The free movement of persons in the EU has been fraught with tension since the Eastern enlargements. This culminated in 2016 when the UK demanded the possibility to limit rights and benefits to intra-EU migrants, making for a fresh investigation into the state of the free movement. From a constructivist perspective of rights and citizenship this in-depth case study aims to elucidate how EU actors describe the free movement of persons. It will further look at how they situate limitations and obstacles and analyze what this reflects in terms of underlying logics and rationales of rights and citizenship in the EU free movement regime. The interviews with EU actors reveal how distinctions of politically constructed categories of migrants which define Insiders and Outsiders are used to rationalize who has the right to social rights. Inclusion is defined in terms of market liberalism and individual responsibility, logics which thus also define the Insiders of Europe. This produces an image of the EU citizen and indirectly defines those who diverge from this image as Outsiders, including “lesser” Europeans. The underlying logics within the EU could therefore contribute to negative perceptions of those who cannot meet the requirements of the ideal European.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T19:57:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lillianmarciaferreiradivan.pdf: 1393484 bytes, checksum: d5c026f3e919dd5ade577690e8b279ee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-22T21:42:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lillianmarciaferreiradivan.pdf: 1393484 bytes, checksum: d5c026f3e919dd5ade577690e8b279ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T21:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lillianmarciaferreiradivan.pdf: 1393484 bytes, checksum: d5c026f3e919dd5ade577690e8b279ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os mecanismos retóricos utilizados pelos participantes de uma situação de conflito em um contexto institucional para negociar pontos de vista e para atribuir/se eximir da responsabilidade em relação ao evento problemático. Dentro de uma perspectiva interacional em Lingüística (COUPER-KULEN & SELTING, 2001), tomei como base para a análise a Teoria do Posicionamento (LANGENHOVE & HARRÉ, 1999) e a Análise de Categoria de Membros (SACKS, 1972) e utilizei como corpus audiências de conciliação realizadas no PROCON, órgão de defesa do consumidor. Procurei identificar, em primeiro lugar, como o consumidor é posicionado no Código de defesa do Consumidor (CDC) para, então, analisar se as posições disponibilizadas pelo CDC orientaram as ações dos participantes e de que forma os processos de posicionamento e de categorização contribuíram para o gerenciamento dos pontos de vista divergentes e para a atribuição de responsabilidade. A análise demonstrou que os participantes se orientaram para as posições disponibilizadas pelo CDC e realizaram seus posicionamentos projetando imagens de si que funcionaram como ferramenta retórica para legitimar o seu ponto de vista e minar o ponto de vista do outro, atribuindo responsabilidade ao outro e se eximindo da responsabilidade lançada sobre eles próprios. Os processos de categorização também funcionaram como ferramenta retórica para o processo de argumentação, pois suas escolhas categoriais foram baseadas naquilo que eles desejavam comunicar para defender seus argumentos e recusar os argumentos do outro. / This study aims to analyze the rhetorical mechanisms used by participants of a conflict situation in an institutional context to negotiate points of view and to attribute /be exempt from responsibility for the troublesome event. From the perspective of Interactional linguistics (COUPER-KULEN & SELTING, 2001), I based the analysis on the Positioning Theory (LANGENHOVE & HARRÉ, 1999) and on the Membership Categorization Analysis (SACKS, 1972) and used as corpus conciliation hearings held in PROCON, a consumer protection agency. I identified, first of all, how the consumer is positioned in the Consumer Defense Code (CDC) to then analyze if the positions provides by CDC guided the participants actions and how the positioning and categorization processes contributed to the management of divergent points of view and the attribution of responsibility. The analisys showed that the participants were oriented towards the positions provided by the CDC and made their positionings by projecting self and other images that acted as a rhetorical tool which worked to legitimize their own points of view and undermine the others’, attributing responsibility to the other and exempting the responsibility casted upon themselves. The categorization process also worked as a rhetorical tool for the process of argumentation, because the categorical choices of the participants were based on what they wanted to communicate to defend their arguments and to reject the other arguments.

No description available.

