Submitted by Gabriel Ribeiro (ribeirogabriel@gmail.com) on 2015-01-14T19:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro-Lean-Startup-MPA-FGV-2014.pdf: 844785 bytes, checksum: b0b1c9209292a833e8683d31db2f58bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2015-01-14T19:34:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro-Lean-Startup-MPA-FGV-2014.pdf: 844785 bytes, checksum: b0b1c9209292a833e8683d31db2f58bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-15T10:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro-Lean-Startup-MPA-FGV-2014.pdf: 844785 bytes, checksum: b0b1c9209292a833e8683d31db2f58bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12 / Recentemente diversos empreendedores passaram a empregar uma nova abordagem na criação de empresas, denominada 'Lean Startup' que, começou a ser difundida no Brasil em 2012 com o livro de Eric Ries. Seguindo a perspectiva do empreendedorismo como método, ela representa uma ruptura nos estudos de empreendedorismo, pois é diferente da abordagem preditiva utilizada até então em que elabora-se um plano de negócios e, somente depois da busca de investimentos, o produto é testado com clientes. Embora muito utilizada, existem poucos estudos acadêmicos sobre as práticas Lean aplicadas a Startups, daí a relevância do presente estudo. Com caráter exploratório, a pesquisa utiliza uma metodologia quantitativa e se vale de uma survey, respondida por 115 empreendedores, sócios de empresas de base tecnológica com até 42 meses de existência, com o objetivo de descobrir se eles conhecem a Lean Startup, o quanto suas ferramentas são adotadas e se elas trazem efeitos positivos. Como resultado, constatou-se que a Lean Startup é amplamente conhecida e utilizada, foram encontradas sinalizações de resultados positivos obtidos pelo uso de algumas de suas ferramentas - feedback acelerado, produto mínimo viável (PMV) e métricas da contabilidade para inovação, que medem o aprendizado no lugar de lucro. Dessa forma, a pesquisa contribui com o aumento do conhecimento sobre a Lean Startup, bem como por meio da formulação de perguntas para direcionar estudo futuros. / Since 2012, several entrepreneurs in Brazil have adopted an approach to business creation called 'Lean Startup', which began to be disseminated with the publication of the book The Lean Startup by Eric Ries. Following the perspective of entrepreneurship as a method, it represents a break in entrepreneurship studies because of its difference from the traditional predictive approach in which a business plan is developed. Only after the pursuit of investments is the product tested with customers. Although widening in use, there are few academic studies on lean startup practices, hence the relevance of this study. Using an exploratory character, this research uses a quantitative methodology and relies on a survey answered by 115 entrepreneurs from technology-based companies with up to 42 months of existence, in order to find out the extent of their knowledge of the lean startup method, how its tools were adopted and if they brought positive effects. As a result, it was discovered that the lean startup method is widely known and used. Evidence was found of positive experience from using some of the practices, such as fast feedback, minimum viable product (MVP) and in accounting for innovation - metrics that measure the entrepreneur’s learning instead of profit. Thus, the research contributes to the increase of knowledge about the Lean Startup, as well as through the formulation of questions to guide future study.

Goal of this thesis is modernization and extension of established web portal serving to create and manage invoices. The design and implementation emphasis on feedback from users so changes are really a benefit and not a burden. Uses wide range of different technologies and implementation is done using incremental model. Analyzes the impact of changes to number of visitors and receives feedback from users.

[pt] Esta tese é sobre a reologia de óleos parafínicos crus. Um protocolo baseado na literatura relevante é desenvolvido para garantir que históricos térmico e de cisalhamento bem definidos sejam impostos em amostras que serão submetidas à medições reológicas. Com este protocolo, uma caracterização reológica quase completa de um óleo parafínico cru brasileiro é executada . Quatro experimentos reométricos são realizados, a saber, escoamento em estado estacionário, taxa de cisalhamento constante, tensão constante e rampa oscilatória de amplitude de tensão. Propriedades reológicas importantes, tais como, viscosidade, tensão limite de escoamento e módulos elástico e viscoso são medidos com o auxílio de técnicas diferentes em uma ampla faixa de condições. Além disso, uma comparação entre essas técnicas de medição é realizada. O processo de quebra da microestrutura do óleo parafínico brasileiro, assim como os efeitos na reologia do histórico do material e do tempo de repouso isotérmico são estudados. Fenômenos interessantes são observados, incluindo bifurcação da taxa de cisalhamento, dependência da tensão limite com os históricos térmico e de cisalhamento e independência dos resultados de regime permanente com relação à condição inicial após o resfriamento. Por fim, oportunidades para futuros desenvolvimentos e investigações são enfatizadas. / [en] This thesis deals with the rheology of waxy crude oils. A protocol based on the relevant literature is developed to guarantee well defined shear and thermal histories to waxy crude oil samples to be submitted to rheological measurements. With this protocol, a fair complete rheological characterization of a Brazilian waxy crude oil is performed. Four rheometric experiments, namely steady-state flow, constant shear rate, constant shear stress, and dynamic-stress-amplitude sweep are carried out. Important rheological properties, such as, viscosity, yield stress, and storage and loss moduli are measured with di↵erent techniques in a wide range of conditions and a comparison between the techniques is presented. The yielding as well as the history effects and the e↵ects of isothermal holding time on the microstructure and rheology of a Brazilian waxy crude oil are investigated. Interesting phenomena are observed, including bifurcation of shear rate, dependence of the yield stress with thermal and shear histories, and independence of the steady-state results with the post-cooling initial condition of the experiment. At last, opportunities for further developments are highlighted.

