The media dialogical networks in the communist Czechoslovakia Abstract The concept of the media dialogical networks (DN) is one of the ways to analyse mass media communication; its theoretical background is M. M. Bakhtin's theory of dialogism and H. Sacks' ethnometodological conversation analysis. The concept of DN had been developed using data collected in the 1990s in the UK and the Czech Republic while in this thesis it is applied to data originating in a different context, namely in former Czechoslovakia in 1952, 1967 and 1972. The main data source was the national daily Rudé právo [Red Justice]. The difference of the context lies both in the time distance of the target period, as well as in the then dominant tone of massmedia content. As for the aspect of time, there is a longer gap between the examined period and the present, which is also connected to a different state of development of technologies used in journalistic practice. And then, there is the fact that in the examined period the contents of mass media production were adapted to the ideological requirements of the ruling political party. The analysis deals mainly with the construction of the DN, the categorization work of actors of the DN and with the way new actors of the DN are selected. For this reason, the methods of sequential and...

This study examines why the passing rates of African Americans on the CBEST are the lowest in California at 60%. Madkins (2011) identified licensure testing as a significant reason why African Americans cannot enter the teaching progression. According to Darling-Hammond et al. (2016), California has an ongoing credentialed teacher shortage. An even more significant need is for teachers of color. According to the California Department of Education (2021), 60% of the state’s educator workforce is White, while the state student body, multicultural and multilingual, is only slightly more than 22% White. While licensure testing for teachers is required in all 50 states, it is well documented that it negates teacher diversity (Brown, 2005; Goldhaber & Hansen, 2010; Sleeter, 2016). The research confirms how it effectively curtails the number of African American educators (Behizadeh & Neely, 2018; Ingersoll et al., 2019; Petchauer, 2012). To clarify why the CBEST is so difficult for African Americans, I used a narrative inquiry with a counter-narrative framework. The inquiry describes the lived experiences of African American applicants in order to interrogate the CBEST’s impact on prospective and current African American teachers in California.

