I denna studie undersöks om det finns skillnader mellan lärare som har specialpedagogisk utbildning jämfört med lärare som inte har denna sortens utbildning. Hur påverkar detta elevernas inlärningsmiljö? Kort sagt: ”Lärarnas erfarenheter och dess betydelse för elevernas inlärningsmiljö.”Den studie som jag arbetat efter är Assarsons (2007) studie om kompetens att möta alla elever och den teori som jag använt är praxistriangeln som passar in till lärarnas personliga erfarenhet kopplat till överförd kunskap till andra människor, som i detta fall är eleverna. Empirin består av observationer av idrottslektioner och intervjuer av undervisande lärare. 13 lektioner observerades och fyra lärare från fyra olika skolor intervjuades. De lärare som medverkade i undersökningen arbetade i årskurserna 7-9 på särskolan och två av lärarna har specialpedagogisk utbildning medan de andra två saknade denna utbildning. Tre av lärarna är även behöriga idrottslärare och den fjärde är inte behörig idrottslärare. Vid observationstillfällena lades det fokus på lärarnas engagemang, hur lektionen var planerad och responsen från eleverna gällande lektionsvalet. Vid intervjuerna med lärarna fokuserades det på deras tidigare erfarenheter såsom utbildning och idrottslig bakgrund. Resultatet visar att de lärare som har bakgrund inom en viss sport visar mer engagemang för eleverna när de undervisar i just den sporten. Gällande utbildningsbakgrunden finns det likheter mellan de behöriga lärarna när det kommer till planering och undervisning. Jämfört med de andra lärarna som inte har specialpedagogisk utbildning så har de behöriga lärarna mer tanke bakom planeringen med extra övningar till de elever som inte behärskar alla övningar. / In this study the differences between teachers who have special education compared to the teachers who does not have special education are being examined. How is this affecting the students learning environment? Shortly said: “Teachers’ experiences and its meaning to the students learning environment.”I have worked with Assarsons (2007) studie about the competence to meet every student and I have also worked with theory about praxis triangle. This triangle is about teachers personal experiences connected to transmitted knowledge to others, in this case the students. The collection of the empiricism I used observations of PE lessons and I interviewed the teachers. Altogether I observed 13 lectures and interviewed four teachers at four different schools. The participating teachers are working in year 7-9 in special school and two of the teachers have special education while the other two does not have any special education. Three of the participating teachers are authorized physical education teachers while the fourth teacher is not an authorized physical education teacher. While observing the lectures I focused on the teacher’s participation, how the lectures were planned and the response from the students. During the interviews I focused on the questions about their past experiences such as sports and education. To summarize, the teachers who had a background in sport showed more involvement during lectures. According to the education background there are similarities between the authorized teachers when it comes to lecture planning and education. Compared to the teachers who did not have a Special teaching qualification, the authorized teachers had more thought about planning extra exercises for the students who not master all exercises.

This study is about how the dialog can help students with special needs to feel participation and inclusion in the class and the teaching. My purpose with this study was to look for how the students with special needs interact with other students and teachers through the dialogue. I also wanted to know if there is any positive and negative effects to teaching students with special need in the classroom compared with the teaching at the special teacher. I have taking purpose of the sociocultural theory in my study because it says that children learn together when they communicate with each other. The theory central words are dialog and scaffolding in the zone of proximal development. I also describe central words like participation, inclusion and students with special needs in the special teaching. I have investigated in four interviews, two of them were with a teacher and a special aids teacher, and two of them were students with special needs. I wanted to compare the teachers answer with the student’s answer about participation and including of student with special needs. I also did observations to see how the students with special needs where participation and including in the teaching. In my result I was found that both of the two students with special needs can feel participation and including through the dialogue in the teaching and in the class, even though they go to the special aid teacher for a while every day. I also found out in my study that students with special needs want to go to the special aid teacher because it is calm there but one of them also wanted to have the special teaching in the classroom instead, so he/she can work where her/his friends are.

