Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently, there has been significant research focus on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Massively Multi-user Virtual Environments (MMVEs). A number of architectures have been presented in the literature to implement the P2P approach. One aspect that has not received sufficient attention in these architectures is state management and state persistency in P2P MMVEs. This work presents and simulates a novel state management and persistency architecture, called Pithos. In order to design the architecture, an investigation is performed into state consistency architectures, into which the state management and persistency architecture should fit. A novel generic state consistency model is proposed that encapsulated all state consistency models reviewed. The requirements for state management and persistency architectures, identified during the review of state consistency models, are used to review state management and persistency architectures currently receiving research attention. Identifying some deficiencies present in current designs, such as lack of fairness, responsiveness and scalability, a novel state management and persistency architecture, called Pithos, is designed. Pithos is a reliable, responsive, secure, fair and scalable distributed storage system, ideally suited to P2P MMVEs. Pithos is implemented in Oversim, which runs on the Omnet++ network simulator. An evaluation of Pithos is performed to verify that it satisfies the identified requirements. It is found that the reliability of Pithos depends heavily on object lifetimes. If an object lives longer on average, retrieval requests are more reliable. An investigation is performed into the factors influencing object lifetime. A novel Markov chain model is proposed which allows for the prediction of objects lifetimes in any finite sized network, for a given amount of redundancy, node lifetime characteristics and object repair rate. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onlangs is daar ’n beduidende navorsingsfokus op Eweknie Massiewe Multi-gebruiker Virtuele Omgewings (MMVOs). ’n Aantal argitekture is in die literatuur beskikbaar wat die eweknie benadering voorstel. Een aspek wat nie voldoende aandag ontvang in hierdie argitekture nie is toestandsbestuur en toestandsvolharding in eweknie MMVOs. Hierdie werk ontwerp en simuleer ’n nuwe toestandsbestuur- en toestandsvolhardingargitektuur genaamd Pithos. Ten einde die argitektuur te ontwerp is ’n ondersoek uitgevoer in toestandskonsekwentheidargitekture, waarin die toestandsbestuur- en toestandsvolhardingargitektuur moet pas. ’n Nuwe generiese toestandskonsekwentheidargitektuur word voorgestel wat alle hersiene toestandskonsekwentheid argitekture vervat. Die vereistes vir die toestandsbestuur- en toestandsvolhardingargitekture, geidentifiseer tydens die hersiening van die toestandskonsekwentheidargitekture, word gebruik om toestandsbestuuren toestandsvolhardingargitekture te hersien wat tans navorsingsaandag geniet. Identifisering van sekere leemtes teenwoordig in die huidige ontwerpe, soos ’n gebrek aan regverdigheid, responsiwiteit en skaleerbaarheid, lei tot die ontwerp van ’n nuwe toestandsbestuur- en toestandsvolhardingargitektuur wat Pithos genoem word. Pithos is ’n betroubare, responsiewe, veilige, regverdige en skaleerbare verspreide stoorstelsel, ideaal geskik is vir eweknie MMVOs. Pithos word geïmplementeer in Oversim, wat loop op die Omnet++ netwerk simulator. ’n Evaluering van Pithos word uitgevoer om te verifieer dat dit voldoen aan die geïdentifiseerde behoeftes. Daar is gevind dat die betroubaarheid van Pithos afhang van die objek leeftyd. As ’n objek gemiddeld langer leef, dan is herwinning versoeke meer betroubaar. ’n Ondersoek word uitgevoer na die faktore wat die objek leeftyd beïnvloed. ’n Nuwe Markov ketting model word voorgestel wat voorsiening maak vir die voorspelling van objek leeftye in eindige grootte netwerke, vir gegewe hoeveelhede van oortolligheid, nodus leeftyd eienskappe en objek herstelkoers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila de Souza.pdf: 4492372 bytes, checksum: 2e0a39d4503d1ef31b68b59859ff4548 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis focuses on the intrastate regionalization and the federal pact in the management of social welfare policy. It deals with the responsibilities of state and local entities in the management of federal policy and, from them, examines the contemporary format of the Brazilian federal system and their presence in public social policy management, specifically, the management of the Unified Social Assistance. It retakes the responsibilities of the state entity in the Unified Social Assistance and its commitments to the management improvement pact. It identifies difficulties for intrastate regionalization process. It features the regionalization of the state of São Paulo in contemporary times, after covering its historical movement for six decades. It highlights the prevalent forms of regionalization adopted by the various governments of the State of São Paulo. It analyzes the 26 regional administrative units of the State Department of Social Development from municipalities that