The purpose of this study was to research what negative and positive effects upward social class mobility can give a person with focus on the inner emotional world. Through a literature analysis of autobiographies has authors who have undergone social class mobility from working class to middle class been selected. The qualitative research study shows that people can be affected in several ways by experiencing upward social class mobility. Our study finds that people can be negatively affected by their upward mobility and that most of the negative aspects are similar for all the people in our study. We have used a hermeneutic method when interpreting and identifying the negative aspects of social class mobility in our empirical data. We have thematized and analyzed the data with inspiration from Pierre Bourdieu's class theories. In the empirical data, we have identified several common themes of negative aspects that can be experienced with upward social class mobility. Some of the themes are feelings like guilt, shame, feeling like you live between two worlds and not feeling at home. Their relationships with their parents and current family can also be negatively affected. In the empirical data, we can see that all the people included in the study are affected by their previous class affiliation. The changes, new social codes and habitus, that the new class brings influences people from a psychological and social perspective which creates difficulties for them to feel belonging in the new class. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka negativa och positiva effekter en uppåtgående klassresa kan ge en människa med fokus på den inre känslomässiga världen för en klassresenär. Genom en litteraturanalys av självbiografier har urvalet varit målstyrt till författare som genomgått en klassresa från arbetarklass till medelklass. Studien visar att människor kan påverkas på flera sätt även negativt av sin klassresa och vi kan också se att dessa sätt är liknande för alla personer i vår empiri. De negativa aspekterna vi identifierat i studien är tolkade med hjälp av metoden hermeneutik. Tematisering och analyseringen av materialet har skett med inspiration från Pierre Bourdieus klassteorier. Vi har i empirin identifierat flera gemensamma teman av negativa aspekter som personerna upplevt av sina klassresor. Känslor som skuld, skam, att känna att man lever mellan två världar och att inte känna sig hemma. Relationen till sina föräldrar och nuvarande familj kan också bli negativt påverkade. I empirin ser vi att alla personerna i studien präglas av sin tidigare klasstillhörighet. De förändringar, nya sociala koder och habitus som den nya klassen har, påverkar personerna utifrån ett psykologiskt- och socialt perspektiv som skapar svårigheter för dem att känna tillhörighet i den nya klassen.

[pt] Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender de que maneira os múltiplos contextos sociais impactaram na construção da trajetória profissional de ex-alunos oriundos das camadas populares de uma renomada IES privada do Rio de janeiro, cujo público, também, é composto por jovens das elites socioeconômicas. Para atingir este objetivo buscou-se identificar: i) de que forma os múltiplos contextos sociais, ao longo da trajetória profissional, inibiram ou habilitaram as relações desses jovens com seu meio tanto na constituição de um portifólio de capitais como nas estratégias (não) intencionais individuais e familiares, bem como nas disposições dos indivíduos; e (ii) quanto à persistência de barreiras que contribuem negativamente para a mobilidade social. Deste modo, este estudo contribui para a discussão acerca da mobilidade social nos estudos em Administração, partindo do pensamento de Pierre Bourdieu frente à distinção gerada pelo condicionamento social e dialogando com pensamento de Bernard Lahire, no afastamento do olhar homogeneizante do habitus. A pesquisa realizada foi de natureza qualitativa, utilizando entrevistas em profundidade com ex-alunos bolsistas de graduação de diferentes cursos. A análise dos resultados revelou que existem barreiras socioeconômicas e culturais que impactaram na trajetória profissional dos jovens bolsistas. Não obstante, a partir da influência dos múltiplos contextos nessas trajetórias, identificamos o desenvolvimento de um portifólio de capitais, resultado de vivências que permitiram o movimento de mobilidade social. Em última instância, os jovens pesquisados, apesar de terem enfrentados obstáculos diversos em suas trajetórias de vida e educacional, lograram obter postos trabalho qualificados que os habilitaram a ascender socialmente. / [en] This research aimed to understand how the multiple social contexts