Syftet med avhandlingen är att ge en ”inifrån-beskrivning” av hur skolan organiserar verksamheten för elever i en särskild undervisningsgrupp. Vidare undersöker jag hur elever, pedagoger, föräldrar och elevernas tidigare klasslärare beskriver vad som utgör elevernas skolsvårigheter, i forskningsintervjuer. Slutligen belyser jag hur pedagogerna utvärderar elevernas skolproblem i en schemalagd utvärderingsaktivitet. Studien är baserad på ett fältarbete under ett år, i kombination med inspelningar av vardagliga aktiviteter och intervjuer med fem elever (7-12 år), pedagoger, föräldrar och f.d. klasslärare. I analyserna används en etnometodologisk ansats. Resultaten visar att den särskilda undervisningsgruppen osynliggörs och marginaliseras både centralt inom kommunen och lokalt i skolans verksamhet. Genomgående har eleverna lågt aktörskap i vardagliga skolaktiviteter. Ett annat resultat är att pedagogerna ständigt beskriver elevernas skolsvårigheter. Pedagogerna använder ett flertal vetenskapliga diskurser som uppgraderar och befäster problemidentiteter. Detta kan förklaras i ljuset av att det finns en osäkerhet om vilka elevernas problem är. Eleverna å sin sida positionerar sig som aktiva aktörer, och gör motstånd mot problemdefinitionerna. Eleverna undviker att formulera problem, nedgraderar tillskrivna problem och tar inte upp pedagogernas råd. Eleverna tar även alla chanser att tillskriva andra elever problem, på så vis positionera de sig som duktiga elever, vilket tolkas som ett sätt att upprätthålla självrespekt. Min avhandling understryker vikten av att i detalj studera elever i särskilda undervisningsgrupper och deras sociala kompetenser och aktörskap i vardagliga skolaktiviteter. Analysen pekar på att beskrivningar inte är neutrala, utan är sociala aktiviteter där identiteter, normer, social ordning, moraliska versioner och relationer, samt institutioner, etableras och görs motstånd mot. / The aim of the present doctoral thesis is to give an ”inside” description of how schools organize activities for students who do not fit into regular public education. Further, I explore how students, pedagogues, parents and former teachers account for the students’ school problems in research interviews. Finally, I investigate teachers’ assessments of students’ school problems in a scheduled daily evaluation activity. Data are drawn from a one-year ethnographic study, combined with recordings of everyday activities and interviews with five students (7-12 years), parents, pedagogues and former teachers. The analysis demonstrates that the special teaching group is made invisible and marginalized on different levels, both centrally in the municipality and in the context of local school activities. Students consistently show low participation and agency in their everyday activities. Another finding shows that pedagogues are constantly assessing students’ school problems, making this a central everyday activity. In so doing, the pedagogues also upgrade the students’ school problems, drawing on various scientific discourses. This can be explained in light of the insecurity that exists regarding what the students’ problems actually are. On the other hand, the students position themselves as active agents and resist problem definitions. The students avoid the pedagogues’ definitions, downgrading ascribed problems and reformulating them. Further, the students take all chances to attribute problems to other students. In this way, they position themselves as able students, which can be interpreted as a way of maintaining self-respect. Overall, the present findings underscore the need for detailed analysis of children’s social competence and agency in their everyday life in special teaching groups. My analysis demonstrates that descriptions are not neutral, but instead social activities in which identities, norms, social orders, moral versions, relationships and even institutions are established and resisted.