his semestral´s thesis deals with proposal and system implementation for automatic configuration of Cisco network devices. This system is called AutoConf and it is intended for distant copying configuration files from eagle-server to the switches and routers in Cisco academy laboratory. It is handled by web pages placed on eagle-server. In this system, user can create new laboratory exercises with configuration files for network devices and then these files could be used for configurations. Informations about done configurations are saved in relation database MySQL. Network devices which will be configured by system AutoConf have to be connected with eagle-server. To setup their connection settings was created decision-making mechanism. If it detects physical connection between network device and eagle-server before network device starts, it will set network device for communication with eagle-server.

<p>The first force and moment measurements were conducted in the BAM6QT. Three 7-degree half-angle sharp cones were tested, one with base radius of 4.5 in. and two with base radius of 3.5 in. made out of different materials. Models were tested at 0 and 2 degrees angle of attack. Models were tested over a range of burst pressures and Reynolds numbers. Models were fitted onto a strain gauge, 6 component, internal, moment balance. Multiple assemblies were tested that mounted the balance in the BAM6QT. High-speed schlieren video was used to monitor flow conditions and track the movement of the tunnel and model. Three entries were performed in the BAM6QT. The improvement in data quality with each new entry is shown and the startup and running loads from entry 3 are analyzed.</p> <p>Startup loads were measured and are of importance in determining the load range needed to operate in the BAM6QT. Large startup loads up to 40X the running load were identified. Tunnel movement was measured and was used to approximate the inertial loading during startup and the run. The inertial loading was not found to be the cause of the large startup loads. Schlieren video was used to qualitatively review the startup flow. It was found the large startup loads in axial force were plausibly from the high-pressure subsonic flow evacuating the nozzle. For normal force and pitching moment, the startup loads peak at a different time than axial force and appear to be from a shock-shock interaction nearby the model. Trends in startup load with changing model geometry, AoA, and burst pressure were put together to form an empirical estimation for startup loads sharp cones. </p> <p>Running loads were profiled and found to be trending with burst pressure and model geometry similarly to Newtonian flow theory predictions. However, due to the lack of a base pressure measurement, the results are uncorrected for sting effects and differ from Newtonian flow theory by a scalar. A 5.3 Hz oscillation in axial force was identified. The frequency of the oscillation is the same as the frequency of the quasi-steady flow periods caused by the reflection of the expansion fan in the driver tube. Normal force during the running load was found to be measuring positive loads when at 0 degrees angle of attack. Both the axial and normal force phenomena were unexpected and were investigated but both require further research. </p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p>

Regelverket för medicintekniska produkter är omfattande och medicintekniska företag lägger idag stora resurser på att säkerställa att deras produkter uppfyller de lagar och krav som finns. Detta arbete beskriver författarnas bidrag till CE-märkningsprocessen på det nystartade företaget LARA Diagnostics första produkt, en handhållen enhet för utvärdering av perifer neuropati samt hur processen att CE-märka en medicinteknisk produkt generellt går till för ett mindre eller nystartat företag. Arbetet syftar till att visa vilka utmaningar mindre bolag har i synnerhet vid processen att CE-märka sin första produkt samt vad företag kan göra för att effektivisera sin process. I arbetet visas att mindre företag kan effektivisera sin process genom att: Tidigt lägga grunden till CE-märkningen. Se till att rätt kompetens finns eller införskaffas utifrån Redan i produktutvecklingen säkerställa att väsentliga krav uppfylls, gärna genom att följa harmoniserade standarder. Arbetet visar även att kraven inom det regulatoriska området för medicintekniska produkter blir hårdare med tiden och att den utvecklingen förväntas fortsätta. / The regulatory framework for medical devices is extensive and the medical device industry spends considerable resources on ensuring that their products comply with existing laws and requirements. This paper describes the authors’ contribution to the CE marking process of the very first product from the startup company LARA Diagnostics, a handheld device for the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy, as well as how the process of CE marking a medical device is carried out in general for a small or startup business. The work aims to point out the challenges for smaller companies in particular to get their first product certified, but also what can be done to streamline that process. The paper shows that small companies can improve the process by: Laying the foundation for CE marking early in the process. Ensure that the right skills exist internally or are acquired externally. Making sure that essential requirements are met early in the product development life cycle, preferably by adhering to harmonized standards. The paper also shows that the requirements within the regulatory framework for medical devices are becoming stricter over time and that this trend is expected to continue.