Cette thèse porte sur les pratiques du droit des étrangers au Maroc. Par l’analyse de divers mécanismes de mobilisation du droit, tels qu’ils se déploient quotidiennement, son objectif est d’observer et de décrire, en contexte, les activités d’acteurs variés impliqués ou confrontés à un droit, des institutions et des procédures visant les étrangers. Ceci passe par une étude de l’activité judiciaire et administrative en la matière. Ceci passe aussi par une clarification de méthodes utilisées par les gens, professionnels ou profanes, dans leurs pratiques quotidiennes, impliquant de fait de prendre en compte les dimensions sociales et politiques du droit, des étrangers en particulier. En adoptant une démarche praxéologique, il s’agit de s’intéresser au droit en action en reconsidérant un ensemble de pratiques, méthodiques et ordonnées, pour en clarifier les modes endogènes de production et d’intelligibilité.Une première partie s’attache à présenter la démarche praxéologique, tout en apportant des éclairages sur un ensemble de phénomènes sociaux et politiques ancrés dans le contexte marocain contemporain. La seconde partie est consacrée à la description et à l’analyse de situations de rencontre de l’étranger avec l’administration et la justice, à partir d’une série d’épisodes permettant d’éclairer le déploiement pratique du droit en contexte. Une troisième partie s’attache aux méthodes de raisonnement, de compréhension, d’interprétation, qui permettent de mieux comprendre le droit des étrangers au Maroc, en accordant une attention particulière à l’analyse des catégorisations et aux jeux d’inférences. L’ensemble des chapitres offre un traitement original de différents processus et mécanismes de la grammaire du droit en action, mettant en exergue les relations qu’entretiennent le droit et la société, ainsi que la dimension intrinsèquement politique du droit des étrangers. / This dissertation deals with the practices surrounding the law regarding foreigners in Morocco. Its aim is to observe and describe, in context, the activities of diverse people who find themselves involved or faced with the law, institutions and procedures related to the presence of foreigners. The intention, however, is to analyze various mechanisms involved in the ordinary mobilization of law. This goes through the study of legal and administrative activities in this domain. The clarification of methods used by people, both professional and lay, in their daily practices includes de facto to take into consideration the social and political dimensions of the law, and in particular that related to foreigners. By adopting a praxiological perspective, the purpose is to deal with law in action and to revisit a set of practices, methodical and structurally organized, in order to better understand the endogenous methods of production and intelligibility of law.The first part seeks to present the praxiological approach while shedding light on several social and political phenomena in the contemporary Moroccan context. The second part is devoted to the description and the analysis of various situations in which people are involved and face administrative and judicial institutions. Through a series of episodes and in an empirically documented manner, it fleshes out the way in which the law practically and contextually operates. A third part focuses on methods of reasoning, of understanding and of interpreting, and in particular the working of categorizations and inferences, which are actively at play in the law regarding foreigners in Morocco.All the chapters provide an original treatment of processes and mechanisms of the grammar of law in action and bring out the relation between law and society, as well as the intrinsically political dimension of the law regarding foreigners.