adds in their areas of coverage. It analyzes the regionalization format of 26 Regional Directorate of Social Development Assistance (Drads) comparing it to the regional format of the Meso and Micro-regions of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). It applies the same comparative method with the regional format of Administrative Regions, Regions of government and metropolitan regions of São Paulo, from the results of similarity / discrepancy between the regional format of each Drads with forms of regionalization that coexists. Finally, the research focuses on nine regions, selected from the 26 Drads. The aim is to study the regions which represent best all regions in the State of São Paulo. In this way, it treats about the following regions: Alta Noroeste, Araraquara, Baixada Santista, Bauru, Barretos, Franca, Ribeirão Preto, Vale do Paraíba, Vale do Ribeira / Esta dissertação trata da regionalização intraestadual e do pacto federativo na gestão da política de assistência social. Ocupa-se das responsabilidades dos entes federados estadual e municipal na gestão dessa política e a partir deles, examina o formato contemporâneo do sistema federativo brasileiro e sua presença na gestão de políticas sociais públicas, em específico, na gestão do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS). Retoma as responsabilidades do ente estadual no SUAS e seus compromissos com o pacto de aprimoramento da gestão. Identifica dificuldades para o processo de regionalização intraestadual. Caracteriza a regionalização do estado de São Paulo na contemporaneidade, após percorrer seu movimento histórico por seis décadas. Destaca as formas prevalentes de regionalização adotadas pelos diversos Governos do Estado de São Paulo. Analisa as 26 unidades administrativas regionais de Secretaria Estadual de Desenvolvimento Social (Seds) a partir dos municípios que agregam em suas áreas de abrangência. Analisa o formato de regionalização das 26 Diretoria Regional de Assistência de Desenvolvimento Social (Drads) comparando-o com o formato regional das Mesorregiões e das Microrregiões do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Aplica o mesmo método comparativo com o formato regional das Regiões Administrativas, Regiões de Governo e Regiões Metropolitanas do estado de São Paulo, a partir dos resultados de similitude/discrepância entre o formato regional de cada Drads com as formas de regionalização com as quais convive. Realiza por fim exame detalhado de nove regiões de Drads, selecionadas dentre as 26, pela maior similitude com as demais regionalizações do estado de São Paulo, a saber: Alta Noroeste, Araraquara, Baixada Santista, Bauru, Barretos, Franca, Ribeirão Preto, Vale do Paraíba, Vale do Ribeira

Work is an essential activity that provides goods or services of value to oneself and others. Paradoxically, in a bid for self-realisation, workers are seriously endangered. Work-related or induced diseases and stresses pose serious threats to workers’ health and the general well-being, hence, the need to seriously consider the issue of occupational health and safety of workers. In terms of safety at work, the experience of small and medium scale enterprises (SMSEs) worldwide is that of neglect. Their incomes are very low and uncertain, coupled with high levels of risk and hazard in their work, with little or no social protection coverage (Chen, 2008). This study therefore examines how environmental and sociological factors determine occupational health and safety of workers in SMSEs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Ulrich Beck “Risk Society” theory, Political Economy of Health framework (PEH) (Minkler et al 1994, Linnan et al, 2001) and Labour Process Theory (LPT) (Braverman, 1974; Marx, 1976; Bottome, 1991) underpinned the study. The study adopts both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The qualitative method includes field observation of the selected workplaces, six Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and eight In-depth interviews (IDIs). The quantitative involved the use of structured questionnaire. The sample survey involved 180 respondents in a multi-stage sampling technique from purposively selected sawmills, mechanic villages and blacksmith cottages in three Local Government Areas in Lagos State. The quantitative data analysis uses simple percentile and univariate analyses, while the qualitative data are content-analysed, based on the objectives of the study. The findings identified low level of education (60.5%), and poor awareness of OHS in SMSEs (86.1%). It further reveals poor physical (69.5%) and technological environment (70.5%), unavailability of OHS facilities (60.5%) and prevention methods by manager/owners (60.5%), carefree attitudes of workers/managers/owners to OHS (69.5), non-acquaintance of workers to OHS laws (86.1%), workers’ economic incapacitation to deal with issues of occupational hazard (76.1%), lack of enforcement of OHS (88.3%), and transferring knowledge on OHS (82.2%) in the selected SMSEs. The study recommends roles for managers/owners, workers, trade associations, government, non-governmental organisations to promote effective OHS in the selected SMSEs. / Sociology / D.Phil. (Sociology)