[pt] Durante a gelificação por parafina, a rede de cristais de parafina modifica o comportamento do óleo cru. Ele muda de um material newtoniano de baixa viscosidade para um material com dependência temporal e de alta viscosidade com tensão limite do escoamento. Com isto, é totalmente desafiador descobrir a pressão minima de início do fluxo de petróleo gelificado com uma microestrutura tão complexa. Através da minha dissertação de mestrado, investigamos dois materiais viscoplásticos: um gel de cabelo com uma tixotropia desprezível e uma suspensão aquosa tixotrópica 2 por cento de laponita para imitar o início de fluxo de óleos gelificados. Para ambos os materiais, o gradiente de pressão axial mínimo necessário para o início do fluxo foi medido e os valores medidos estavam de acordo com a previsão do balanço de força convencional. Por outro lado, os casos da indústria exibiram que o balanço de força mencionado acima leva a uma superestimação da pressão mínima inicial. Em alguns estudos, uma explicação elicitada é o comportamento tixotrópico do petróleo gelificado, mas nossos resultados acima mencionados serviram para refutá-lo. Durante a primeira parte da minha tese de doutorado, buscamos verificar por laboratório porque o balanço de força não se aplica ao petróleo gelificado, em seguida, buscamos uma explicação fisicamente adequada para essa discrepância e também uma maneira confiável de prever a pressão mínima de início do escoamento. Nesta linha, mostramos o efeito do encolhimento do petróleo gelificado na discordância entre a tensão limite estática de escoamento e o gradiente de pressão mínimo necessário para iniciar o fluxo, através da reometria e do fluxo de fluido em um tubo. Em seguida, introduzimos uma equação de balanço de força modificada com o efeito de encolhimento incluído para obter o melhor estimação da pressão minima de início de escoamento. Outro elemento essencial sobre o início de escoamento de petróleo gelificado é descobrir uma estratégia confiável para modelar matematicamente a reologia do material. Na maioria dos modelos que visam prever o comportamento reológico de petróleo gelificado, as mudanças da microestrutura durante o fluxo são consideradas tixotrópicas; dependência temporal reversível. Porém, observamos em nossos experimentos com histórias de fluxo e térmicas bem controladas que o caráter irreversível da dependência temporal é bastante evidente. Assim, na segunda parte da tese, propomos um modelo baseado no desenvolvimentos anteriores de Souza Mendes e colaboradores que considera a dependência temporal irreversível observada experimentalmente para petróleo gelificado. A capacidade preditiva do modelo proposto é então avaliada através de comparações com dados experimentais. / [en] Throughout the wax gelation, the network of parafinn crystals modifies the behavior of waxy crude oil. It changes from a low viscosity Newtonian to a high viscosity time-dependent material with yield strength. Now, it is totally challenging to find out the restart pressure for gelled crude oil ow with such a complex microstructure. Through my Master s dissertation, we investigated two viscoplastic materials, namely a hair gel with a negligible thixotropy and a quite thixotropic 2 percent aqueous suspension of Laponite to mimic the startup flow of waxy crude oils. For both materials, the minimum axial pressure gradient required for the onset of flow was measured, and the measured values were in good agreement with the prediction of a conventional force balance. On the other hand, industry cases have exhibited that the just mentioned force balance leads to an overestimation of the minimum startup pressure gradient. In some studies, an elicited explanation is the thixotropic behavior of the gelled crude, but our results above-mentioned served to falsify it. Over the first part of my PhD thesis, we aimed to verify in the laboratory that why the force balance does not hold for gelled crude oil and then we sought a physically proper explanation for this discrepancy and also a reliable way to predict the minimum startup pressure gradient. Along these lines, we show the role of gelled crude oil s shrinkage in the discordance between static yield strength and required minimum pressure gradient to onset the flow, through rheometry and fluid flow in a tube. Then, we introduce a modified force balance equation with the role of shrinkage included to best estimate the minimum restart pressure gradient. Another essential element through the restart flow of gelled waxy crude is to find out a reliable strategy to mathematically model the material s rheology. In most models that aim at predicting the rheological behavior of gelled waxy crude oil, the microstructure changes during ow are assumed to be thixotropic (reversible time dependent). But, we observed in our experiments with well-controlled flow and thermal histories that the irreversible character of time dependence is quite evident. Thus, in the second part of thesis we propose a model based on previous developments by Souza Mendes and co-workers that accounts for the irreversible time dependence observed experimentally in a waxy crude oil. The predictive capability of the proposed model is then assessed via comparisons with experimental data.