The overall purpose of this thesis and the four independent studies it builds upon is to examine how categorizations and identity positions are constructed and negotiated in the educational program Swedish for immigrants (SFI) both historically and among participants in the program at the beginning of the 21th century. The analytical focus is on the discourses that frame the development of the SFI program with a specific interest in categorizations and identity in relation to gender, language and national belonging. The empirical material includes historical texts (curricula, commission reports, public inquiries, political propositions, laws) from 1965 to 2010, as well as approximately 95 hours of audio and video recorded data and ethnographic field notes from five SFI classrooms. The results are presented primarily in the four articles but partly also in the thesis itself. Our analysis in the first study, that takes a sociohistorical perspective as a point of departure, indicates shifts in discourses with regards to the categories and aims of the educational program, thus, making certain identity positions more accessible than others at specific times. Using the approach of nexus analysis, the theoretical framework employed in the second study approaches language policies n terms of a dialectical elationship between policy and the learning that takes lace in the language focused classroom. Feminist and postcolonial frameworks re employed ore pecifically in the third and fourth studies. The historical nalysis presented in article three shows how the categories of “immigrant” and Swedes” ave been produced and negotiated in discourses on gender and gender quality in the SFI program since the early 1970s. The fourth study highlights he omplex relationship between gender equality and integration policies, as well as he perception of gender equality as a central part of Swedishness”, negotiated in he everyday conversations in the SFI classroom. Overall, the results illuminate he circulation of discourses both cross ime and between policy and classrooms. oreover, it contributes to a critical discussion about the intersection of language, ender and national elonging in the negotiation of boundaries between insiders and outsiders in Swedish society.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka utländska akademikers upplevelser av mötet med, och inträdet på, den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Studiens frågeställningar: Vilka hinder kan försvåra etableringen på arbetsmarknaden för utländska akademiker? Vilka faktorer kan främja etableringen på arbetsmarknaden för utländska akademiker? Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien är hämtad utifrån socialkonstruktivism samt begreppet etnicitet som social konstruktion. Studien är genomförd med kvalitativ forskningsmetod, vilken utfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade livsvärldsintervjuer. Analysmetoden för studien var IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis), där gemensamma teman lyftes fram och diskuterades utifrån de teoretiska utgångspunkterna. I resultatavsnittet har studiens frågeställningar besvarats enligt följande: Hinder som kan försvåra etableringen av utländska akademiker på arbetsmarknaden är samhällets föreställningar, sociala kategoriseringar, etnisk diskriminering, strukturella förändringar på arbetsmarknaden samt arbetsgivarnas inflytande. Sammanfattningsvis skildrade studiens resultat hur viktigt det är att belysa att de föreställningar som finns i samhället gällande personer med utländsk bakgrund påverkar synen på individen. Dessa faktorer var de mest centrala elementen och kärnan i det empiriska materialet kopplat till denna frågeställning. De främjande faktorerna till etableringen av utländska akademiker enligt studiens resultat är: Delaktighet, personligt ansvarstagande och betydelsen av utbildning. I enhet med respondenternas upplevelser framgår vikten av att samma anställningskriterier ska gälla för alla oberoende av ens bakgrund eller tillhörighet. Även personligt ansvarstagande visade sig vara betydelsefullt, exempelvis individens egen motivation, styrka och inre resurser. Vidare betonas att det finns tendenser till att samhällets syn på utländska personers resurser är i förändring. Detta på grund av det växande behovet av mångkulturell arbetskraft med flerspråkighet, kulturell kompetens samt akademisk utbildning, med anledning av den stora flyktinginvandring som pågår just nu. Studiens resultat har både gått i linje med tidigare forskning samt gått emot eller visat nya infallsvinklar på tidigare forskningsresultat. / The purpose of this study was to investigate foreign academics' experiences of meeting with, and entry to the Swedish labor market. Study questions: What obstacles could hamper the establishment of the labour market for foreign graduates? What factors can promote the formation of the labour market for foreign graduates? The theoretical starting point for the study is taken on the basis of social constructivism and the concept of race as a social construction. The study was conducted with qualitative research, which was conducted using semi-structured interviews, life-world. The analytical method for the study was the IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis), where common themes were highlighted and discussed from the theoretical points. In the results section, the study questions were answered as follows: Obstacles that can hinder the establishment of foreign graduates in the labour market is society's beliefs, social categorizations, ethnic discrimination, structural changes in the labour market and employers' influence. In summary, the study's results depicted how important it is to highlight that the perceptions that exist in society concerning people with foreign backgrounds affect the perception of the individual. These factors were the key elements and the core of the empirical material related to this issue. The promotion factors to the establishment of foreign graduates according to the study's results are: Involvement, personal responsibility and the importance of education. The unit with the respondents' experience illustrates the importance of the recruitment criteria should apply to all, regardless of one's background or affiliation. Although personal responsibility proved to be important, such as the individual's own motivation, strength and inner resources. They also stress that there are tendencies that society's view of foreigner's resources is changing. This is because of the growing need for multicultural workforce with multilingualism, cultural competence and academic training, due to the large influx of refugees that is going on right now. The study results have both been in line with previous research, and gone against or demonstrated new angles on previous research.

Cette thèse, menée auprès de deux campi nomadi de Rome (Italie), se situe dans une approche sociolinguistique qui souhaite rendre compte de la pluralité et de l’hétérogénéité des pratiques langagières observées auprès des habitants roms. Pour en saisir la complexité et la diversité, il s’agit d’abord de comprendre l’espace social où ces pratiques ont été observées. Le campo, en tant que lieu de vie anthropologique et terrain d’enquête sera donc compris en tenant compte des relations humaines qui s’y tissent et des places que l’on désigne à l’Autre ou que l’on s’octroie. L’objectif est de procéder par « fragmentation » (Lorcerie, 2009), de s’intéresser aux représentations et aux discours individuels pour rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité des pratiques. Il s’agira également de passer par un travail de déconstruction et de compréhension des mécanismes d’ethnicisation et d’assignation identitaire, sociales et linguistique qui participent à l’élaboration de catégorisations autour des groupes roms. Cette recherche part donc d’un espace social spécifique, d’un « specialismo » italien (Tosi, 2007) pour fournir une analyse des pratiques socio-langagières fragmentées de ses habitants et rendre compte de leur « expérience plurielle de la parole » (Canut, 2007). / This doctoral research, carried out in two campi nomadi (Rome, Italy) is underpinned by a sociolinguistic approach that aims to analyse the plurality and heterogeneity of language practices observed among Roma inhabitants. Grasping the complexity and diversity of these practices requires an undertanding of the social space where they take place. The campo, as an anthropological living place and fieldwork will therefore be understood taking into account the human relations that emerge and the places that the Other is assigned or those one grants oneself. The objective is to proceed by "fragmentation" (Lorcerie, 2009), focusing on representations and individual discourses to account for the heterogeneity of practices. This also involves a process of deconstruction and comprehension of the mechanisms of ethnicization and identity, and of social and linguistic assignment that contribute to the development of categorizations of Roma groups. This research therefore starts from a specific social space, from an Italian "specialismo" (Tosi, 2007) so as to provide an analysis of the fragmented sociolinguistic practices of its inhabitants and to expound the "plural experience of their speech" (Canut, 2007)