O objeto de estudo é a reforma do sistema de justiça no Brasil, abordada por uma etnografia da criação e implantação dos Centros de Integração e Cidadania – CIC, um programa implantado pelo governo do estado de São Paulo desde 1996, visando melhorar o acesso à justiça para a população pobre e a articulação das instituições de justiça (Polícia Civil, Ministério Público, Poder Judiciário, entre outros). A pesquisa reconstruiu o idéario de criação do CIC como um movimento de reforma da justiça, animado por magistrados e outros operadores jurídicos, no contexto dos movimentos por democracia política e social e universalização dos direitos humanos dos anos 1980. A história do CIC, de suas apropriações, mudanças de rumo, adaptações, deslocamentos e resultados, é uma história de lutas em torno do significado da expansão do Estado de direito – conseqüentemente sobre o que e como reformar ou conservar nos serviços de justiça. A pesquisa interrogou o campo da gestão estatal de conflitos, a partir do que se pode observar no seu alcance capilar, em suas extremidades: para o discurso de criação do CIC, o funcionamento da justiça na periferia transformaria todo o sistema; para a pesquisa tratou-se de uma oportunidade de observar um conjunto de instituições operando no mesmo campo, de observar o sistema de justiça pelas suas franjas, pelos postos de trabalho de pouco prestígio, procurando a microfísica do poder em suas extremidades, interrogando os efeitos concretos do funcionamento dos serviços de justiça. A análise sobre a mediação de conflitos nos diversos serviços de justiça disponíveis nos postos do CIC, sob a perspectiva da interpretação dos rituais de resolução de conflitos, preparou as conclusões da pesquisa sobre a oferta dos serviços de justiça para a população pobre e as dificuldades em democratizá-los. A fragmentação e a pluralidade de rituais de resolução empregados por agentes públicos não reflete a expansão do Estado de direito, pretendida pelo movimento de reforma; reflete antes a concorrência de juridicidades mobilizadas nas relações de poder entre as partes em conflito e delas com os agentes estatais. A liberdade de mobilização de diversos rituais de resolução de conflitos, com diversos resultados, corresponde à pluralidade de relações de poder estabelecidas e visões circulantes sobre o direito; contudo não estabelece garantias jurídicas ou simbólicas de eficácia, minando a eficácia do primado do direito estatal. A tese encerra-se com análise da corporificação dos operadores jurídicos e os rituais de distinção do campo jurídico, buscando demonstrar como eles se inscrevem no corpo, no tempo e no espaço. / The object of this thesis is the justice system reform in Brazil, analyzed by an ethnographical approach on the creation and implementation of the Citizenship Integration Centres – CIC, a program developed by São Paulo State government since 1996 and designed for enlarging poor population access to justice and improving the articulation among justice system institutions (Police, Prosecution Office and Judiciary). The research reconstructed the CIC creation frame as a justice system reform movement, sustained by magistrates and other legal operators, in a context of movements for political and social democracy and universalization of human rights in the 1980’s. The history of the CIC, its appropriations, route changes, adaptations, dislocations and outcomes, is a history of disputes surrounding the meaning of the rule of law expansion and, therefore, disputes on what and how to reform or conserve in justice services. The research interrogated the field of state management of conflicts, from what one can observe in its capillarity, in its extremities: for the CIC creation discourse, the functioning of justice in poor neighborhoods was a mean to transform all justice system; for the research, this was a chance to observe a set of institutions operating in the same field, to observe the justice system by its fringes, by the ranks of word of lower prestige, to look for the power microphysics in its extremities and to interrogate the real effects of justice services functioning. The analysis of conflict mediation in the different justice services available in CIC, under the perspective of the conflict resolution rituals interpretation, prepared the research conclusions about the offers of justice services for the poor and the difficulties in democratizing them. The fragmentation and plurality of conflict resolution rituals undertaken by public agents do not reflect the expansion of the rule of law intended by the justice reform movement; it reflects the competition of laws mobilized in power relations between the conflict parts and between them and state agents. The freedom to mobilize different conflict resolution rituals, with different outcomes, corresponds to the plurality of law perspectives and power relations established. However, it does not establish legal or symbolic guarantees of effectiveness, mining the effectiveness of the state law primate. The last part of the thesis analyses the legal operators’ embodiment and the rituals of distinction on legal field, aiming to demonstrate how they are inscribed in the body, time and space.

