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Folkbildningsforskning som fält : från framväxt till konsolideringLundin, Anna January 2008 (has links)
<p>This thesis is treating how Swedish liberal adult education research (folkbildningsforskning) has emerged and consolidated. The concepts of doxa, consecration, capital and field of Pierre Bourdieu are used to reconstruct liberal adult education research as a social field. The empirical material consists of texts and documents, structured chronologically between the years of 1954-2007. Central questions are: In which way can liberal adult education research be reconstructed as a field? How does it emerge? Which are the central values (doxa) that hold the field together and going, and where are the boundaries of the field? Who are the central agents of the field? How do they achieve recognition, and on which grounds? Which are the arenas that work as concecrating instances? The study indicates that the area establishes common concepts and references. A gradual expansion occurs. This involves increased opportunities, but also involves competition. Four different phases can be reconstructed as central: the emergence (1954-1979), the expansion (1980-1989), the institutionalisation (1990-1999) and the consolidation (2000-2007). Research summaries as well as organizations of special interests are contributing to the glow of the area. A number of strong positions are established as are a number of pretenders. These relate, in different ways, to the area and to broader perspectives and settings. The area is successfully handling and employing different kinds of challenges and opportunities. This is considered a sign of relative strength of the reconstructed field of liberal adult education research.</p> / <p>Avhandlingen handlar om hur svensk forskning om folkbildning vuxit fram och konsoliderats. Med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus begrepp doxa, konsekration, kapital och fält rekonstrueras folkbildningsforskning som ett fält. Det empiriska materialet består av texter och dokument. Detta struktureras längs en tidsaxel, mellan 1954-2007. Centrala frågor är: Hur kan folkbildningsforskningen som fält rekonstrueras? Hur sker dess framväxt? Vilka är de centrala värden (doxa) som håller samman och bär upp fältet och var går dess gränser? Vilka är agenterna på fältet? Hur når de erkännande och på vilka grunder sker det? Vilka är de arenor som fungerar som instanser för erkännande?Studien visar att området etablerar gemensamma begrepp och referenser. En successiv expansion sker. Detta innebär ökade möjligheter, men också större konkurrens. Fyra olika skeden kan rekonstrueras som centrala: framväxten(1954-1979), expansionen (1980-1989), institutionaliseringen (1990-1999) och konsolideringen(2000-2007). Kunskapsöversikter, liksom intresseorganisationer, bidrar till områdets formering. Ett antal starka positioner uppstår, liksom pretenderande grupper. Dessa knyter, på olika sätt, an till området, men också till bredare perspektiv och kontexter. Att området förmår hantera, och införliva, utmaningar av olika slag, tyder på en relativ styrka.</p>
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Territorial violence and design, 1950-2010 : a human-computer study of personal space and chatbot interactionWindle, Amanda January 2011 (has links)
Personal space is a human’s imaginary system of precaution and an important concept for exploring territoriality, but between humans and technology because machinic agencies transfer, relocate, enact and reenact territorially. Literatures of territoriality, violence and affect are uniquely brought together, with chatbots as the research object to argue that their ongoing development as artificial agents, and the ambiguity of violence they can engender, have broader ramifications for a socio-technical research programme. These literatures help to understand the interrelation of virtual and actual spatiality relevant to research involving chatrooms and internet forums, automated systems and processes, as well as human and machine agencies; because all of these spaces, methods and agencies involve the personal sphere. The thesis is an ethical tale of cruel techno-science that is performed through conceptualisations from the creative arts, constituting a PhD by practice. This thesis chronicles four chatbots, taking into account interventions made in fine art, design, fiction and film that are omitted from a history of agent technology. The thesis re-interprets Edward Hall’s work on proxemics, personal space and territoriality, using techniques of the bricoleur and rudiments (an undeveloped and speculative method of practice), to understand chatbot techniques such as the pick-up, their entrapment logics, their repetitions of hateful speech, their nonsense talk (including how they disorientate spatial metaphors), as well as how developers switch on and off their learning functionality. Semi-structured interviews and online forum postings with chatbot developers were used to expand and reflect on the rudimentary method. To urge that this project is timely is itself a statement of anxiety. Chatbots can manipulate, exceed, and exhaust a human understanding of both space and time. Violence between humans and machines in online and offline spaces is explored as an interweaving of agency and spatiality. A series of rudiments were used to probe empirical experiments such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma (Tucker, 1950). The spatial metaphors of confinement as a parable of entrapment, are revealed within that logic and that of chatbots. The ‘Obedience to Authority’ experiments (Milgram, 1961) were used to reflect on the roles played by machines which are then reflected into a discussion of chatbots and the experiments done in and around them. The agency of the experimenter was revealed in the machine as evidenced with chatbots which has ethical ramifications. The argument of personal space is widened to include the ways machinic territoriality and its violence impacts on our ways of living together both in the private spheres of our computers and homes, as well as in state-regulated conditions (Directive-3, 2003). The misanthropic aspects of chatbot design are reflected through the methodology of designing out of fear. I argue that personal spaces create misanthropic design imperatives, methods and ways of living. Furthermore, the technological agencies of personal spaces have a confining impact on the transient spaces of the non-places in a wider discussion of the lift, chatroom and car. The violent origins of the chatbot are linked to various imaginings of impending disaster through visualisations, supported by case studies in fiction to look at the resonance of how anxiety transformed into terror when considering the affects of violence.