The use of subtractive bilingual models in Puerto Rico may influence children's construction of social categorizations. There is a gap in the literature related to linguistics, ethnicity, and systems of education and acculturation of a majority group. The purpose of this multiple case study was to examine the influence of the language of instruction and teachers' communicative practices in private and public schools on first graders' ethnic identity construction in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The conceptual framework of the study was based on Markus's unified theory of race and ethnicity, Berry's bidimensional model of acculturation, Tajfel and Turner's social identity theory, and Wimmer's ethnic boundaries multilevel process theory. The research questions concerned how teachers' communicative practices reflected and promoted children's construction of social categorizations, what roles teachers played in ethnic education, and the influences that shaped their cultural knowledge. Purposeful sampling was used to select 2 Spanish speaking and 2 English speaking classrooms form the municipality that could provide information to answer the research questions. Data were collected from classroom observations, structured interviews with teachers, analysis of classroom artifacts, and the use of Zea, Asner-Self, Birman, and Buki's Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale. Data were coded and then categorized by theme. The findings of the study demonstrated that teachers' hybridized ethnicity is reflected in communicative practices that influenced children's construction of social categorizations. This study could serve to develop strong cultural awareness policies for education systems and for other countries at risk of losing their language and traditions.

The purpose of this study is to examine whether pedagogues, in their daily work with children with intellectual disabilities, have perceptions based on earlier work experience with for instance children with average intelligence and also if the perceptions, norms and categorizations of society affect the school environment in which children with intellectual disabilities exist.The study, which focuses on the pedagogues work experience of childrens with intellectual disabilities, was carried out by interviewing four pedagogues in a qualitative manner. The study was analyzed through the theoretical framework of social constructivism. Terms used in the study are: intellectual disability, inclusion, exclusion, integration, perception, categorization, normality, anomaly, norm criticism, power, the competent child and expectation.The results show that the pedagogues has his or her own perceptions about children with intellectual disabilities. The pedagogues’ own use of language affects how perceptions, norms and categorizations are conveyed to the pupils. They also points to their insufficient knowledge of intellectual disabilities. This lack of knowledge also affects how the pedagogues view the institutional striving towards student inclusion in a “school for everyone.” The study also shows that a norm critical perspective is preferable as it allows for perceptions, norms and categorizations to be made visible. The study showed that, in order to avoid unfavorable categorizations and norms, a communicative environment is needed in order to create an understanding in regards to the individual differences that exist between students in the school environment. This essay illuminates the fact that pedagogues – working with children with intellectual disabilities – are affected by the perceptions, norms and categorizations of society.

This rhetorical study aims to investigate how gender constructions are produced and reproduced through linguistic and symbolic expressions. Thus, there has been interest in analyzing recruitment films from the state authority – The Swedish Employment Service – primarily regarding male- and female dominated professions to gain knowledge of how they work to maintain or challenge perceptions of gender and gender equality in the labor market. In order to examine this, I have used Kenneth Burke's theory of identification, Judith Butler's theory of gender and performativity together with Mats Landqvist's terms, social categorizations and intersectional perspective. I found that gender is constructed differently depending on whether it is male- or female constructed. In addition, the analysis shows that women are associated with values ​​such as health, care and looks while men are represented with attributes as tough, muscular and elderly. The comparison between the artifacts showed that all recruitment films create identification bases that appeal to young people and usually to both genders regardless of occupation. The overall purpose of the essay and what I hope to convey is knowledge of how gender-dominated professions differ and work to change the view of gender.