans critique of juridical technology as the basis for its climax: to demonstrate how social rights accommodate to the equivalence principle that is inherent to the commercial exchange and, therefore, to demonstrate why social rights are not a viable alternative to overwhelm capitalist mode of production. In the end, although knowing that the transition way to comunism cannot be juridical, this work points to an alternative for social rights being allies of the political struggle for the overwhelming of capitalist mode of production: its absolute universalization, the only possible way to break with the equivalence logic that guide the constitution of juridical form.

A literatura sobre direitos humanos nos sugere que todas as pessoas estão protegidas pelos direitos como o de ir e vir, o direito à educação, à moradia, segurança, o direito a um nome, e o direito à saúde. O histórico de conquistas de direitos individuais e sociais no Brasil, segundo grandes autores como por exemplo Chauí (1984), Coutinho (1999) e Benevides (1994), mostra que os setores que não se sentem protegidos pelas convenções e tratados internacionais, saem em luta e defesa de direitos que configuram conquistas também para outros grupos marginalizados. Esta extensão, no entanto, não parece atender pessoas Trans*1, em especial Travestis e Transexuais, que, de acordo com a Transgender Europe, são as maiores vítimas de homicídio no Brasil, e, consequentemente, um dos grupos com menor acesso a políticas públicas. Neste trabalho descrevo e analiso o programa TransCidadania, que surge como tentativa de resposta a esse quadro. Foram analisados os ciclos do programa de acordo com o Ciclo de Políticas Públicas de Mainardes (2001, 2006) em todas as etapas, a criação do programa, a sua implementação. Foram também avaliados seus objetivos e sucessos através dos documentos oficias do programa e balanços cedidos pela Secretaria Municipal de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania e da Coordenação do TransCidadania, analisei os discursos dos gestores e beneficiárias(os) do programa por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Como resultado desse processo de investigação reflito a partir de olhares de pesquisadores como Foucault (1988), Butler (2003), Bento (2014) e Pelucio (2007) sobre educação, violência física, empregabilidade, conjuntura política, indicadores que se destacaram nas entrevistas, através do mapa temático realizado. E foram levantadas algumas sugestões e impressões colhidas ao longo de todo o processo de investigação do programa TransCidadania / The literature on human rights suggests that we all are protected by rights such as the right to education, housing, security, the right to a name and to have healthcare. The history of achievements of individual and social rights in Brazil, according great authors such as Chauí (1984), Coutinho (1999) and Benevides (1994), shows that social sectors non-protected by the conventions and international treaties had struggling and advocacing for rights and their achievements can be sometimes extended for other marginalized groups. This extension, however, doesn\'t seem to meet Trans * groups, especially transvestites and transsexuals, which, according to the Transgender Europe, are the biggest victims of LGBTQI homicide in Brazil, and, consequently, one of the groups with less access to public policies and human rights. In this dissertation we describe and analyze the program TransCidadania, which appears to be an attempt to respond to this situation. The programm cycles were analyzed according to the Public Policy Cycle by Mainardes (2001, 2006) at all stages: since the creation of the program, its implementation an results. Were also evaluated their goals and successes through the official program documents and result sheets provided by the Municipal Secretariat of human rights and citizenship and of the coordination of the TransCidadania. We analyzed also the speech of coordinators and beneficiaries (the) on the program by semi-structured interviews. In this investigation we can find perspectives of researchers like Foucault (1988), Butler (2003), Bento (2014) and Pelúcio (2007) on education, physical violence, employability, political context, indicators highlighted in the interviews, through the thematic map. We also raised some suggestions and impressions taken throughout the process

L'objet de cet étude est la vérification de l'existence d'une protection des droits sociaux au niveau de l'Union. Et donc on analyse le panorama des droits sociaux dans le cadre des systèmes des États membres ainsi que leur reconstruction dans le cadre de l’acquis communautaire. Afin de mettre en lumière le lien entre les droits sociaux reconnues par l’Union et son politique social substantielle, la recherche se concentre sur les droits relatifs au travail, à la santé et à l'instruction qui sont garantis par le Traité de Lisbonne et la CDF. La protection de ces situations s’analyse à travers de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice. Au final le dernière chapitre traite, de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Strasbourg relative aux droits sociaux, en rapport avec celle de la Cour de Justice en vue de la future adhésion de l’Union à la CEDH. A la lumière de ces données, on conclue que la justiciabilité effective des droits sociaux dans le cadre de l’Union reste liée à la volonté politique des États et il est impossible d’affirmer que l’usage inspirateur et propulsif de la Charte de la part de la CJE soit renforcé en faveur d’un protection fort des droits sociales dans le système de l’Union. / The object of this thesis is the analysis of the level of justiciability of social rights in EU. The research first presents an overview of different welfare states within EU national systems. The investigation focuses on national constitutional provisions enshrining social rights, for the individuation of a nucleus of social rights, justiciable under the Member States legal orders.Indeed, the second chapter focuses on the jurisprudence of the ECJ, in particular the one applying to the crossborder access to economic social services of the different member States. From this analysis, it is possible to determine the impact of the Charter of Fundamental rights on the protection of social in the EU legal order. The third chapter deals with the problems connected with the future accession of the EU in the ECHR, in particular it shows the different approaches of the two Courts in the determination of the level of protection of social rights. The thesis concludes with a reflection, on the present economic situation in Europe and its impact on the effectiveness and justiciability of social rights, and on the other, on the welfare states of member States.