<p>Syftet med avhandlingen är att ge en ”inifrån-beskrivning” av hur skolan organiserar verksamheten för elever i en särskild undervisningsgrupp. Vidare undersöker jag hur elever, pedagoger, föräldrar och elevernas tidigare klasslärare beskriver vad som utgör elevernas skolsvårigheter, i forskningsintervjuer. Slutligen belyser jag hur pedagogerna utvärderar elevernas skolproblem i en schemalagd utvärderingsaktivitet. Studien är baserad på ett fältarbete under ett år, i kombination med inspelningar av vardagliga aktiviteter och intervjuer med fem elever (7-12 år), pedagoger, föräldrar och f.d. klasslärare. I analyserna används en etnometodologisk ansats.</p><p>Resultaten visar att den särskilda undervisningsgruppen osynliggörs och marginaliseras både centralt inom kommunen och lokalt i skolans verksamhet. Genomgående har eleverna lågt aktörskap i vardagliga skolaktiviteter. Ett annat resultat är att pedagogerna ständigt beskriver elevernas skolsvårigheter. Pedagogerna använder ett flertal vetenskapliga diskurser som uppgraderar och befäster problemidentiteter. Detta kan förklaras i ljuset av att det finns en osäkerhet om vilka elevernas problem är. Eleverna å sin sida positionerar sig som aktiva aktörer, och gör motstånd mot problemdefinitionerna. Eleverna undviker att formulera problem, nedgraderar tillskrivna problem och tar inte upp pedagogernas råd. Eleverna tar även alla chanser att tillskriva andra elever problem, på så vis positionera de sig som duktiga elever, vilket tolkas som ett sätt att upprätthålla självrespekt.</p><p>Min avhandling understryker vikten av att i detalj studera elever i särskilda undervisningsgrupper och deras sociala kompetenser och aktörskap i vardagliga skolaktiviteter. Analysen pekar på att beskrivningar inte är neutrala, utan är sociala aktiviteter där identiteter, normer, social ordning, moraliska versioner och relationer, samt institutioner, etableras och görs motstånd mot.</p> / <p>The aim of the present doctoral thesis is to give an ”inside” description of how schools organize activities for students who do not fit into regular public education. Further, I explore how students, pedagogues, parents and former teachers account for the students’ school problems in research interviews. Finally, I investigate teachers’ assessments of students’ school problems in a scheduled daily evaluation activity. Data are drawn from a one-year ethnographic study, combined with recordings of everyday activities and interviews with five students (7-12 years), parents, pedagogues and former teachers.</p><p>The analysis demonstrates that the special teaching group is made invisible and marginalized on different levels, both centrally in the municipality and in the context of local school activities. Students consistently show low participation and agency in their everyday activities. Another finding shows that pedagogues are constantly assessing students’ school problems, making this a central everyday activity. In so doing, the pedagogues also upgrade the students’ school problems, drawing on various scientific discourses. This can be explained in light of the insecurity that exists regarding what the students’ problems actually are. On the other hand, the students position themselves as active agents and resist problem definitions. The students avoid the pedagogues’ definitions, downgrading ascribed problems and reformulating them. Further, the students take all chances to attribute problems to other students. In this way, they position themselves as able students, which can be interpreted as a way of maintaining self-respect.</p><p>Overall, the present findings underscore the need for detailed analysis of children’s social competence and agency in their everyday life in special teaching groups. My analysis demonstrates that descriptions are not neutral, but instead social activities in which identities, norms, social orders, moral versions, relationships and even institutions are established and resisted.</p>

Historical Development of Czech Language Teaching for Pupils with Visual Impairment Klára Eliášková Czech Language Department Doc. PhDr. Martina Šmejkalová, Ph.D. Abstract The dissertation aims at the language education of pupils with visual impairment (VI) at high schools. Historical forming of Czech language didactics of teaching pupils with VI is analyzed in the framework of the cultural and social context of the period from 1807, when the first Institute for blinds was found in Prague at Hradčany, to a social and political milestone in 1989 with main view on the period dating from 1946 to present. Based on the suggestion from the report, attention will be paid to the present. There will be an identification of breakthroughs and positive locations (e.g. diversification of Czech language teaching in relation to individual types of VI), which would be useful in restoring our teaching practice, taking into account the current imperative of induced education. Historical research focuses on specific aspects of language education without a possibility of visual information. Methodological approaches common in linguistic and social pedagogical fields of study are combined in this purpose. The aim is to link both levels into the consistent perspective on the surveyed issue. Working out of the historical...