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Analyse bibliométrique des revues Canadian Journal of Communication et Communication 1974-2005Ramírez y Ramírez, Karla Margarita 08 1900 (has links)
L’objectif de cette étude est de saisir une image des éléments explicitement reconnaissables de la recherche en communication visibles dans les revues savantes Canadian Journal of Communication et dans Communication de 1974 à 2005. Il s’agit d’une analyse bibliométrique des articles publiés par les chercheurs d’institutions canadiennes et de leurs références bibliographiques. La bibliométrie est « l’application de méthodes statistiques aux livres et aux autres moyens de communication » (Pritchard, 1969: 348-349). C’est la première fois qu’une analyse de ce type est tentée dans ce corpus particulier.
Nous nous sommes appuyés sur des postulats théoriques provenant de la sociologie des sciences et des études en communication scientifique. L’idée maîtresse est la suivante : l’activité scientifique est un « continuum de création de nouvelles connaissances » (Vassallo, 1999), dont l’organisation est basée sur l’échange d’information (Price, 1963; Crane, 1972), qui se traduit en reconnaissance sociale, en autorité scientifique, et constitue un investissement pour l’acquisition de crédibilité (Merton, 1938; Hagstrom, 1965; Bourdieu, 1975; Latour et Woolgar, 1986).
À partir de l’analyse des articles, nous identifions s’ils sont le résultat de recherches empiriques ou fondamentales, ou le produit d’une réflexion critique. Il s’agit aussi de détecter les approches méthodologiques et les techniques d’investigation utilisées, ainsi que les sujets qui y sont abordés par les chercheurs. Nous détectons également les principaux lieux de recherche (universités et types de départements). Nous analysons aussi les thématiques des articles. Enfin, nous analysons des références bibliographiques des articles afin de cerner les sources d’idées qui y sont décelables. Notre corpus principal comporte 1154 articles et 12 840 titres de documents en référence.
L’analyse bibliométrique des articles révèle ainsi une recherche canadienne en communication d’emblée qualitative, intéressée pour les spécificités historiques, le contexte social et la compréhension des interrelations sous-jacentes aux phénomènes de communication, en particulier, au Canada et au Québec. Au cœur de ces études se distingue principalement l’application de l’analyse de contenu qualitative dans les médias en général. Cependant, à partir de 1980, l’exploration du cinéma, de l’audiovisuel, des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, ainsi que la multiplication des sujets de recherche, annoncent un déplacement dans l’ordre des intérêts. Communication et le CJC, se distinguent cependant par l’origine linguistique des chercheurs qui y publient ainsi que dans les thématiques.
L’analyse des références bibliographiques, et de leurs auteurs, met en relief l’intérêt partagé des chercheurs d’institutions universitaires canadiennes pour les agences de réglementation et les politiques gouvernementales canadiennes s’appuyant souvent sur l’analyse de documents législatifs et de rapports de diverses commissions d’enquête du gouvernement canadien. L’analyse révèle aussi les principales inspirations théoriques et méthodologiques des chercheurs. Parmi les plus citées, on voit Innis, McLuhan, Habermas, Tuchman, Bourdieu, Foucault, Raboy, et Rogers. Mais ces références évoluent dans le temps. On voit aussi une distinction relativement claire entre les sources citées par la recherche francophone et la recherche anglophone. / The aim of this study is to obtain an image of the recognizable elements of communication research visible in Canadian Journal of Communication and Communication from 1974 to 2005. This is a bibliometric analysis of the scientific papers and their bibliographies published in these journals by researchers from various Canadian Universities. Bibliometry is "the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication" (Pritchard, 1969). This is the first time that such analysis is attempted with this particular corpus.
We based ourselves on theoretical postulates from the sociology of science and scientific communication studies, that indicate that the scientific activity is a « continuum de création de nouvelles connaissances » (Vassallo, 1999), where the organisation is based on the exchange of information (Price, 1963; Crane, 1972), and is in turn translated in social recognition, scientific authority, and is an investment to acquire credibility (Merton, 1938; Hagstrom, 1965; Bourdieu, 1975; Latour et Woolgar, 1986).
Based on the article analysis, we can identify if they are empirical, theoretical or methodological researches. We can also detect the scientific methods applied by the researchers and their objects of study. Likewise, we observe the most common places to do research (universities and departments). Finally, we do a citation analysis to find the most important sources used by the researchers. Our corpus includes 1154 articles and 12 840 titles of referenced documents.
The bibliometric analysis of the articles published in Canadian Journal of Communication and Communication from 1974 to 2005 shows that the Canadian communication research is qualitative in essence, interested in the historical particularities, the social context and the understanding of the underlying interrelations of the communication phenomenon, especially in Canada and Quebec. The application of content analysis to the media in general is dominant. However, since 1980, the exploration of cinema, audiovisual, internet and the multiplication of objects of study foreshadow the move in the research communication agenda in Canada. Communication and the CJC, however, differ by their thematics, and by the linguistic origin of the researchers who publish in them.
