Syftet  med  studien  har  varit  att  explorativt  undersöka  skolpersonals –specialpe-dagoger och en psykolog –erfarenheter av att upptäcka och arbeta med grundsko-lebarn som har diagnosen adhd. Vidare har syftet varit att studera denna skolperso-nals  uppfattningar  om  skolans  sätt  att  anpassa  undervisningen  till  dessa  elevers behov samt eventuella konsekvenser av en eventuell adhd-diagnos.Studien  baserades  på  kvalitativa  intervjuer  med sjuspecialpedagoger en  skol-psykolog vid fem olika grundskolor inom samma kommun samt en skolpsykolog som  arbetar  med  grundskolor  inom  hela  kommunen.Intervjupersonerna arbetadevid såväl låg-, mellan som högstadiet. Analysen baserades på olika aspekter av Goffmans begreppsapparat, dessutom använder  jag  mig  av  en  feministisk  teoribildning  om  hur  flickor  och  kvinnor förväntas bete sig inom ramen för den normativa femininiteten. Samtliga intervju-personer ansågatt det fanns en klar risk för att flickor i högre grad än pojkar förblir oupptäckta eller åtminstone upptäckta senare under sin skolgång.Eftersom flickor tycks löpa en högre riskatt bli upptäckta senare än pojkar innebär detta att de även får den hjälp de behöver senare under sin skolgång. Att få hjälp senare kan innebära en nackdel med avseende på studiegång och arbete. Min slutsats äratt flickor med adhdär svårare att upptäcka än pojkar med samma diagnos, eftersom pojkar och flickors symtom är så olika. Dessutom är pojkars sätt att uttrycka sina svårigheter av en sådan art att det skapar en känsla av ”akut” medan flickors uttryckssätt inte stör omgivningen på samma sätt vilket innebär att de inte prioriteras på samma sätt som pojkar med adhd.Ytterligare en slutsats är att det förmodligen skulle vara lönsamt för samhället, åtminstone i ett längre perspektiv, att tidigt satsa på de barn som är i behov avsär-skilt stöd. Att hjälpa någon med adhd i tonåren eller i ung vuxenålder kostar för-modligen betydligt mer än om insatserna gjorts tidigt i skolan.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a produção de estigma em alunos negros e com deficiência no espaço escolar. As questões norteadoras foram: como são as experiências das pessoas negras e com deficiência na nossa sociedade? Como estes sujeitos habitam o espaço escolar? Estas questões são debatidas no campo da educação? Como é ser aluno negro e com deficiência na escola? Um aluno negro e com deficiência pode enfrentar duplamente estigmas no cotidiano do espaço escolar? Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa cartografada na micropolítica dos encontros usando entrevistas semiestruturadas a partir de um roteiro de perguntas abertas, organizadas em três eixos temáticos: aluno negro e as políticas públicas para as relações étnico-raciais na educação; aluno com deficiência e as políticas públicas em Educação Especial Inclusiva; aluno negro e com deficiência: o duplo estigma. As entrevistas foram realizadas com professoras e gestoras da rede municipal de Novo Hamburgo/RS. A fundamentação teórica se apóia em aspectos históricos acerca das relações sociais estabelecidas a respeito da população negra e das pessoas com deficiência no Brasil. Assim como no resgate histórico de legislações referentes ao tema, com ênfase aos avanços a respeito das possibilidades de acesso e permanência de ambos os recortes populacionais na educação. É também desenvolvido o conceito de estigma a partir de Goffman (1988) e de duplo estigma, entendido como possibilidade de exclusão social ainda maior na vida do público-alvo desta pesquisa. Os discursos foram organizados por meio dos três eixos temáticos, sendo identificada a existência de produção social de duplo estigma, vivenciada por alunos negros e com deficiência, no espaço escolar. / This study aimed to analyze the production of stigma regarding black and disabled students in at the school space. The main issues were: how are the experiences of black people and disabled in our society? How do these subjects inhabit the school space? Are these issues discussed in the educational field? What is it like to be a black and disabled student in school? A black student with disabilities may doubly face stigmas in the everyday life of the school space. This is a qualitative research charted in the micro-politics of meetings using semi-structured interviews from a script of open questions, organized in three thematic axes: black student and the public policies for ethnic-racial relations in education; disabled student and the public policies on Inclusive Special Education; black and disabled student: the double stigma. The interviews were held with teachers and managers of municipal schools in Novo Hamburgo/RS. The theoretical foundation relies on historical aspects of the social relations established regarding the black population and the people with disabilities in Brazil, as well as on the historical rescue of laws pertaining to the topic, with emphasis on developments regarding the accessibility and permanence of both population groups in education. It is also developed the concept of stigma from Goffman (1988) and the double stigma, understood as an even greater possibility of social exclusion in the life of these subjects. The speeches were organized in three thematic axes, and we could identify the existence of social production of double stigma, experienced by black and disabled students in the school space.