impacted the construction of the professional trajectory of alumni from the popular strata of a renowned private university in Rio de Janeiro, whose audience is predominantly composed of young people from socioeconomic elites. In order to achieve this objective, we sought to identify: i) how the multiple social contexts, throughout their professional trajectory, inhibited or enabled the relations of these young people with their environment both in the constitution of a portfolio of capital and in the (un) intentional strategies individual and family members, as well as in the dispositions of these trajectories; and (ii) regarding the persistence of barriers that contribute negatively to social mobility. In this way, this study contributes to the discussion about social mobility in Management studies, starting from the thinking of Pierre Bourdieu in the face of the distinction generated by social conditioning and dialoguing with the thinking of Bernard Lahire, in moving away from the homogenizing look of the habitus. The research carried out was of a qualitative nature, using in-depth interviews with former undergraduate scholarship students from different courses. The analysis of the results revealed that there are socioeconomic and cultural barriers that impacted the professional trajectory of the young scholarship holders. Nevertheless, based on the influence of multiple contexts in these trajectories, we identified the development of a portfolio of capitals, the result of experiences that allowed the movement of social mobility. Ultimately, the young people surveyed, despite having faced different obstacles in their life and educational trajectories, managed to obtain qualified jobs that enabled them to ascend socially.

Thèse en recherche-création Cotutelle avec l'Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France / Cette thèse porte sur le récit de retour aux origines dans la littérature contemporaine française et se concentre sur des auteurs transclasses, c’est-à-dire qui ont quitté leur milieu d’origine et changé de statut social. Elle s’intéresse spécifiquement à un corpus d’auteurs originaires de régions non attractives de l’Hexagone. Elle concentre son analyse sur des textes de Nicolas Mathieu, Annie Ernaux, Didier Eribon, Édouard Louis et Raymond Depardon. Ce travail détermine d’abord ce qui est entendu par « récit de retour » en littérature, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit de représenter les campagnes qui intéressent ces auteurs. Il dégage des poétiques du retour chez chacun de ces auteurs, en observant l’hybridité générique qui les traverse : la photobiographie et le documentaire avec Depardon, le roman avec Ernaux et Mathieu, l’autobiographie avec Louis, l’essai avec Eribon. Dans un second temps, la thèse examine la temporalité et la géographie du retour, en particulier les motifs de la nostalgie et du déplacement. La thèse explore ensuite le point de vue de l’auteur, narrateur ou personnage transclasse sur son milieu d’origine, point de vue tantôt décalé, renouvelé ou surplombant. À cette recherche succède un texte de création, Je t’envoie des photos des primevères dans le sable, qui allie, en deux temps, fiction et enquête photolittéraire et qui questionne lui aussi le geste de retour aux origines en milieu rural. / This thesis focuses on the return to origins in contemporary French narratives. It examines the works of authors who left their hometown or their village and experienced social mobility. It specifically investigates the works of authors who come from post-industrial and non-touristy areas in France: Nicolas Mathieu, Annie Ernaux, Didier Eribon, Édouard Louis and Raymond Depardon. First, this work analyzes what the notion of return in literature implies, especially when French rural life is represented. The study aims to define a poetics of return for each of these texts, focusing on how these books are multi-genre or genre-bending: photobiography and documentary with Depardon, fiction with Ernaux and Mathieu, autobiography with Louis, essay with Eribon. In a second part, we examine the temporality and the geography of return, in particular nostalgia and displacement. This thesis also explores the author, narrator or character’s point of view on their background, as someone who left and changed their social status: the final chapter analyzes how this point of view has shifted, how it is renewed, but also how it can present itself as distant and apart. A creative text follows this research: titled I am sending you pictures of the primroses in the sand, it brings fiction and documentary (which includes photographs) together and reflects on the return gesture within rural areas.