The citation analysis shows the shared interest of researchers from different Canadian universities for regulatory agencies and Canadian government policies, which is often based on content analysis of legislative documents and reports of various commissions of inquiry of the Canadian government. The citation analysis also reveals the most importat theoretical and methodological research influences. Among the most cited, we see Innis, McLuhan, Habermas, Tuchman, Bourdieu, Foucault, Raboy, and Rogers. But these references are evolving over time. We see as well as the distinctions between French and English Canadian communication research traditions.
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Agriculture transgénique : modes de production et utilisation de la connaissance scientifique. Science, Etat et Industrie dans les cultures transgéniques en Argentine / Transgenic agriculture : modes of production and utilisation of scientific knowledge. Science, State and Industry in transgenic crops in Argentina / Agricultura transgénica : modos de producción y uso del conocimiento científico. Ciencia, Estado e Industria en los cultivos transgénicos en la ArgentinaPellegrini, Pablo 28 March 2011 (has links)
Les cultures transgéniques constituent l’un des développements scientifico-technologiques de plus grand impact dans l’actualité. En Argentine, leur utilisation dans l’agriculture depuis 1996 est massive, et il y a plusieurs entreprises et centres publics de recherche qui développent ou utilisent des cultures transgéniques. Il y a aussi des organismes chargés de leur régulation et des controverses vis-à-vis de leur utilisation. Les transgéniques mobilisent différentes attitudes et positions puisqu’ils supposent un croisement entre les savoirs scientifiques et un espace traditionnel comme l’agriculture.Cette thèse cherche à élucider les modes dans lesquels la production et l’utilisation de la connaissance scientifique en transgénèse végétale en Argentine sont liés au développement qui opère à échelle internationale dans ce domaine. Pour cela, on réalise un travail empirique qui cherche à expliquer comment la production et l’utilisation de savoirs scientifiques liés à la biotechnologie végétale se sont développées. En fouinant les différents secteurs impliqués (entreprises privées, centres publics de recherche, organismes de régulation de l’Etat, ONGs, producteurs agricoles) et à partir de sources documentaires, elle se propose de reconstruire la scène actuelle de la agriculture transgénique dans le pays, à travers une analyse qui s’inscrit dans la sociologie de la science. Dans quelques aspects, surtout en ce qui est lié à la controverse publique sur les transgéniques, on établit des comparaisons avec la situation dans d’autres pays, particulièrement au Brésil et en France.En termes généraux, la thèse vise à décrire les procès singuliers que la transgénèse végétale a adoptés en Argentine, mais en montrant à la fois de larges phénomènes sociaux dans lesquels s’insère ce développement scientifico-technologique. / Transgenic crops are one of the scientific-technological developments with the greatest impact in the present. In Argentina, its use in agriculture is massive since 1996, and there are numerous enterprises and public research centres developing or using transgenic crops. There are also organizations in charge of its regulation, and controversies about its use. Transgenic crops mobilize different sort of attitudes and stands, as they imply a cross between scientific knowledge and a traditional space as agriculture.This thesis seeks to elucidate the ways in which scientific knowledge production and utilisation in vegetal transgenesis in Argentina, relates with the developing at the international level in the area. For that purpose, an empirical work it’s realize searching to explain how it was developed the scientific knowledge production and utilisation related with vegetal biotechnology. A reconstruction of the actual scenario of transgenic agriculture in the country is proposed, through an analysis from the sociology of science, inquiring the different sectors involved (private enterprises, public research centres, state regulatory organisms, NGOs, farmers) and through documentary sources. In some aspects, mainly in what is related to the public controversies about transgenic crops, comparisons with the situation in other countries are carried on, in particular with Brazil and France.Overall, the thesis aims to describe the singular process that vegetal transgenesis adopted in Argentina, but considering, at the same time, broader social phenomena in which this scientific-technological development is involved. / Los cultivos transgénicos constituyen uno de los desarrollos científico-tecnológicos conmayor repercusión en la actualidad. En la Argentina, su uso en la agricultura desde 1996es masivo, y hay numerosas empresas y centros públicos de investigación desarrollandoo utilizando cultivos transgénicos. También hay organismos encargados de suregulación y controversias respecto a su uso. Los transgénicos movilizan distinto tipo deactitudes y posiciones, pues suponen un cruce entre el conocimiento científico y unespacio tradicional como la agricultura.Esta tesis busca dilucidar los modos en que la producción y utilización delconocimiento científico en transgénesis vegetal en la Argentina se vinculan con eldesarrollo que opera a nivel internacional en dicha área. Para ello, se realiza un trabajoempírico que busca explicar cómo se fue desarrollando la producción y utilización deconocimientos científicos vinculados a la biotecnología vegetal. Indagando a losdistintos sectores involucrados (empresas privadas, centros públicos de investigación,organismos estatales de regulación, ONGs, productores agropecuarios) y a partir defuentes documentales se propone reconstruir el escenario actual de la agriculturatransgénica en el país, mediante un análisis inscripto en la sociología de la ciencia. Enalgunos aspectos, sobre todo en lo que se relaciona con la controversia pública sobre lostransgénicos, se llevan a cabo comparaciones con la situación en otros países, enparticular con Brasil y Francia.En líneas generales, la tesis apunta a describir los procesos singulares que adoptóla transgénesis vegetal en la Argentina, pero dando cuenta, a la vez, de fenómenossociales más amplios en los que dicho desarrollo científico-tecnológico estáinvolucrado.