Balansen mellan utbud och efterfrågan av bostäder har inverkan på olika gruppers möjligheter till att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden. Trots att det byggs mer än på länge i Stockholmsregionen så tyder ändå mycket på att det blivit svårare för resurssvaga grupper att hitta bostäder. I studien framgår att nyproduktionen av bostäder inte svarar mot de bostadsbehov som finns och att arbetet med bostäder för resurssvaga grupper inte tycks stå särskilt högt upp på agendan. Frågan har uppmärksammats av flera aktörer och anses vara en av de största utmaningarna på bostadsmarknaden.  Den här studien strävar efter att undersöka vilka möjligheter som finns för kommunerna att skapa förutsättningar för en jämlik bostadsmarknad i Stockholms län genom att lyfta det regionala perspektivet inom samhällsplanering och på så sätt skapa förutsättningar för en hållbar region. Mer specifikt så avser studien att främja nybyggnation av billiga bostäder, främst i form av subventioner genom kommunal markpolitik, i syfte att underlätta möjligheterna för resurssvaga hushåll till att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden. Tre kommuner i länet har undersökts i denna kvalitativa studie. Empirin bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstepersoner från dessa kommuner samt en dokumentstudie av kommunala policydokument. Slutsatsen är att det finns en diskrepans mellan utbudet och efterfrågan på bostadsmarknaden, när det kommer till bostäder för resurssvaga grupper. Hur kommunerna arbetar med att komma tillrätta med detta varierar, dels i form av generella insatser vilka strävar efter ett högt kvantitativt byggande, eller särskilda insatser som strävar efter att pressa produktions- och boendekostnader. Att generella insatser användes mer frekvent bland de kommuner som undersöktes i denna studie, i kombination med att boendekostnader problematiseras i mycket liten omfattning, ger intrycket av att nybyggnation inte är ett realistiskt alternativ för resurssvaga grupper och att tilltron till flyttkedjor således är mycket hög. Även om det framkom kritik mot de särskilda insatserna som sker i kommunerna, vilket grundar sig i att enkla boendelösningar med låga byggkostnader inte nödvändigtvis behöver leda till lägre boendekostnader, så kan ändå ett kontinuerligt tillskott av sådana bostadslösningar bidra till att priser och hyror på bostadsmarknaden hålls nere på längre sikt. Både det teoretiska och empiriska materialet visar på ett samband mellan produktionskostnader av bostäder och boendekostnader men om byggande av bostäder ska subventioneras är det viktigt att säkerställa att detta sker till rätt hushåll. Därför finns det skäl till att kombinera subventioner med olika former av klausuler som försäkrar kommunen mot att systemet utnyttjas. Detta ökar förmedlingsfrågornas betydelse. / The balance between supply and demand of housing has an impact on the ability of different groups to establish themselves in the housing market. Even though housing construction has the highest levels in many years, there are clear indications that it has become more difficult for low-income households to find housing. This study shows that new housing construction does not correspond to the current housing needs and that housing for low-income households does not appear to be on the planning agenda. The issue has been highlighted by several stakeholders in the housing market and housing for low-income households is considered to be one of the biggest contemporary challenges of the housing market. This study aims to investigate the possibilities for the municipality to create conditions for an equal housing market in the Region of Stockholm, by raising the regional perspective in planning and create conditions for a sustainable region. More specifically, the study aims to facilitate the construction of cheap housing, primarily in the form of subsidies through municipal land policy, in order to promote housing for low-income households in the housing market. Three municipalities in the region have been investigated in this qualitative study. The empirical material is based on semi-structured interviews with municipal officials from these municipalities, backed up by a document study of municipal policy documents. The conclusion is that there is a discrepancy between supply and demand in the housing market, when it comes to housing for low-income households. How the municipalities work to address this varies and can be divided into general efforts, that aim for high-quantitative construction or special efforts aimed at reducing production- and housing costs. The fact that general efforts were used more frequently among the municipalities surveyed in this study, coupled with the fact that housing costs are problematised to such a small extent, gives the impression that new construction is not a realistic alternative for low-income households, and thus that the reliance on chains of residential mobility are very high. Although there is a criticism of the special efforts that take place in the municipalities, which is on the fact that simple standard housing solutions with low construction costs do not necessarily have to lead to lower prices/rents, yet a continuous addition of such housing solutions can keep prices and rents in the housing market down in the longer term. Both the theoretical- and empirical material shows a correlation between production costs and housing prices, however if housing is to be subsidised it is important to ensure that it is directed to the intended households. Therefore, there is a reason to combine subsidies with different forms of clauses that assure the municipality against misuse of the system. This increases the importance of the distribution of housing.

The focus of this research was to investigate the use of a district created formative benchmark assessment in reading to predict student achievement for 10th-grade students on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) in one county in north central Florida. The purpose of the study was to provide information to high school principals and teachers to better understand how students were performing and learning and to maximize use of the formative district benchmark assessment in order to modify instruction and positively impact student achievement. This study expanded a prior limited study which correlated district benchmark assessment scores to FCAT scores for students in grades three through five in five elementary schools in the targeted county. The high correlations suggested further study. This research focused on secondary reading, specifically in 10th grade where both state and targeted county FCAT scores were low in years preceding this research. Investigated were (a) the district formative assessment in reading as a predictor of FCAT Reading scores, (b) differences in strength of correlation and prediction among student subgroups and between high schools, and (c) any relationships between reading formative assessment scores and Mathematics FCAT scores. An additional focus of this study was to determine best leadership practices in schools where there were the highest correlations between the formative assessment and FCAT Reading scores. Research on best practices was reviewed, and principals were interviewed to determine trends and themes in practice. Tenth grade students in the seven Florida targeted district high schools were included in the study. The findings of the study supported the effective use of formative assessments both in instruction and as predictors of students' performance on the FCAT. The results of the study also showed a significant correlation between performance on the reading formative assessment and performance on FCAT Mathematics. The data indicated no significant differences in the strength of correlation between student subgroups or between the high schools included in the study. Additionally, the practices of effective principals in using formative assessment data to inform instruction, gathered through personal interviews, were documented and described.