La quête de mobilité sociale s’est renforcée dans l’imaginaire collectif, les valeurs et l’identité japonaise depuis le décloisonnement territorial et social procuré par le changement radical des politiques lors de la Restauration Meiji. Ces nouveaux gains spatiaux et sociaux, en parallèle avec le développement d’une économie capitaliste, stimulent les mouvements humains et de capitaux, développant de nouveaux réseaux transitoires. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le Japon vit à nouveau des transformations qui viennent bouleverser la gestion de l’espace et son système d’éducation. En effet, l’espace physique et social se voit être redéfini de sorte à prioriser les secteurs industriels qui correspondent aux nouveaux standards socioéconomiques de la société. Rapidement, le principe méritocratique s’installe dans le nouveau système d’éducation « égalitaire » pour répondre au désir grandissant de la population de mobilité. Enfin, l’éclatement de la bulle spéculative dans les années 1990 vient une fois de plus bouleverser les structures sociales et scolaires du Japon. Dans cette nouvelle réalité: l’éducation agit-elle comme une force sociale qui permet ou empêche le gain de mobilité; ou bien maintient-elle ou augmente-t-elle la position sociale des individus? Et quelle est l’influence des classes sur le phénomène de la reproduction sociale? Différentes thématiques seront abordées dans cette recherche, notamment l’effet des classes sociales sur les inégalités quant à l’accès à l’éducation; le rôle de l’éducation dans une société néo-libérale basée sur la certification (« diplômatie » – société des diplômes), créant un déséquilibre entre les établissements scolaires et les régions; et enfin l’influence des capitaux sur la position sociale d’un individu. Par ailleurs, une théorisation conceptuelle sera proposée afin de faire ressortir l’importance de la spatialité dans la mobilité sociale en tant que complément à la théorie des capitaux de Bourdieu. / The quest for social mobility has been reinforced in the Japanese collective imagination, values and identity since the territorial and social decompartmentalization provided by the radical change in policies during the Meiji Restoration. Such new spatial and social gains, paired with the development of a capitalist economy, fostered the movement of people and capital, developing new transitory networks. After the Second World War, Japan once again experienced transformations that disrupted the management of its territory and its education system. Indeed, the physical and social space was redefined in order to prioritize the industrial sectors that corresponded to the new socio-economic standards of the society. Soon, the meritocratic principle was established in the new "egalitarian" education system to respond to the population's growing desire for mobility. Finally, the bursting of the speculative bubble in the 1990s once again disrupted the social and educational structures of Japan. Considering this new reality: does education act as a social force that allows or prevents the gain of mobility; or does it maintain or strengthen the social position of individuals? And what is the influence of class on the phenomenon of social reproduction? Different themes will be addressed in this research, including the effect of social class on inequalities in access to education; the role of education in a neo-liberal society based on certification ("diplômatie" – Diploma system), creating an imbalance between schools and regions; and finally, the influence of capital on an individual's social position. Furthermore, a conceptual theorization will be proposed to highlight the importance of spatiality in social mobility as a complement to Bourdieu's capital theory.

Nowadays, intergenerational mobility and gender equality have captured widespread attention. This study aims to examine the relationship between the two to provide policy insights that benefit both polarized issues. This study reviewed the existing literature and formulated hypotheses that early childhood development has long-lasting impacts on adults' outcomes and is a decisive factor in determining social mobility in adulthood. Gender equality policies play huge roles in this period, mitigating adverse effects from childhood and providing opportunities for disadvantaged children in early childhood development. This study tests the hypotheses with multiple regression and performs sensitivity analysis with an alternative proxy. The result is that public spending on childcare, female labour market participation, and child poverty are statistically significant with social mobility, while weeks of maternity leave and poverty rates of single-earner families are not.