O objeto de estudo é a reforma do sistema de justiça no Brasil, abordada por uma etnografia da criação e implantação dos Centros de Integração e Cidadania – CIC, um programa implantado pelo governo do estado de São Paulo desde 1996, visando melhorar o acesso à justiça para a população pobre e a articulação das instituições de justiça (Polícia Civil, Ministério Público, Poder Judiciário, entre outros). A pesquisa reconstruiu o idéario de criação do CIC como um movimento de reforma da justiça, animado por magistrados e outros operadores jurídicos, no contexto dos movimentos por democracia política e social e universalização dos direitos humanos dos anos 1980. A história do CIC, de suas apropriações, mudanças de rumo, adaptações, deslocamentos e resultados, é uma história de lutas em torno do significado da expansão do Estado de direito – conseqüentemente sobre o que e como reformar ou conservar nos serviços de justiça. A pesquisa interrogou o campo da gestão estatal de conflitos, a partir do que se pode observar no seu alcance capilar, em suas extremidades: para o discurso de criação do CIC, o funcionamento da justiça na periferia transformaria todo o sistema; para a pesquisa tratou-se de uma oportunidade de observar um conjunto de instituições operando no mesmo campo, de observar o sistema de justiça pelas suas franjas, pelos postos de trabalho de pouco prestígio, procurando a microfísica do poder em suas extremidades, interrogando os efeitos concretos do funcionamento dos serviços de justiça. A análise sobre a mediação de conflitos nos diversos serviços de justiça disponíveis nos postos do CIC, sob a perspectiva da interpretação dos rituais de resolução de conflitos, preparou as conclusões da pesquisa sobre a oferta dos serviços de justiça para a população pobre e as dificuldades em democratizá-los. A fragmentação e a pluralidade de rituais de resolução empregados por agentes públicos não reflete a expansão do Estado de direito, pretendida pelo movimento de reforma; reflete antes a concorrência de juridicidades mobilizadas nas relações de poder entre as partes em conflito e delas com os agentes estatais. A liberdade de mobilização de diversos rituais de resolução de conflitos, com diversos resultados, corresponde à pluralidade de relações de poder estabelecidas e visões circulantes sobre o direito; contudo não estabelece garantias jurídicas ou simbólicas de eficácia, minando a eficácia do primado do direito estatal. A tese encerra-se com análise da corporificação dos operadores jurídicos e os rituais de distinção do campo jurídico, buscando demonstrar como eles se inscrevem no corpo, no tempo e no espaço. / The object of this thesis is the justice system reform in Brazil, analyzed by an ethnographical approach on the creation and implementation of the Citizenship Integration Centres – CIC, a program developed by São Paulo State government since 1996 and designed for enlarging poor population access to justice and improving the articulation among justice system institutions (Police, Prosecution Office and Judiciary). The research reconstructed the CIC creation frame as a justice system reform movement, sustained by magistrates and other legal operators, in a context of movements for political and social democracy and universalization of human rights in the 1980’s. The history of the CIC, its appropriations, route changes, adaptations, dislocations and outcomes, is a history of disputes surrounding the meaning of the rule of law expansion and, therefore, disputes on what and how to reform or conserve in justice services. The research interrogated the field of state management of conflicts, from what one can observe in its capillarity, in its extremities: for the CIC creation discourse, the functioning of justice in poor neighborhoods was a mean to transform all justice system; for the research, this was a chance to observe a set of institutions operating in the same field, to observe the justice system by its fringes, by the ranks of word of lower prestige, to look for the power microphysics in its extremities and to interrogate the real effects of justice services functioning. The analysis of conflict mediation in the different justice services available in CIC, under the perspective of the conflict resolution rituals interpretation, prepared the research conclusions about the offers of justice services for the poor and the difficulties in democratizing them. The fragmentation and plurality of conflict resolution rituals undertaken by public agents do not reflect the expansion of the rule of law intended by the justice reform movement; it reflects the competition of laws mobilized in power relations between the conflict parts and between them and state agents. The freedom to mobilize different conflict resolution rituals, with different outcomes, corresponds to the plurality of law perspectives and power relations established. However, it does not establish legal or symbolic guarantees of effectiveness, mining the effectiveness of the state law primate. The last part of the thesis analyses the legal operators’ embodiment and the rituals of distinction on legal field, aiming to demonstrate how they are inscribed in the body, time and space.