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The rise of the lesser notables in Cairo's popular quarters : patronage politics of the National Democratic Party and the Muslim BrotherhoodFahmy, Mohamed January 2010 (has links)
Ever since the military takeover of 1952, the post-monarchic political system of Egypt has been dependent upon a variety of mechanisms and structures to establish and further consolidate its powerbase. Among those, an intertwined web of what could be described as ‘patronage politics’ emerged as one of the main foundations of these tools and was utilized by the regime to establish the fundamentals of its rule. Throughout the post-1952 era, political patrons and respective clients were existent in Egyptian politics, shaping, to a great extent, the policies implemented by Egypt's rulers at the apex of the political system, as well as the tactics orchestrated by the populace within the middle and lower echelons of the polity. This study aims at analyzing the factors that ensured the durability of patronage networks within the Egyptian polity, primarily focusing on the sort of social structural reconfiguration that has been taking place in the popular communities of Egypt in the beginning of the 21st Century. Dissecting the area of Misr Al Qadima as an exemplar case study of Cairo’s popular quarters, the research mainly focuses on examining the role of the lesser notables, those middle patrons and clients that exist on the lower levels of the Egyptian polity within the ranks of the National Democratic Party and the Muslim Brotherhood. Henceforth, the sociopolitical agency of these lesser notabilities shall constitute the prime concern of the writing and, in doing so; this research also attempts to draw some linkage between the micro-level features of the popular polities of Cairo and the macro-level realities of the Egyptian polity at large, in the contemporary period.
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Sociologia da ciência : estudo bibliométrico da base de dados ScopusMarcelo, Júlia Fernandes 24 February 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Sociology of Science, presently also known by the Social Studies of Science and Technology, with theoretical and methodological inheritance from the Sociology of Knowledge, debates subjects about the nature of scientific activity and the relationship and interactions between science, technology and society. In this way this research centers on mapping the field of Sociology of Science by its scientific production, as a way to display its trajectory and reflect on its institutionalization as a field of knowledge. The studies about the analysis of scientific production can be included in the field of Sociology of Science and be made ever more frequent. The motivation to investigate this theme is justified by the fact that after the coming of the Internet a variety of different knowledge bases of scientific articles were available online which made much easier the process of data collection and also the treatment of the same. In light of this, the studies of the analysis of scientific production become ever more recurrent. Confronting this reality the research objective of this research was created as to investigate how the field of Sociology of Science configures itself from its scientific production represented by the data base Scopus. The objectives of study were: a) identify and analyze the scientific production on the field of Sociology of Science up from the articles indexed in the database Scopus; b) to understand how the field of Sociology of Science is internationally build, by constructing bibliometric indicators of scientific production like themes in the scope, published journals, authorship, temporal, institutional and geographic distribution of the articles. On the methodological point of view the research is supported on the bibliometric approach and the achieved results shows that a) the field of Sociology of Science follows a parallel growth with the field of Social Studies of Science and Technology; b) the Network Actor Theory is the methodology with the greatest representation in the field, with a growth rate, followed by Ethnographic studies. This exponential growth on the Network Actor Theory is the points to the existence of a trend by other fields in its use; c) around 40% of articles were written in collaboration. / A Sociologia da Ciência, atualmente também conhecida pelos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia, com heranças teóricas e metodológicas da Sociologia do Conhecimento, debate assuntos sobre a natureza da atividade científica e as relações e interações entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade. Dessa forma esta pesquisa concentra-se no mapeamento do campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir de sua produção científica, a fim de revelar sua trajetória e refletir acerca da sua institucionalização enquanto área do conhecimento. Por sua vez, os estudos sobre a análise da produção do conhecimento científico podem ser incluídos no campo da Sociologia da Ciência e se tornam cada vez mais frequentes. A motivação para investigar esse tema justifica-se pelo fato de que após o surgimento da Internet várias bases de dados de artigos científicos foram disponibilizadas online o que tornou mais fácil não só o processo da coleta de dados, mas também no tratamento dos mesmos. Em vista disso, os estudos de análise da produção científica se tornaram cada vez mais recorrentes. Diante dessa realidade constitui-se como problema de pesquisa dessa dissertação investigar como se configura o campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir de sua produção científica representada na base de dados Scopus. Os objetivos do estudo foram: a) identificar e analisar a produção científica no campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir dos artigos científicos indexados na base de dados Scopus; b) compreender como o campo da Sociologia da Ciência se constitui internacionalmente, por meio da construção de indicadores bibliométricos da produção científica, tais como temas abordados, periódicos publicadores, autoria, distribuição temporal, institucional e geográfica dos artigos. Do ponto de vista metodológico a pesquisa apoia-se na abordagem bibliométrica e os resultados obtidos apontaram que a) o campo da Sociologia da Ciência segue em crescimento paralelamente com o campo dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia; b) a Teoria Ator Rede é a metodologia com maior representatividade dentro do campo, com uma taxa de crescimento, seguida pelos Estudos Etnográficos. Esse crescimento exponencial da Teoria Ator Rede aponta a existência de certo modismo por outras áreas do conhecimento em sua utilização; c) cerca de 40% dos artigos foram escritos em colaboração.