Yeung, Ion Lam. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Twenty years after the end of apartheid, South Africa remains one of the most unequal countries in the world. Socio-economic polarisation is entrenched by the lack of social capital and interactions across racial and economic divides, blocking pathways out of poverty. This dissertation examines social mobility and cohesion in post-apartheid South Africa by considering three related topics. Chapter 2 of the dissertation examines the impact of school quality on the academic performance of disadvantaged learners as one of the most important enforcing factors perpetuating the social and economic divides. Given the historic racial and economic stratification of the South African public school system, many black children are sent to historically white public schools as a way to escape poverty. Using longitudinal data, this chapter estimates the effect of attending a historically white school on the numeracy and literacy scores of black children. The main challenge is to address the selection bias in the estimates, for which a value-added approach is implemented in order to control for unobserved child-specific heterogeneity. In addition, various household covariates are used to control for household-level differences among children. The results indicate that the attendance of a former white school has a large and statistically significant impact on academic performance in both literacy and numeracy which translates into more than a year’s worth of learning. The main finding is robust to various robustness checks. In Chapter 3 the dissertation examines social cohesion by considering the concept of reference groups used in the evaluation of relative standing in utility functions. The chapter develops a model in which various parameters are allowed to enter the utility function without linearity constraints in order to determine the weight placed on the well-being of individuals in the same race group as the respondent versus all the other race groups living in one of three specified geographic areas. The findings suggest that reference groups have shifted away from a purely racial delineation to a more inclusive one subsequent to the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. Although most of the weight is still placed on same-race relative standing, the estimates suggest that individuals from other race groups also enter the utility function. The chapter also examines the spatial variation of reference groups and finds evidence that the relative standing of close others (such as neighbours) enter the utility function positively while individuals who live further away (strangers) enter the utility function negatively. Finally, Chapter 4 provides a summary of the dynamics of income in South Africa, using longitudinal household data. Chapter 4 is aimed at separating structural trends in income from stochastic shocks and measurement error, and makes use of an asset-based approach. It first estimates the percentage of individuals who were in chronic poverty between 2010 and 2012 and then estimates the shape of structural income dynamics in order to test for the existence of one or more dynamic equilibrium points, which would be indicative of the existence of a poverty trap. The findings do not provide any evidence for the existence of a poverty trap. In addition, contrary to earlier findings, the results do not provide evidence for the existence of an asset-based threshold at which the structural income accumulation paths of households bifurcate. Instead, the results seem to indicate the existence of a threshold beyond which structural income remains persistent with very little upward mobility. The robustness of the results is confirmed by making use of control functions in order to correct for any measurement error which may exist in the data on assets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Twintig jaar nadat apartheid beëindig is word Suid-Afrika steeds as een van die wêreld se mees ongelyke lande gekenmerk. Sosio-ekonomiese polarisasie word verskans deur die gebrek aan sosiale kapitaal en interaksies tussen rassegroepe en ekonomiese klasse, wat lei tot die