p. 1-156 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-24T19:39:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66666666.pdf: 1408690 bytes, checksum: 4fd8af2fad2067739370284758cf6a1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:26:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66666666.pdf: 1408690 bytes, checksum: 4fd8af2fad2067739370284758cf6a1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66666666.pdf: 1408690 bytes, checksum: 4fd8af2fad2067739370284758cf6a1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Entender o planejamento como objeto de investigação pressupõe identificar suas várias concepções e usos na construção do sistema de saúde brasileiro. O local de investigação é uma Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, instituição em processo de redefinição de papéis e de atribuições que exige mudanças na sua forma de pensar, de se organizar e de se relacionar tanto no ambiente interno, quanto no ambiente externo, assumindo características de uma instituição hipercomplexa (Testa, 1997). A estratégia de pesquisa escolhida foi o estudo de caso. O objetivo geral do estudo procurou entender como e por que políticas e projetos foram formulados, se existia coerência entre os propósitos e as atividades desenvolvidas; identificar as concepções teóricas, as metodologias utilizadas e as possíveis transformações tecnológicas e políticas no âmbito da SES-SE, no período de 2003-2006. O modelo teórico proposto para entender a problemática articula a teoria da produção social, os triângulos de governo e de ferro (Carlos Matus,1997) e o postulado da coerência (Mário Testa, 1997) para auxiliar a análise da relação entre os cenário político, de saúde e do governo e a trajetória do planejamento (coerência entre os propósitos, os métodos e a organização). O desenho organizacional fragmentado, a ausência de propósitos comuns entre a SES e o Governo, a situação de escassez técnica, administrativa e política foram as fragilidades identificadas. O estabelecimento de parcerias aumentou a governabilidade e a capacidade de governo. Entre os produtos e processos instituídos, a construção da Agenda e o método de planejamento e avaliação se revelam como processo de planejamento com base na ação comunicativa voltada para compromissos (Rivera, 1995). O método utilizado teve potência para influenciar o desenho da organização, foi se consolidando com o tempo, apoiado no fazer (saber operante) e no suporte técnico externo. A manutenção dos propósitos foi mais consistente em três áreas: na organização do sistema (através da Atenção Básica e HPP), do sistema de informação e da regulação. A maior fragilidade identificada foi no nível organizativo pela não formalização da mudança organizacional proposta. O vértice mais consistente do triângulo de ferro foi o sistema de prescrição e prestação de contas, indicando o momento de avaliação como espaço no qual se criou demanda pelo planejamento, permitindo corrigir rumos e onde os sujeitos assumiram o resultado do seus trabalhos. Esses achados parecem refletir a criação de uma identidade coletiva e de geração de inovações na esfera pública (nos serviços) e privada (na subjetividade). A SES-SE como sujeito coletivo, assume o papel de gestor estadual do sistema de saúde. As dificuldades na implementação de políticas públicas para o SUS e as dificuldades de manutenção de processos mais democráticos parecem conter elementos de crise do Estado, como mostram as contradições não resolvidas entre instituição, o governo, determinadas pelas características históricas do Estado brasileiro. / Salvador

Thème souvent oublié des réformes récentes de notre organisation territoriale, le droit patrimonial intercommunal n’est pourtant pas un non-sujet tant les enjeux l’entourant sont essentiels. Essentiels, d’une part, pour l’établissement public de coopération intercommunale et ses membres : exercice optimal des compétences et valorisation des biens sont les principaux défis que permet de relever le droit patrimonial intercommunal. Essentiels, d’autre part, pour l’État et le législateur : parvenir à un exercice cohérent des compétences tout en achevant et rationnalisant la carte intercommunale sans se préoccuper des impacts patrimoniaux paraît difficilement