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Compreensões sobre a natureza da ciência de licenciandos a partir da experiência com questões sociocientíficas: possibilidades para a formação inicial / Conceptions about the nature of science in undergraduate students taken from an experience with socio-scientific issues: possibilities to initial education / Comprensiones sobre la naturaleza de la ciencia de estudiantes de licenciatura a partir de la experiencia con Cuestiones Sociocientíficas: Posibilidades para la formación inicialMoreno Sierra, Diana Fabiola [UNESP] 26 May 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-05-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As pesquisas cujo foco são as concepções de professores sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC), desenvolvidas por mais de 30 anos, têm possibilitado entender que muitos deles ainda mantêm visões positivistas e pouco dinâmicas da ciência, o que tem dificultado o ensino e contribuído para com que os estudantes tenham uma apropriação reduzida sobre a ciência. Além disso, um agravante é que são poucas as propostas de ensino e inovações curriculares que possibilitam compreensões da ciência contemporânea. Alguns esforços têm sido feitos na perspectiva da Ciência, Tecnologia, Sociedade e Ambiente (CTSA) por meio da abordagem das Questões Sociocientíficas (QSC), mas ainda há grandes demandas para a formação de professores de ciências e de outras áreas, no que concerne a viabilizar a compreensão da ciência e impactar na formação cidadã. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as compreensões sobre a NdC de licenciandos de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, ao discutirem as controvérsias do Diagnóstico genético de pré-implantação (DGPI) e da Célula Sintética e, identificar as contribuições do processo desenvolvido dessas compreensões para o Ensino de Ciências e para a formação inicial de professores. A pesquisa foi fundamentada em um referencial teórico sobre a ciência enquanto conhecimento metadisciplinar, enfatizando os aspectos epistemológicos e sociológicos. Para a formação de professores foi considerado um referencial crítico. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo envolveu uma metodologia caraterizada pela ênfase no processo de interpretação das realidades sociais e na compreensão das experiências vivenciadas pelos diferentes participantes de uma disciplina optativa que lhes foi oferecida e durante a qual foram discutidas as referidas questões. Para a discussão dos dados foi tomada por base a análise qualitativa articulada à análise de conteúdo e, a partir desta, defendemos a tese de que a abordagem de QSC associada às controvérsias científicas (tais como as suscitadas pelo DGPI e a Célula Sintética) possibilitaram a constituição de avanços significativos nas visões de ciência de futuros professores. O fato de a disciplina ter se constituído um espaço formativo destinado a licenciandos de distintas áreas (Inglês, Pedagogia Infantil, Biologia e Ciências Sociais) possibilitou o reconhecimento de visões dicotômicas, integradas, objetivistas, dinâmicas e contextualizadas, as quais se mostraram ampliadas em diferentes níveis pelos licenciandos no processo de participação da disciplina optativa. Da mesma forma, as controvérsias identificadas das QSC trabalhadas, tais como o descarte de embriões, a eugenia e a instrumentalização da vida possibilitaram posicionamentos éticos por parte dos licenciandos. Com respeito às controvérsias relacionadas ao interesse privado, estas possibilitaram posicionamentos políticos dos estudantes diante da desigualdade e das promessas relativas às pesquisas científicas. Finalmente, consideramos que a abordagem de QSC para compreender a NdC de forma explicita se mostrou como importante possibilidade de análise e reflexão diante do desafio de entender a ciência atual e suas constantes controvérsias. Assim, os processos formativos dos licenciandos foram fortalecidos e eles perceberam a importância do constante questionamento crítico de sua prática profissional. / The researches that focus on the teachers’ conceptions about the Nature of Science (NS), which have been conducted for more than 30 years, have enabled the understanding that many of them still have positivist and not very dynamic conceptions of science. This has hampered teaching and contributed to provide a reduced appropriation of and about science by the students. Besides, an aggravating factor is that there are few teaching proposals and curricular innovations that enable comprehensions of contemporary science. Some efforts have been carried out on the perspective of Science, Technology, Society and Environment (STSE) by the approach of Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI), but there are still high demands to teacher education in sciences and other areas regarding enabling the comprehension of science and influencing in the citizenship education. In this context, this research aimed to analyze the comprehension about NS of undergraduate students in different areas of knowledge when discussing the controversial of the Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) and the Artificial Cell. Moreover, it aimed to identify the contributions of the undertaken process of these comprehensions to Science Education and to the initial education of teachers. The research was grounded on a theoretical framework that understands science as a metadisciplinar knowledge and emphasizes the