Den politiska majoriteten i Stockholms stad beslutade 2019 att alla kommunala skolor senast hösten 2023 ska ha inrättat en lokal särskild undervisningsgrupp. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga om och i så fall hur särskilda undervisningsgrupper har organiserats och hur de används på mellan- och högstadiet i Stockholms stads grundskolor. Studien är kvantitativ och den övergripande teorin beskrivs som en sociokulturell ram runt ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv som innehåller både ett kompensatoriskt och kritiskt synsätt och som tillsammans bildar ett dilemmaperspektiv.  Respondenter utgjordes av rektorer och/eller organisatoriskt ansvariga för särskilda undervisnings grupper inom Stockholms stads kommunala grundskolor och datainsamlingsmetoden var en digital enkät. Enkäten skickades till samtliga 57 kommunala mellan- och högstadieskolor och 19 skolor valde att svara. Insamlad empiri sorterades utifrån studiens frågeställningar, analyserades med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik och presenterades i tabell- och diagramform. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av skolorna hade flera särskilda undervisningsgrupper och att det oftast var biträdande rektor som hade det organisatoriska ansvaret för dessa grupper. De kompetenser som i hög grad var representerade i skolornas undervisningsgrupper var grundskollärare och ämneslärare. De vanligaste orsakerna till att elever hade helt eller delar av sin undervisning i särskilda undervisningsgrupper var beslut om särskilt stöd och hög skolfrånvaro. Studien visade även på att pojkar var överrepresenterade i dessa grupper och att den här sortens särskilda stödinsats ökar med stigande ålder. / The political majority in the city of Stockholm decided in 2019 that all municipal schools must have established a local special teaching group by autumn 2023 at the latest. The purpose of this study was to survey how, and if, special teaching groups have been organized and how they are used at Stockholm's elementary schools. The study uses a quantitative method and the overall theory is described as a socio-cultural framework around a special educational perspective that contains both a compensatory and critical approach and which together form a dilemma perspective. Respondents consisted of principals and/or organizationally responsible for special teaching groups from the municipal elementary schools in the city of Stockholm, and the data collection method was a digital survey. The questionnaire was sent to all 57 municipal elementary schools and 19 schools chose to respond. Collected empirical evidence was sorted based on the study's questions, analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in table and diagram form. The results showed that the majority of schools had several special teaching groups and that it was usually the assistant principal who had the organizational responsibility for these groups. The competencies that are highly represented in the schools' teaching groups were primary school teachers and subject teachers. The most common reasons why students had all or parts of their education in special teaching groups were decisions on special support and high absence from school. The survey also shows that boys were overrepresented in these groups and that this type of special support effort increases with increasing age.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:44:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2533.pdf: 528042 bytes, checksum: d39c6440d4337aed72c69f3c2abc2d05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-15 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The of teaching profession is permeated by adverse work conditions, low wages, inadequacy of material and didactic resources, numerous classrooms, tension in the relationship with the students, excessive work load, lack of safety in the school atmosphere, inexpressive participation in the institution planning and in the institutional politics. The present study had for objective to compare work conditions and health, considering physical aspects with three groups of teachers who teach in elementary grades, as well as to investigate possible implications in the service to be provided to the students. Participated in the study 60 teachers of the Metropolitan Net of Elementary Teaching (1st to 4th grades) from the District of Bauru, distributed in three groups: a) 20 teachers who teach in regular school classroom without the inclusion of students with special educational needs RSI Group; b) 20 teachers who teach in the regular classroom with special needs students RCI Group; c) 20 teachers who teach in resource classrooms (SR Group). For data collection two instruments were used: Semi structured interview to investigate teachers perceptions about occupational health risks, as well as the Maslach Burnout Inventory MBI protocol to evaluate the burnout presence. The results were organized in form of tables and the data was analyzed by SPSS version 13.0 and by a non parametric Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison of the 3 groups. In general, the results demonstrated that the groups presented relative similarity. The teachers from the SR Group obtained the best results in the evaluation of the burnout three scales when compared with RSI Group and RCI Group, that is, with prevalence of answers in the lower levels of emotional