versperring van roetes uit armoede. Hierdie proefskrif bestudeer sosiale mobiliteit en samehorigheid in post-apartheid Suid- Afrika deur middel van drie verwante onderwerpe. Hoofstuk 2 van hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die impak van skoolkwaliteit op die akademiese prestasie van benadeelde leerders as een van die belangrikste faktore wat huidige sosiale en ekonomiese skeidings afdwing. Gegewe die historiese verdeling van die openbare skoolstelsel volgens ras en ekonomiese status, word heelwat swart kinders na historiese blanke skole gestuur ten einde armoede te ontsnap. Deur gebruik te maak van paneeldata word die impak van skoolbywoning van ’n historiese blanke skool op die geletterheid van swart kinders - in beide wiskunde en Engels - beraam. Die grootste uitdaging is om enige sydigheid in die beramings aan te spreek, waarvoor daar van ’n waarde-toevoegings inslag gebruik gemaak word ten einde te kontroleer vir enige individuele heterogeniteit. ’n Verskeidenheid kontroles op die vlak van die huishouding word gebruik ten einde te kontroleer vir verskille tussen kinders uit verkillende huishoudings. Die resultate dui daarop dat bywoning van ’n historiese wit skool ’n groot en statisties beduidende impak op die akademiese prestasie van beide wiskundige asook litterêre geletterdheid het, wat omgeskakel kan word in meer as ’n jaar se leerwerk. ’n Verskeidenheid verifikasie toetse bevestig die geldigheid van die resultate. Hoofstuk 3 van die proefskrif bestudeer sosiale samehorigheid deur die samestelling van verwysingsgroepe in die evaluasie van relatiewe posisionering in nutsfunksies te oorweeg. Die hoofstuk ontwikkel ’n model waarin verskeie parameters sonder liniêre beperkings in die nutsfunksie toegelaat word ten einde die gewig te beraam wat geplaas word op die welstand van individue in dieselfde rasgroep as die respondent teenoor al die ander rasgroepe wat in een van drie gespesifiseerde geografiese areas woon. Die bevindings dui daarop dat, na die land se eerste demokratiese verkiesings in 1994, die definiering van verwysingsgroepe weggeskuif het van ’n verdeling volgens ras na ’n meer inklusiewe definisie. Alhoewel meeste van die gewig steeds geplaas word op relatiewe posisionering teenoor individue van dieselfde ras, dui die beramings daarop dat individue van ander rassegroepe ook ingesluit word in die nutsfunksie. Die hoofstuk beoordeel ook die ruimtelike variasie van verwysingsgroepe en bevind dat die relatiewe posisionering van nabye individue (soos byvoorbeeld bure) die nutsfunksie positief beïnvloed terwyl individue wat vêr weg woon (vreemdelinge) die nutsfunksie negatief beïnvloed. Hoofstuk 4 van die proefskrif sluit af met ’n opsomming van die inkomste dinamika in Suid-Afrika, deur gebruik te maak van paneelhuishoudingdata. Die laaste hoofstuk mik om die strukturele tendens in inkomste van enige stogastiese skokke en metingsfoute te isoleer en maak gebruik van ’n bate-gebasseerde inslag. Dit beraam eerstens die persentasie van individue wat in kroniese armoede verkeer het tussen 2010 en 2012 en beraam dan die vorm van die strukturele inkomste dinamika. Dit word gedoen ten einde vir die bestaan van een of meer dinamiese ekwilibrium punte te toets, wat aanduidend sou wees van die bestaan van ’n armoedestrik. Die bevindings bied nie enige bewyse vir die bestaan van ’n armoedestrik nie. Ook bied die resultate geen bewyse vir die bestaan van ’n bategebasseerde drempel waar die strukturele inkomste akkumulasieroetes van huishoudings vertak nie, in teenstelling met vorige resultate. In plaas daarvan, blyk die resultate te dui op die bestaan van ’n drempel waarna strukturele inkomste volhardend bly met baie min opwaardse mobiliteit. Die geldigheid van die resultate word bevestig deur gebruik te maak van kontrolefunksies ten einde te korrigeer vir enige metingsfoute wat moontlik in die data van bates mag bestaan.

本研究主要以衝突論(CONFLICT THEORY) 的觀點, 探討教育成就 (以教育程度為代表 ) 對社會流動(SOCIAL MOBILITY) 的影響. 研究目的有三: 一．探討我國收入的分配是否不均 ? 二．探討不同的從業分析（EMPLOYMENT STATUS） 中, 教育成就對收入的影響力如何 三．探討教育成就對於個人進入不同從業身份的影響力如何? 研究以民國七十三年行政院主計處家庭收支調查資料為樣本. 全文共一冊, 約六萬言 結果指出, 樣本顯示不同從業身份會造成收入不均, 而教育成就對不同從業身份的收入有不同的影響力, 但是教育成就對於個人進入不同 從業身份影響力顯著, 亦即只部份支持衝突論的看法.