epistemological and sociological aspects. We used a critical theoretical framework regarding teacher education. The research, which had a qualitative approach, involved a methodology characterized by the emphasis on the process of interpretation of social realities and on the comprehension of experiences lived by the different participants of an elective course, where they could discuss the proposed issues. The qualitative analysis linked to Content Analysis was taken to discuss the data and due to it we advocate the thesis that the SSI associated to the scientific controversies (such as the ones caused by PIGD and Artificial Cell) enabled the constitution of significant advancements on the future teachers’ conceptions of science. The fact that the course was an educational activity offered to undergraduate students of different areas (English, Child Pedagogy, Biology and Social Sciences) enabled the recognition of dichotomic, integrated, objectivist, dynamic and contextualized views, which were enlarged in different levels by the undergraduates in the process of taking part in the elective course. Similarly, the controversies identified in the ISS that were used, such as the disposal of embryos, eugenics and instrumentalization of life, enabled ethical positioning by the undergraduates. Regarding the controversies related to private interests, these enabled political positioning by the undergraduates when facing the inequality and the promises related to scientific researches. Finally, we considered that the SSI approach to understand NC in an explicit way is an important possibility of analysis and reflection facing the challenge of understating the current science and its constant controversies. Thus, the educational processes of the undergraduate students were strengthened and they could notice the importance of constant critical questioning of their own professional practice. / Las investigaciones cuyo foco son las concepciones de profesores sobre la Naturaleza de la Ciencia (NdC) con desarrollo de más de 30 años, han posibilitado entender que muchos de estos trabajos todavía conservan visiones positivistas y poco dinámicas de la ciencia, aspecto que ha dificultado la enseñanza y contribuido para que los estudiantes tengan una apropiación reducida sobre ciencia. Además esta realidad se complejiza porque son pocas las propuestas de enseñanza e innovación curricular que posibiliten comprender la ciencia contemporánea. Algunos esfuerzos han sido realizados en la perspectiva Ciencia, Tecnología, Sociedad y Ambiente (CTSA) a través del abordaje de las Cuestiones Sociocientíficas (CSC), sin embargo aún hay grandes demandas para la formación de profesores de ciencias y de otras áreas, en lo que concierne a viabilizar la comprensión de la ciencia e impactar en la formación ciudadana. En este contexto, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las comprensiones sobre la NdC de los estudiantes de licenciatura de diferentes áreas de conocimiento al discutir las controversias del Diagnóstico Genético Preimplantacional (DPG) y de la Célula Sintética, así como identificar las contribuciones del proceso desarrollado de esas comprensiones para la Enseñanza de las Ciencias y para la Formación Inicial de Profesores. La investigación fue fundamentada en un referencial teórico sobre la ciencia en cuanto conocimiento metadisciplinar, resaltando los aspectos epistemológicos y sociológicos. Para el componente Formación de Profesores fue considerado un referencial crítico. La investigación es de carácter cualitativo con una metodología caracterizada por el énfasis en los procesos de interpretación de las realidades sociales y en la comprensión de experiencias vividas por los diferentes participantes de una disciplina electiva que les fue ofrecida, durante la cual fueron discutidas las cuestiones sociocientíficas mencionadas. Para la discusión de los datos se utilizó el análisis cualitativo articulado al análisis de contenido y a partir de esto defendemos la tesis de que el abordaje de CSC asociado a controversias científicas (tales como las provocadas por el DPG y la Célula Sintética) posibilitaron la constitución de avances en las visiones de ciencia de los futuros profesores. El caso de la disciplina haberse constituido un espacio formativo destinado a estudiantes de diferentes áreas de licenciatura (Inglés, Pedagogía Infantil, Biología y Ciencias Sociales) posibilitó el reconocimiento de visiones dicotómicas, integradas, objetivistas, dinámicas y contextualizadas, las cuales fueron ampliadas en diferentes niveles por los estudiantes en el proceso de participación de la disciplina electiva. De la misma manera, las controversias identificadas de las CSC trabajadas, tales como el descarte de embriones, la eugenesia y la instrumentalización de la vida posibilitaron posicionamientos éticos por parte de los licenciandos. Con respecto a las controversias relacionadas al interés privado, estás posibilitaron posicionamientos políticos de los estudiantes frente a la desigualdad y a las promesas relativas a las investigaciones científicas. Finalmente consideramos que el abordaje de las CSC para comprender la NdC de forma explícita se constituyó como una importante posibilidad de análisis y reflexión ante el desafío de entender la ciencia actual y sus controversias. En este sentido, los procesos formativos de los licenciandos fueron fortalecidos y ellos percibieron la importancia de del cuestionamiento crítico de su práctica profesional.