Lean är ett arbetssätt som myntades av Toyota på 1950-talet och som vanligtvis är förknippat med stora tillverkande industriföretag. Den amerikanska universitetsprofessorn Jeffrey K. Liker sammanfattade leans arbetsmetodik med fjorton principer i den storsäljande boken The Toyota Way. I detta arbete undersöktes det hur applicerbara de fjorton principerna är på småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. Projektet avgränsades till småskaliga tillverkningsföretag inom guldsmedsbranschen med maximalt 10 anställda. Undersökningen påbörjades med en enkät som skickades ut till experter inom området lean, med avsikt att urskilja de principer som var mest tillämpbara för småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. Därifrån valdes principerna 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 och 14 ut som mest relevanta för småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. En litteraturstudie utfördes sedan för att hitta information om de utvalda principerna och som komplement till teorin intervjuades även en expert inom området lean. Tre guldsmeder i Stockholmsområdet intervjuades angående deras arbete medan arbetsstationerna och arbetsytorna inspekterades. Intervjuerna resulterade i hur guldsmederna arbetar i praktiken vilket kompletterade de teoretiska resonemangen kring lean och dess applicerbarhet i småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. Arbetet resulterade i slutsatsen att småskaliga tillverkningsföretag generellt arbetar med värderingar och ambitioner som påminner starkt om lean trots att ordet lean, och många andra beskrivande tekniska termer, inte var igenkännbara av guldsmederna själva. Ovannämnda principer kunde även framhävas och rekommenderas som intressanta för småskaliga tillverkningsföretag att förkovra sig i och applicera på sin verksamhet. / Lean is a working structure that was created initially by Toyota in the 1950s and is usually associated with large industrial manufacturing companies. The american university professor Jeffrey K. Liker summarized the lean work methodology with fourteen principles in the best-selling book The Toyota Way. In this paper it was investigated how applicable the fourteen principles are with respect to small-scale manufacturing companies. The project was limited to small-scale manufacturing companies with up to 10 employees within the goldsmith industry. The research began with a survey that got sent out to experts in the field of lean to discern the principles that were most applicable to small-scale manufacturing companies. Based on the survey the principles 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 and 14 were selected as most relevant to small scale manufacturing companies. A theory survey was then carried out to find information about the selected principles, and as a complement to the theory, an expert in the field of lean was also interviewed. Three goldsmiths based in Stockholm were interviewed regarding their work and at the same time the workstations and work surfaces were inspected. The interviews resulted in knowledge about how the goldsmiths worked in practice which strengthened the theoretical reasoning around lean and its applicability in small-scale manufacturing companies. The work resulted in the conclusion that small-scale manufacturing companies generally work with values and ambitions that strongly resemble lean even though the word lean, and many other descriptive technical terms, were not recognizable to the goldsmiths themselves. The above-mentioned principles could also be highlighted and recommended as interesting for small-scale manufacturing companies to engage in.

No description available.

From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful. The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school’s racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year? The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = .741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = .668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration.

Upon entering middle school, students within the study district in southeastern Tennessee had low literacy proficiency scores on the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) for 3 consecutive years. Middle school administrators implemented a program called Lexile Framework (LF) into the literacy curriculum in 2011 to improve TCAP scores. However, the change in literacy scores had not been examined following the implementation of LF. The purpose of this quasi-experimental research study was to examine the differences in literacy scores on TCAP of students across the years of pre- and post-LF implementation into the curriculum (2009-2011 and 2012-2014). The theoretical framework for this research study was Vygotsky’s social development theory used within the LF to create student-centered learning in order for students to construct new knowledge by making connections with their literacy experiences. With a convenience sample of 225 students, a repeated-measure analysis of variance determined if there was a significant change in the archived matched literacy TCAP scores before and after the implementation of LF. The multivariate tests indicated a significant (Wilk’s Λ = .21, F (3, 222) = 276.85, p < .01) and linear effect (F (1, 224) = 709.75, p < .01) with partial eta squared (η2 = .76) of LF on literacy TCAP scores of students across the years of pre- and post-LF implementation. Positive social change implications include providing school administrators with research findings to inform district-wide decisions regarding the use of LF in the curricula in their middle schools. Increasing students’ literacy TCAP scores may ultimately improve graduation rates for students.