During the 20th century, Large Scale Companies (LSCs) mindset was all about minimizing risks and maximizing profits. On top of this, they were heavily relying on intellectual property – culture of secret – and they were shaped to exploit rather than to explore. In this context, open innovation brought a completely new approach. As part of the changing landscape, trends of corporate venturing appeared about five years ago. Among LSCs which have chosen to get on the train of innovation, different strategies have been adopted from one company to another. Only today are people witnessing corporate venturing getting more structured. Yet, LSCs have not focused enough just yet on the development of venture structures with external startups. It is essential to understand how to make incubation and acceleration of external startups successful within LSCs. This study adopts LSCs’ perspective and aims at providing them with the best practices that currently exist in the innovation ecosystem in terms of corporate venturing. In particular, this study focuses on how Large Scale Companies (LSCs) can take advantage of external startups through a corporate incubator and/or corporate accelerator in order to become more innovative. The study suggests the venturing process should be divided into three main stages: the identification of the appropriate venture structure and of the right startups, the follow-up of the integrated startups of the corporate venture structure and finally the exit strategy. Building upon the business model canvas and customer value proposition theories, the suggestion is made for LSCs to step backwards and reflect thoroughly about the corporate venture strategy they want to adopt. LSCs should be aware that they evolve as part of a complex venturing ecosystem, and that each tool, rather than being isolated, should embrace and collaborate with the multitude of existing structures. / Under de 20 århundradena var Large Scale Companies (LSCs) tankegangen allt om minimering av risker och maximesring av överskott. Utöver detta var de starkt beroende av immateriella rättigheter - hemlighetskulturen - och de var formade att utnyttja snarare än att utforska. I det här sammanhanget kom öppen innovation till ett helt nytt tillvägagångssätt. Som ett led i det förändrade landskapet uppträdde trenderna för företagsvågningar för ungefär fem år sedan. Blandt LSCs, som har valt att få på toget eller innovation, olika strategier har beslutats från ett företag till ett annat. Endast idag är människors vittnesbörd om företagsvågar att bli mer strukturerad. Ändå har LSCs inte fokuserat tillräckligt på utvecklingen av venturestrukturer med externa startups. Det är viktigt att förstå hur man gör inkubation och acceleration av externa startups framgångsrika inom LSCs. Denna studie antar LSCs perspektiv och syftar till att ge dem de bästa praxis som för närvarande finns i innovationsekosystemet när det gäller företagsledning. I synnerhet fokuserar den här studien på hur Large Scale Companies (LSC) kan dra nytta av externa uppstart genom en företags inkubator och / eller företagsaccelerator för att bli mer innovativ. De studier som antyder vid venturingprocessen bör delas in tre huvudfaser: Identifiering av den aktuella riskstrukturen och rätt uppstart, uppföljning av den integrerade uppstarten av den organisationsstruktur och slutgiltigt slutstrategi. Med utgångspunkt i affärsmodellens kanfas och kundvärdes propositionsteorier, görs förslaget att LSCs ska gå bakåt och reflektera noggrant på företagsledningsstrategin som de vill anta. LSCs borde vara medvetna om att de utvecklas som en del av ett komplext venturerande ekosystem, och att varje verktyg, istället för att isoleras, ska omfamna och samarbeta med de många befintliga strukturerna.