exhaustion, high level of low personal accomplishment and low level for depersonalization. Related to the physical complaints, it was observed that RCI Group presented larger frequency of discomfort highlighting the head, spinal cord, neck and superior members. About the evaluation of the work conditions, the three groups considered the evaluated aspects (work environment, work organization, materials and equipments and pedagogic resources) as appropriate. However, RCI Group indicated larger indicators of inadequacy. Agreement was observed in the results of the two used instruments, in the sense that both of them indicate that RCI Group would be more vulnerable to develop emotional exhaustion referred to the physical aspects and work conditions, expressed by means of discomfort. In reference to emotional aspects, one of the components of the emotional exhaustion, RCI group presented larger percentile in seven of the fourteen investigated aspects. SR group presented the smallest percentile of incidence of the stress. Most of the teachers didn't present depersonalization problems. In relation to the decrease of the personal accomplishment, the three groups presented high scores, what characterizes low level since it is a negative scale. It is hoped that these results contribute for a better understanding of the burnout in teachers from regular classrooms with or without students with educational special needs and/or to raise new directions for investigation. / O exercício da docência é permeado por condições de trabalho adversas, baixos salários, insuficiência de recursos materiais e didáticos, salas numerosas, tensão no relacionamento com os alunos, carga horária de trabalho excessiva, inexpressiva participação no planejamento da instituição e nas políticas institucionais e falta de segurança no ambiente escolar. O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar as condições de trabalho e saúde considerando aspectos físicos e emocionais junto a três grupos de professores que atuam no ensino fundamental, bem como investigar possíveis implicações na prestação do serviço aos alunos. Participaram do estudo 60 professores da Rede Municipal de Ensino Fundamental (1ª a 4ª séries) do município de Bauru, distribuídos em três grupos: a) 20 professores que atuam no ensino comum sem a inclusão de turmas de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais - RSI; b) 20 professores de turmas com inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais - RCI; c) 20 professores que atuam em salas de recursos - SR. Para a coleta foram utilizados dois instrumentos: Roteiro de entrevista - Percepção do trabalho docente para levantar os fatores de riscos ocupacionais presentes no trabalho e pelo protocolo Maslach Burnout Inventory -MBI para avaliar a presença de burnout. Foi utilizado o SPSS versão 13.0, os Teste de Kruskal-Wallis para comparação dos 3 grupos. Os resultados foram organizados em forma de Tabelas. Os resultados revelam que, de maneira geral, os grupos apresentaram relativa similaridade. Entretanto, algumas diferenças foram encontradas. O grupo de professores SR obteve os melhores resultados na avaliação das três escalas do burnout quando comparados com RSI e RCI, ou seja, com predominância de respostas nos níveis mais baixos de exaustão emocional, alto na diminuição da realização pessoal e baixo para despersonalização. Quanto às queixas de ordem física, observa-se que RCI apresentou maior número de desconfortos destacando a cabeça, coluna, pescoço e membros superiores. No que diz respeito à avaliação das condições de trabalho, os três grupos consideraram os aspectos avaliados (ambiente de trabalho, organização de trabalho, materiais e equipamentos e recursos pedagógicos) como adequados. Contudo, RCI apontou maiores indicadores de inadequação. Observou-se concordância entre os achados dos dois instrumentos utilizados, no sentido de ambos indicarem que RCI estaria mais vulnerável a desenvolver exaustão emocional no que tange aos aspectos físicos e relativos às condições de trabalho, expressas por meio de desconfortos. No que se refere aos aspectos emocionais, um dos componentes da exaustão emocional RCI apresentou percentuais maiores em sete dos quatorze aspectos investigados. SR apresentou os menores percentuais de incidência dos sinais/sintomas de stress. A maioria dos professores não apresentou problemas de despersonalização. No que diz respeito à diminuição da realização pessoal, os três grupos apresentaram escores elevados o que caracteriza nível baixo já que se trata de uma escala negativa. Espera-se que os dados apresentados contribuam para compreensão do burnout em professores do ensino regular com e sem inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais e/ou suscitem novos encaminhamentos de pesquisas.

The diploma work deals with the school integration of handicapped children into basic schools and with the grades of this integration. It provides the legislative backround, defines special pedagogy and outlines the theoretical essentials of the educational needs of pupils with visual and hearing impairments, pupils with communication disorder, with physical handicap and combined impairments. The diploma work also defines its objectives, characterizes the studied sample of respondents and describes the research methods and methodology. The research results are shown in tables and diagrams. The work is concluded with an analysis of the stated hypotheses.