réalisable. Nous sommes donc convaincus que le droit patrimonial intercommunal doit devenir un véritable outil stratégique pour l’ensemble des acteurs de la coopération intercommunale. Si nous ajoutons à ces premières observations la circonstance que les règles composant ce que nous dénommons le droit patrimonial intercommunal ont peu changé depuis 1999 alors même que la coopération intercommunale et le contexte législatif dans lequel ses structures évoluent (l’entrée en vigueur du Code Général de la Propriété des Personnes Publiques en étant la parfaite illustration) ont connu de nombreux bouleversements, se pencher sur ce droit quelque peu particulier devient une nécessité. / Albeit oftentimes overlooked in French territorial organization reforms, inter-municipal property law is an essential topic with much at stake for various actors. Firstly, it is essential for inter-municipal cooperation syndicates and their members, for that it allows for the optimal exercise of competences and better use of goods. Secondly, it is essential for the state and the legislator: a coherent exercise of competences along with their rational distribution amongst local authorities can hardly go without considering impacts on property. Consequently, we are convinced that inter-municipal property law is a true strategical instrument for all the actors partaking in cooperation between towns. Additionally, if one considers that the rules that constitute what we call inter-municipal property law have not changed much since 1999, whilst the legal framework in which inter-municipal syndicates are placed has considerably evolved (the entry into force of the General Code for Public Legal Persons’ property being a perfect example), studying this somewhat peculiar field of law appears necessary.

Event Stream Processing (ESP) is a well-established approach for low-latency data processing enabling users to quickly react to relevant situations in soft real-time. In order to cope with the sheer amount of data being generated each day and to cope with fluctuating workloads originating from data sources such as Twitter and Facebook, such systems must be highly scalable and elastic. Hence, ESP systems are typically long running applications deployed on several hundreds of nodes in either dedicated data-centers or cloud environments such as Amazon EC2. In such environments, nodes are likely to fail due to software aging, process or hardware errors whereas the unbounded stream of data asks for continuous processing. In order to cope with node failures, several fault tolerance approaches have been proposed in literature. Active replication and rollback recovery-based on checkpointing and in-memory logging (upstream backup) are two commonly used approaches in order to cope with such failures in the context of ESP systems. However, these approaches suffer either from a high resource footprint, low throughput or unresponsiveness due to long recovery times. Moreover, in order to recover applications in a precise manner using exactly once semantics, the use of deterministic execution is required which adds another layer of complexity and overhead. The goal of this thesis is to lower the overhead for fault tolerance in ESP systems. We first present StreamMine3G, our ESP system we built entirely from scratch in order to study and evaluate novel approaches for fault tolerance and elasticity. We then present an approach to reduce the overhead of deterministic execution by using a weak, epoch-based rather than strict ordering scheme for commutative and tumbling windowed operators that allows applications to recover precisely using active or passive replication. Since most applications are running in cloud environments nowadays, we furthermore propose an approach to increase the system availability by efficiently utilizing spare but paid resources for fault tolerance. Finally, in order to free users from the burden of choosing the correct fault tolerance scheme for their applications that guarantees the desired recovery time while still saving resources, we present a controller-based approach that adapts fault tolerance at runtime. We furthermore showcase the applicability of our StreamMine3G approach using real world applications and examples.