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Compreensões sobre a natureza da ciência de licenciandos a partir da experiência com questões sociocientíficas : possibilidades para a formação inicial /Moreno Sierra, Diana Fabiola January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Washington Luiz Pacheco de Carvalho / Resumo: As pesquisas cujo foco são as concepções de professores sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC), desenvolvidas por mais de 30 anos, têm possibilitado entender que muitos deles ainda mantêm visões positivistas e pouco dinâmicas da ciência, o que tem dificultado o ensino e contribuído para com que os estudantes tenham uma apropriação reduzida sobre a ciência. Além disso, um agravante é que são poucas as propostas de ensino e inovações curriculares que possibilitam compreensões da ciência contemporânea. Alguns esforços têm sido feitos na perspectiva da Ciência, Tecnologia, Sociedade e Ambiente (CTSA) por meio da abordagem das Questões Sociocientíficas (QSC), mas ainda há grandes demandas para a formação de professores de ciências e de outras áreas, no que concerne a viabilizar a compreensão da ciência e impactar na formação cidadã. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as compreensões sobre a NdC de licenciandos de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, ao discutirem as controvérsias do Diagnóstico genético de pré-implantação (DGPI) e da Célula Sintética e, identificar as contribuições do processo desenvolvido dessas compreensões para o Ensino de Ciências e para a formação inicial de professores. A pesquisa foi fundamentada em um referencial teórico sobre a ciência enquanto conhecimento metadisciplinar, enfatizando os aspectos epistemológicos e sociológicos. Para a formação de professores foi considerado um referencial crítico. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo envolve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The researches that focus on the teachers’ conceptions about the Nature of Science (NS), which have been conducted for more than 30 years, have enabled the understanding that many of them still have positivist and not very dynamic conceptions of science. This has hampered teaching and contributed to provide a reduced appropriation of and about science by the students. Besides, an aggravating factor is that there are few teaching proposals and curricular innovations that enable comprehensions of contemporary science. Some efforts have been carried out on the perspective of Science, Technology, Society and Environment (STSE) by the approach of Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI), but there are still high demands to teacher education in sciences and other areas regarding enabling the comprehension of science and influencing in the citizenship education. In this context, this research aimed to analyze the comprehension about NS of undergraduate students in different areas of knowledge when discussing the controversial of the Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) and the Artificial Cell. Moreover, it aimed to identify the contributions of the undertaken process of these comprehensions to Science Education and to the initial education of teachers. The research was grounded on a theoretical framework that understands science as a metadisciplinar knowledge and emphasizes the epistemological and sociological aspects. We used a critical theoretical framework regarding teacher educ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: Las investigaciones cuyo foco son las concepciones de profesores sobre la Naturaleza de la Ciencia (NdC) con desarrollo de más de 30 años, han posibilitado entender que muchos de estos trabajos todavía conservan visiones positivistas y poco dinámicas de la ciencia, aspecto que ha dificultado la enseñanza y contribuido para que los estudiantes tengan una apropiación reducida sobre ciencia. Además esta realidad se complejiza porque son pocas las propuestas de enseñanza e innovación curricular que posibiliten comprender la ciencia contemporánea. Algunos esfuerzos han sido realizados en la perspectiva Ciencia, Tecnología, Sociedad y Ambiente (CTSA) a través del abordaje de las Cuestiones Sociocientíficas (CSC), sin embargo aún hay grandes demandas para la formación de profesores de ciencias y de otras áreas, en lo que concierne a viabilizar la comprensión de la ciencia e impactar en la formación ciudadana. En este contexto, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las comprensiones sobre la NdC de los estudiantes de licenciatura de diferentes áreas de conocimiento al discutir las controversias del Diagnóstico Genético Preimplantacional (DPG) y de la Célula Sintética, así como identificar las contribuciones del proceso desarrollado de esas comprensiones para la Enseñanza de las Ciencias y para la Formación Inicial de Profesores. La investigación fue fundamentada en un referencial teórico sobre la ciencia en cuanto conocimiento metadisciplinar, resaltando los aspectos epistem... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor
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La fabrique savante de l'Europe : une archéologie du discours de l'Europe communautaire (1870-1973) / The scientific making of Europe : an Archeology of the European Communities discourse (1870-1973)Canihac, Hugo 19 June 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse prend pour objet la construction d’un discours politique et social nouveau - celuide l’Europe communautaire. Ce processus est appréhendé comme le résultat du travail demultiples collectifs d’acteurs politiques et savants. Ces collectifs ont contribué à l’invention duvocabulaire communautaire, d’une part, et à la normalisation de certains savoirs etinterprétations des Communautés, d’autre part. Il s’agit alors de mettre en lumière lesconditions historiques de ce travail collectif dans deux Etats fondateurs de la constructioneuropéenne – la France et l’Allemagne. L’enjeu est d’explorer tout à la fois les conditions depossibilité de l’innovation politique et les conditions de légitimation d’un objet politiquenouveau.En mobilisant des sources historiques variées, ce travail retrace les carrières dans les débatscommunautaires de deux des définitions largement utilisées pour définir l’Europecommunautaire jusqu’à aujourd’hui - la « supranationalité » et « l’économie sociale demarché ». L’étude croisée de leurs usages permet d’examiner les controverses politicoacadémiquesdans lesquelles l’Europe communautaire a été définie comme type institutionneldistinct (de l’Etat-nation) et comme mode de gouvernement spécifique (du marché). A reboursde l’hypothèse d’une « révolution communautaire », la thèse invite à réinscrire l’inventioncommunautaire dans le temps plus long de la construction des Etats nationaux et de leurssavoirs. A l’opposé d’une lecture génétique de la construction communautaire commedéploiement d’un sens défini depuis les années 1950, elle donne à voir la diversité desinterprétations et des savoirs qui ont été produits et se sont affrontés dans les premières, etidentifie les conditions de leurs succès différenciés. / This dissertation aims to understand the construction of a new type of political and socialdiscourse: that of the European Economic Community (EEC). This process is taken, on theone hand, to be the invention on the part of political actors and scholars of a vocabulary andconceptual apparatus which made the EEC thinkable. On the other hand, the process isunderstood as the constitution of specialized disciplines which, by more or less successfullyasserting their legitimacy to produce discourse on the EEC as an object, have contributed torendering certain interpretations obligatory. The dissertation highlights the historical conditionsin which actors have contributed to the emergence, circulation and stabilization of suchknowledge in two founding member states of the EEC - France and Germany – up to the firstenlargement of the EEC in 1973. Beyond the specific case of European integration, thechallenge is to explore the conditions both for political innovation and for the legitimization ofa new political object.Making use of several types of historical source, the thesis retraces the careers of two of thedefinitions widely used to define the EEC up to the present - "supranationality" and the "socialmarket economy". Examination of the uses of these terms makes it possible to identify andinvestigate politico-academic controversies in which the EEC has been defined as a distinctinstitutional type (of the nation-state) and as specific mode of government (of the market).In contrast to the hypothesis of a "revolution" in the EEC, the thesis calls for the reinsertion ofthe invention of the EEC into the longer history of construction of national states andgovernment sciences. Contrary to a genetic interpretation of European integration as a definiteproject from the 1950s, it reveals the diversity of interpretations and knowledges which wereproduced and which competed with one another in the early years of the EEC, and identifiesthe conditions for their unequal success. Finally, the dissertation leads us to qualify thehypothesis of the formation of "common sense" about the EEC, emphasizing the national anddisciplinary differences which persist in their interpretations.