公務人員受委託行使行政權，享有身分保障和穩定收入，因而被視為社會體系的中上階層。基於此等特性，學者曾經提出代表性官僚理論與多元代表性等理論，希望能夠以此調和民主與效率兩大價值，達成政策執行的實質公平。然過去相關的實證研究，多半屬於「事後檢測」。但是我國公民除了通過公務人員考試之外，幾乎沒有其他擠身常任文官的管道，因此有關代表性或多元性的討論應該包括考試階段。換言之，考試錄取人員的人口特性值得深入的分析。本研究以2003至2007年的高等考試參與者為主要研究對象，輔以司法官三等考試的資料以利比較。接著，引用社會學「地位取得」的分析架構，採取指數比較分析與邏輯迴歸分析，探索性別、年齡、受教育時間、畢業學校特性、出身地域與錄取與否的關係。 　　本研究結果顯示，女性、非傳統公立綜合大學的畢業生、鄉鎮地區出身者以及41歲以上的考生在公務人員考試中處於較為不利的地位，但是與優勢團體之間的差距隨著考試等級和種類有所不同。例如女性在行政類與司法官考試中，與男性的表現平分秋色甚至猶有過之；剛完成高等教育的25歲以下人口在司法官考試裡最具優勢，但高考三級則有利於26至35歲的青年；傳統公立大學的文憑與都市出身的背景，在技術類考試能發揮的正效果比行政類考試為弱。基於上述的研究發現，為消除各種團體在公務人員考試裡的地位差距，本研究對於未來的考選政策提出下列建議：1.加強命題與口試委員的多元化；2.強化試題的研究發展；3.配合政府再造鬆綁人事法規；4.營造一個落實多元平等的大環境。 / Civil servants, with administrative power in hand, are commonly regarded as part of upper class. Therefore, researchers, to integrate democracy and efficiency in civil service system and to realize the genuine equality, propose representative bureaucracy and team diversity theory. Senior Civil Service Examination, the main approach, if not only, for citizens in Taiwan to enter the bureaucracy affects the representativeness and diversity of state apparatus substantially. By adopting the research approach of “status attainment” from sociology, this study gives an account of the relation between the examination result and the demographics in terms of gender, education, school characteristic, and region. All the data of this research is based on participators’ personnel information cards collected by the Ministry of Examination from 2003 to 2007. The result indicates that four types of participators are inferior in the examination, including women, graduates from private untraditional technological colleges, participators from rural areas, and adults above forty-one years old. The differences between superior and inferior groups, however, vary with the level and subject of examination. To prevent demographic differences in Senior Civil Service Examination, the study suggests the following factors be considered: the diversity of the composition of examiners committee should be ensured, the enhancement of development research of test questions, the deregulation of public personnel rules and, last but not least, the construction of a diversity-respecting society.

This thesis analyses the content, tone, form and authorship of the national newspaper gossip column 1918-1939, as a new means through which the qualities of the popular press in this period can be more closely defined. Often dismissed as an example of the sensational, Americanization of early twentieth-century popular culture, the celebrity gossip column has been loosely grouped with the friendly, informal language and bolder formatting of the ‘New Journalism’ of the late nineteenth century and the development of the dramatic ‘human-interest’ stories of ‘everyday life’ in the interwar period (LeMahieu, 1988; Wiener, 1988). Through a comparative study of six newspapers including the Daily Express, Daily Mail and News of the World, I analyse the changing representation of the celebrity subject, and, originally, the shifting character and persona of the gossip columnist. Whereas some historians have analysed the content of newspapers without considering the questions of the newspaper’s production, I analyse newspaper employment records, gossip columnists’ memoirs and their unpublished letters and diaries to define the specific economic, social and cultural circumstances which, I argue, influenced their public portrayal. Also, in examining the unpublished correspondence between editors, proprietors and columnists and the burgeoning print culture of journalistic training manuals and professional memoirs, I provide a history of the press’s professionalization in this period. The national popular press has often been used as a historical source to define national character and national identity in the interwar period (Bland, 2008; Kohn, 1992). By scrutinizing the content and production of the gossip column and particularly the class, behaviour, interactions and subject matter of the columnist, I argue that the gossip column presented a version of ‘Britishness’ that was not so inward-looking and domesticated as so many accounts of interwar Britain suggest.