I’ve chosen primary to analyze commercial form of advertising by world leading companies; McDonald’s, Coca-Cola and HP due to their implementation of global advertising. The fourth campaign that’s being analyzed is not of commercial type instead it’s characterized as an informative campaign that the ideal organization Amnesty is carring out.  The study has been successful in gathering data that could be presented in correlation with already established theories and then comparing the results. The goal of the research is to create an understanding regarding global advertising as well as the scientific debate that’s going on within the subject. The scientific research has been debated for a long time regarding advertising that’s positioned globally; whether it should be standardized or adapted. This means whether advertising should look the same in all countries or if it should be adapted to a nation’s specific culture. Scientists haven’t yet been successful in establishing what’s considered to be more prominent due to various diverse opinions. By implementing content analysis together with semiotic analysis as a reinforcer, the study was able to examine the global advertising’s design and their common characteristics. Within this study the campaigns have been studied both visually and verbally in addition to their messages and values. The McDonald’s and Coke campaign has been categorized as advertising that reflect specific kinds of lifestyles and therefore characterized as “lifestyle format”. HP campaign on the other hand was using celebrities. This contributed that their global campaign became very personal because the celebrities were reflecting their own personality in the commercials. That’s why HP was categorized as the “personalized format” while Amnesty remained characterized as an informative campaign. Results show that these campaigns’ global form of advertising weren’t only implementing standardized form but also incorporated adapted commercial characteristics as well. This is what the theorizers Hassan, Craft and Kortam call a”hybrid strategy” that’s by their opinion most effective form of global advertising. Another important result was that the “creative strategy” (its promise/statement) is what makes the campaign cohesive. While the “creative tactic” (the visual elements) differs more or less within an advertising campaign. / Jag har valt att främst analysera kommersiella kampanjer från de världsledande företagen McDonald’s, Coca-Cola och HP eftersom de tillämpar global form av reklam.  Den fjärde kampanjen som analyseras är inte av kommersiellt slag då den karaktäriseras som en informativ kampanj som den ideella organisationen Amnesty har genomfört.  Studien har lyckats generera data som kunde sättas i relation med de redan fastställda teorierna och på så vis jämföra resultaten. Forskningens mål är att skapa en förståelse angående global reklam samt den vetenskapliga debatten i ämnet. Den vetenskapliga forskningen har länge debatterat angående om reklam som appliceras globalt borde vara standardiserad eller anpassad, det vill säga om den ska se lika ut i alla länder eller om man borde anpassa den till varje lands individuella kultur. Forskarna har fortfarande inte kommit fram till vad som anses vara mest effektivt då en splittrad syn angående denna fråga uppstår.   Genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med förstärkning av den semiotiska analysen så kunde studien granska den globala reklamens utformning och dess gemensamma karaktäristiker som uppstår. I denna studie så har reklamkampanjerna granskats både visuellt och språkmässigt samt dess budskap och värderingar. Reklamkampanjerna McDonald’s och Coca-Cola blev kategoriserade som den form av reklam som reflekterar specifika livsstilar och därför karaktäriserades som ”livsstilsformatet”. HP är den reklamkampanj som använde sig av kändisar. Detta gjorde att deras globala reklam blev väldigt personlig då den reflekterade kändisarnas personligheter. Därför kategoriserades HP:s reklamkampanj som det” personifierade formatet” medan Amnesty förblev karaktäriserad som informativ form av kampanj. Resultatet visade att dessa reklamkampanjers globala reklam inte endast implementerade standardiserad form utan likaså integrerade anpassad form. Detta kallar teoretikerna Hassan, Craft och Kortam för ”hybridstrategi” och anses enligt dem vara mest effektivt tillvägagångssätt när det gäller global reklam.  En annan viktig sak som resultatet påvisade var att den ”kreativa strategin” (dess utlovande/påstående) är det som gör kampanjen sammanhängande medan den ”kreativa taktiken” (dess visuella element) mer eller mindre skiljer sig inom en kampanj.