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Enjeux postcoloniaux et nationaux dans les polémiques entre ethnohistoriens du Pays d’en Haut (1985-2016)Perreault, Olivier 01 1900 (has links)
Ce mémoire est un exercice d'historiographie portant sur le traitement accordé, par les chercheurs français, québécois et états-uniens des 35 dernières années, au thème de l’agentivité des autochtones du Pays d’en haut des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Représenter les autochtones comme agents, tels qu’ils sont réellement, pour ce qu’ils font concrètement et non comme figurants d’un récit européocentré, telle semble être la règle du jeu de l’écriture ethnohistorique. Cependant, lorsqu'on survole la production des spécialistes de ces sociétés autochtones, on constate rapidement que la question nationale et, de manière plus large, les dynamiques identitaires des chercheurs, exercent encore une force d'attraction considérable sur la description des collectifs autochtones.
Pour comprendre ces dynamiques, on gagne à mobiliser une perspective historiographique ancrée dans un projet de sociologie des sciences. L’analyse s’appuiera plus spécifiquement aux travaux de Bruno Latour et de Pierre Bourdieu sur les polémiques entre chercheurs. L’idée est de voir comment le chercheur, en se situant par rapport à ses pairs dans une démarche d'alliance, d'évitement ou de confrontation, structure un projet ethnohistorien. Un projet de connaissance sur l’autre autochtone, mais également un projet qui se veut soluble dans un régime discursif postcolonial lui aussi structuré par la polémique. En suivant comment se structure, puis se restructure, au fil des générations, le modèle de bonnes pratiques ethnohistoriennes, comment se constituent des collectifs de chercheurs, on en apprend donc à la fois sur le monde des autochtones et sur celui des chercheurs.
C’est dans cette perspective que nous ferons l’analyse de récits historiographiques de grands praticiens de la recherche sur le Pays d’en haut qui, quelques années après avoir publié leurs principaux résultats de recherche, font le point sur l’état de la situation en ethnohistoire, en matière d’agentivité autochtone. Les récits de Bruce Trigger, de Richard White et de Gilles Havard nous permettent ainsi de couvrir l’évolution du champ ethnohistorien depuis 1985. / This thesis is an exercise in historiography that deals with the ways French, Quebec and US researchers interested in the Pays d’en haut in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, have referred, over the past 35 years, to the theme of Native agency. To represent the Native peoples as agents, as they really are, for what they do and not as bit players of a Europeo-centric narrative, this seems to be the rule of the language game ethnohistorian play. However, when we look at the production of the specialists of these Native societies, we rapidly come to the conclusion that the national question and, more broadly, the dynamics of identity inherent to the communities of researchers, still have a considerable impact on these narratives.
In order to understand these dynamics, it is useful to develop a historiographic perspective that is rooted in the sociology of science. I will refer more specifically to the works of Bruno Latour and Pierre Bourdieu on controversies among researchers. The idea is to see how researchers, by situating themselves in relation with their peers through alliance, avoidance or opposition, structure an ethnohistorical project. A project that is devoted to knowing better the Native other, but also a project that needs to pass the postcolonial test and hence refers to an area of postcolonial studies that is itself structured through contentions.
By seeing how, through the generations, an ethnohistorical model of good practices is constructed and restructured, how collectives of researchers are built, one learns about the world of Native people, but also about the world of the researchers.
It is in this perspective that I conduct the analysis of historiographic narratives produced by renowned practitioners of studies on the Pays d’en haut, ethnohistorians who, a few years after having published their main work on the subject, take stock of the situation in regards with Native agency. The historiographic propositions of Bruce Trigger, Richard White and Gilles Havard will allow us to cover the evolution of the field of ethnohistory since 1985.
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