Event Stream Processing (ESP) is a well-established approach for low-latency data processing enabling users to quickly react to relevant situations in soft real-time. In order to cope with the sheer amount of data being generated each day and to cope with fluctuating workloads originating from data sources such as Twitter and Facebook, such systems must be highly scalable and elastic. Hence, ESP systems are typically long running applications deployed on several hundreds of nodes in either dedicated data-centers or cloud environments such as Amazon EC2. In such environments, nodes are likely to fail due to software aging, process or hardware errors whereas the unbounded stream of data asks for continuous processing. In order to cope with node failures, several fault tolerance approaches have been proposed in literature. Active replication and rollback recovery-based on checkpointing and in-memory logging (upstream backup) are two commonly used approaches in order to cope with such failures in the context of ESP systems. However, these approaches suffer either from a high resource footprint, low throughput or unresponsiveness due to long recovery times. Moreover, in order to recover applications in a precise manner using exactly once semantics, the use of deterministic execution is required which adds another layer of complexity and overhead. The goal of this thesis is to lower the overhead for fault tolerance in ESP systems. We first present StreamMine3G, our ESP system we built entirely from scratch in order to study and evaluate novel approaches for fault tolerance and elasticity. We then present an approach to reduce the overhead of deterministic execution by using a weak, epoch-based rather than strict ordering scheme for commutative and tumbling windowed operators that allows applications to recover precisely using active or passive replication. Since most applications are running in cloud environments nowadays, we furthermore propose an approach to increase the system availability by efficiently utilizing spare but paid resources for fault tolerance. Finally, in order to free users from the burden of choosing the correct fault tolerance scheme for their applications that guarantees the desired recovery time while still saving resources, we present a controller-based approach that adapts fault tolerance at runtime. We furthermore showcase the applicability of our StreamMine3G approach using real world applications and examples.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à un dispositif, particulièrement critiqué à la fin des années 2000 pour son usage exponentiel et pour son indigence en matière de droits : la garde à vue. Loin de la restreindre à sa codification juridique d’acte d’enquête, la garde à vue peut alors être appréhendée comme un instrument désormais privilégié de gestion de la police et de la politique en matière de petite et moyenne délinquance. Mais sous le coup des injonctions européennes, le gouvernement français est contraint de la réformer en avril 2011. Le mis en cause a désormais le droit d’être assisté d’un avocat pendant toute la durée de l’interrogatoire. Avec cette réforme, la garde à vue incarne une tension entre, d’une part, l’intensification de la répression de certaines populations et d’autre part, la reconnaissance de droits nouveaux qui leur sont accordés. À partir d’une enquête mêlant études de débat, ethnographie et questionnaire, l’objet de cette thèse est d’interroger la mise en œuvre et les effets de cette réforme paradoxale sur l’institution policière. La réforme de la garde à vue ne peut pas être appréhendée comme une simple modalité d’action publique. Elle constitue un moment critique de transformation des modalités de relations de l’État aux administrés, complexifiées par l’introduction des avocats en interrogatoire. Les effets de la présence de l’avocat varient, selon les usages qui sont faits de la garde à vue (d’une mesure de contention à un acte d’enquête), liés à la position des agents et des services dans la hiérarchie des prestiges policiers, et selon les propriétés sociales des gardés à vue, des policiers, et des avocats. La rencontre des uns et des autres peut prendre la forme d’une configuration d’alliance, de conflit, de concurrence, selon les différentes variables étudiées. Par l’étude de ces configurations d’interrogatoires, situées et incarnées, nous montrons qu’à chaque type de population est attaché un usage spécifique de la garde à vue. Ainsi, l’entrée par la garde à vue permet plus largement de voir la justice et la gestion des illégalismes par l’État en train de se faire. / This PhD investigates an apparatus that attracted considerable criticism in the late 2000s for being overused and failing to ensure enough rights: garde à vue, which roughly translates as police custody. Far from being only an investigative act, as its legal definition goes, garde à vue increasingly operates as a key instrument for the police and political management of petty crime. To meet the EU’s demands, however, the French government was forced to reform the system in April 2011. Suspects now have the right to receive a lawyer’s assistance during their entire interrogation. The reform of garde à vue reflects a tension between the intensifying repression of specific populations and the recognition of new rights granted to them. Drawing on the study of debates, ethnographic material and a questionnaire, this research examines the implementation and the effects of this paradoxical reform on the police institution.The reform of garde à vue cannot be approached simply as a public policy shift. Beyond that, it constitutes a key juncture in the transformations of the relationships between the State and citizens resulting from the introduction of lawyers during the interrogations. Effects of the lawyer’s presence vary according to the uses of garde à vue (from a measure of restraint to an investigative act), which relate to the position of agents and departments in the hierarchy of police prestige, and the social properties of suspects, members of the police and lawyers. The interactions between these protagonists may be characterized by configurations of alliance, conflict or competition depending on the above variables. Through the situated, embodied analysis of these configurations of interrogation, I show that a distinct use of garde à vue corresponds to each type of population. The focus on police custody ultimately yields broader insights into justice and the State’s management of illegalisms in the making.