<p>I’ve chosen primary to analyze commercial form of advertising by world leading companies; <em>McDonald’s, Coca-Cola</em> and <em>HP</em> due to their implementation of global advertising. The fourth campaign that’s being analyzed is not of commercial type instead it’s characterized as an informative campaign that the ideal organization <em>Amnesty</em> is carring out.  The study has been successful in gathering data that could be presented in correlation with already established theories and then comparing the results. The goal of the research is to create an understanding regarding global advertising as well as the scientific debate that’s going on within the subject. The scientific research has been debated for a long time regarding advertising that’s positioned globally; whether it should be standardized or adapted. This means whether advertising should look the same in all countries or if it should be adapted to a nation’s specific culture. Scientists haven’t yet been successful in establishing what’s considered to be more prominent due to various diverse opinions.</p><p>By implementing content analysis together with semiotic analysis as a reinforcer, the study was able to examine the global advertising’s design and their common characteristics. Within this study the campaigns have been studied both visually and verbally in addition to their messages and values. The McDonald’s and Coke campaign has been categorized as advertising that reflect specific kinds of lifestyles and therefore characterized as “lifestyle format”. HP campaign on the other hand was using celebrities. This contributed that their global campaign became very personal because the celebrities were reflecting their own personality in the commercials. That’s why HP was categorized as the “personalized format” while Amnesty remained characterized as an informative campaign. Results show that these campaigns’ global form of advertising weren’t only implementing standardized form but also incorporated adapted commercial characteristics as well. This is what the theorizers Hassan, Craft and Kortam call a”hybrid strategy” that’s by their opinion most effective form of global advertising. Another important result was that the “creative strategy” (its promise/statement) is what makes the campaign cohesive. While the “creative tactic” (the visual elements) differs more or less within an advertising campaign.</p> / <p>Jag har valt att främst analysera kommersiella kampanjer från de världsledande företagen<em> McDonald’s, Coca-Cola</em> och <em>HP</em> eftersom de tillämpar global form av reklam.  Den fjärde kampanjen som analyseras är inte av kommersiellt slag då den karaktäriseras som en informativ kampanj som den ideella organisationen <em>Amnesty</em> har genomfört.  Studien har lyckats generera data som kunde sättas i relation med de redan fastställda teorierna och på så vis jämföra resultaten.</p><p>Forskningens mål är att skapa en förståelse angående global reklam samt den vetenskapliga debatten i ämnet. Den vetenskapliga forskningen har länge debatterat angående om reklam som appliceras globalt borde vara standardiserad eller anpassad, det vill säga om den ska se lika ut i alla länder eller om man borde anpassa den till varje lands individuella kultur. Forskarna har fortfarande inte kommit fram till vad som anses vara mest effektivt då en splittrad syn angående denna fråga uppstår.  </p><p>Genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med förstärkning av den semiotiska analysen så kunde studien granska den globala reklamens utformning och dess gemensamma karaktäristiker som uppstår. I denna studie så har reklamkampanjerna granskats både visuellt och språkmässigt samt dess budskap och värderingar. Reklamkampanjerna McDonald’s och Coca-Cola blev kategoriserade som den form av reklam som reflekterar specifika livsstilar och därför karaktäriserades som ”livsstilsformatet”. HP är den reklamkampanj som använde sig av kändisar. Detta gjorde att deras globala reklam blev väldigt personlig då den reflekterade kändisarnas personligheter. Därför kategoriserades HP:s reklamkampanj som det” personifierade formatet” medan Amnesty förblev karaktäriserad som informativ form av kampanj. Resultatet visade att dessa reklamkampanjers globala reklam inte endast implementerade standardiserad form utan likaså integrerade anpassad form. Detta kallar teoretikerna Hassan, Craft och Kortam för ”hybridstrategi” och anses enligt dem vara mest effektivt tillvägagångssätt när det gäller global reklam.  En annan viktig sak som resultatet påvisade var att den ”kreativa strategin” (dess utlovande/påstående) är det som gör kampanjen sammanhängande medan den ”kreativa taktiken” (dess visuella element) mer eller mindre skiljer sig inom en kampanj.</p>