This thesis project is an experimental study on how to approach quantitative portfolio credit risk modelling in Venture Debt portfolios. Facing a lack of applicable default data from ArK and publicly available sets, as well as seeking to capture companies that fail to service debt obligations before defaulting per se, we present an approach to risk modeling based on trends in revenue. The main framework revolves around driving a Monte Carlo simulation with Copluas to predict future revenue scenarios across a portfolio of early-stage technology companies. Three models for a random Gaussian walk, a Linear Dynamic System and an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series are implemented and evaluated in terms of their portfolio Value-at-Risk influence. The model performance confirms that modeling portfolio risk in Venture Debt is challenging, especially due to lack of sufficient data and thus a heavy reliance on assumptions. However, the empirical results for Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall are in line with expectations. The evaluated portfolio is still in an early stage with a majority of assets not yet in their repayment period and consequently the spread of potential losses within one year is very tight. It should further be recognized that the scope in terms of explanatory variables for sales and model complexities has been narrowed and simplified for computational benefits, transparency and communicability. The main conclusion drawn is that alternative approaches to model Venture Debt risk is fully possible, and should improve in reliability and accuracy with more data feeding the model. For future research it is recommended to incorporate macroeconomic variables as well as similar company analysis to better capture macro, funding and sector conditions. Furthermore, it is suggested to extend the set of financial and operational explanatory variables for sales through machine learning or neural networks. / Detta examensarbete är en experimentell studie för kvantitativ modellering av kreditrisk i Venture Debt-portföljer. Givet en brist på tillgänlig konkurs-data från ArK samt från offentligt tillgängliga databaser i kombination med ambitionen att inkludera företag som misslyckas med skuldförpliktelser innan konkurs per se, presenterar vi en metod för riskmodellering baserad på trender i intäkter. Ramverket för modellen kretsar kring Monte Carlo-simulering med Copluas för att estimera framtida intäktsscenarier över en portfölj med tillväxtbolag inom tekniksektorn. Tre modeller för en random walk, ett linjärt dynamiskt system och ARIMA- tidsserier implementeras och utvärderas i termer av deras inflytande på portföljens Value-at- Risk. Modellens prestationer bekräftar att modellering av portföljrisk inom Venture Debt är utmanande, särskilt på grund av bristen på tillräckliga data och därmed ett stort beroende av antaganden. Dock är de empiriska resultaten för Value-at-Risk och Expected Shortfall i linje med förväntningarna. Den utvärderade portföljen är fortfarande i ett tidigt skede där en majoritet av tillgångarna fortfarande befinner sig i en amorteringsfri period och följaktligen är spridningen av potentiella förluster inom ett år mycket snäv. Det bör vidare tillkännages att omfattningen i termer av förklarande variabler för intäkter och modellkomplexitet har förenklats för beräkningsfördelar, transparens och kommunicerbarhet. Den främsta slutsatsen som dras är att alternativa metoder för att modellera risker inom Venture Debt är fullt möjliga och bör förbättras i tillförlitlighet och precision när mer data kan matas in i modellen. För framtida arbete rekommenderas det att inkorporera makroekonomiska variabler samt analys av liknande bolag för att bättre fånga makro-, finansierings- och sektorsförhållanden. Vidare föreslås det att utöka uppsättningen av finansiella och operationella förklarande variabler för intäkter genom maskininlärning eller neurala nätverk.

The mobile app market is continuously increasing and an increasingly number of actors aims to gain market shares in this business sector. At the same time the number of app stores with a significant influence on the market are few; with Google Play and Apple App Store as the major actors of the app store market. With few distributions channels, and many large companies with resources as competitors, it is crucial for initiated startups to find suitable marketing strategies in order to compete on the app market. This study focuses on startups which are in their earlier phase of existence and do not have an excess of resources. The case of Truecaller is of interest to mobile app startups in general because of its exceptional successfulness in a relative short amount of time. First a thorough research of secondary literature was performed to find marketing activities applicable to mobile app developers. These marketing activities were divided and applied by using the four P’s of marketing in order to achieve a perceivable framework which is possible to grasp. The marketing activities were reformed into open-ended questions which were conducted during the interviews on Truecaller’s Marketing Manager, and Release/Project Manager. The gathered marketing activities that were demonstrated to be successful by the case of Truecaller, which is the empirical example of a startup in this study, were structured into a marketing strategy framework. The central findings of this study were firstly that unpaid promotional marketing activities in form striving for customer reviews, social media integration and sharing functions implemented to the app should be done in order to increase the word of mouth spread. It is also emphasized to build good relationships with different opinion leaders and further on to send push notifications to remind users of the app. Paid promotional activities were found to be optional for startups in the context of this study. Secondly the central findings regarding the Product strategies were frequent updates of the app to remind users of its existence, strive for feedback, and try to build on network effects. Furthermore in addition to build a unique and functional app which enables a positive user experience, it is important to offer users instant support and to execute localizations strategies. Thirdly the findings of the Place category were the visibility aspects to choose an appealing app name and app description, have an attractive app icon and screenshots, and to choose effective keywords and categories. Moreover it is emphasized to ensure availability and compatibility by supporting several platforms. Lastly concerning Price it is important for startups to find their own customized strategy, but the case of Truecaller stressed the freemium pricing strategy.