The purpose of this study is to examine depictions of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to reach an understanding of how they perceive their diagnosis. Furthermore the purpose of this study is to reach an understanding of how sense of stigmatisation can be related to the diagnosis and how depictions of ASD can affect the individual’s sense of stigmatisation. The study is based on narrative analysis of autobiographies by individuals diagnosed with ASD. The study is also based on document analysis of material containing facts about ASD. The theoretical approach used in the study is stigma theory. The study shows that individuals diagnosed with ASD perceive their diagnosis as part of their personality. Furthermore the study shows that receiving the diagnosis contributes to sense of stigma, but also contributes to self perception. The analysis discusses how knowledge of perceptions of stigma related to the diagnosis can be useful to professionals working with individuals with ASD.

Canadian society continues to stigmatize individuals with mental illness, despite the prevalence of mental illness in the population, decades of advocacy to combat mental illness stigma, and known negative sequelae of experiences of stigma by people affected by a mental illness. One negative impact of stigma is internalization of negative connotations attached to mental illness. Although there is extensive research on the stigma of mental illness, there is little information specifically about how youth with mental illness perceive the stigma of mental illness and how they respond to it. The current research sought to understand how youth who self-identify as having a mental illness experienced, perceived and internalized the stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of the stigma of mental illness. A simple content categorization method was used to identify key themes in the transcribed interviews of eleven youth in Vancouver Canada who identified as having mental illness. Qualitative analysis identified that the most frequent perpetrators of public stigma included casual acquaintances, family, friends, school staff, mental health professionals and authority figures. Youths’ accounts linked mental illness stigma with low mental health literacy, delayed mental health treatment and a low quality of life. The findings are considered with reference to implications for prevention of stigma, including enhanced mental health literacy for mental health professionals and the public aimed at increased understanding, sensitivity and empowerment of youth with mental illness and their families. / Graduate

This paper’s written by Fatih Kulbay and Robin Sütcü, which aim has been to explore how living in a territorially stigmatized place affects one's identity and self-image, but also of the impact that civil society have on the individuals sense of belonging. The aim has also been to exteriorize coping-strategies from the stigmatization. This field study is comprised of semi- structured interviews which have taken place in Fryshuset Husby and Reactor in Husby. Our theoretical framework has been Erving Goffman's concept of stigma which have made operationalized by Bruce G. Link and Jo C. Phelan. The thesis regarding grouping in Norbert Elias and John L. Scotsons The Established and the Outsiders have also been utilized in our analysis as well as previous research. The result has been varying overall on the individuals’ identity and self-image, which have in some cases been strengthened, in other cases lead to further insecurities or frustration, which in turn gave rise to different strategies. Furthermore, a correlation between one’s identity and sense of belonging to Husby and society at large respectively exists, which relates to Goffman's final phase of maturity where these organizations have had a positive impact on the individuals’ identity, self- image and belonging. / Denna uppsats har gjorts av Fatih Kulbay och Robin Sütcü och syftat till att undersöka hur ens identitet och självbild påverkas av att bo på en territoriellt stigmatiserad plats men också av den inverkan civilsamhället har på individens känsla av tillhörighet. Uppsatsen blottlägger även strategier för att hantera stigmat. Vår fältstudie har omfattats av semistrukturerade intervjuer, vilka tagit plats i Fryshuset Husby och Reactor i Husby. Primära teorin har varit Erving Goffmans begrepp stigma som gjorts empiriskt mätbar av Bruce G. Link och Jo C. Phelan. Dessutom har Norbert Elias och John L. Scotsons tes ur Etablerade och Outsiders om grupperingar använts i analysen samt tidigare forskning. Undersökningen har gett varierande resultat kring individernas identitet och självbild, som i vissa fall stärkts, i andra fall lett till osäkerhet och frustration vilka i sin tur givit upphov till olika strategier. Dessutom korreleras deras identitet och känsla av tillhörighet till Husby respektive övriga samhället, som relateras till Goffmans slutgiltiga mognadsfas där organisationer inom den stigmatiserade platsen haft en positiv påverkan på individens identitet, självbild och känsla av tillhörighet.

Previous research on stigma has identified many negative outcomes associated with its experience. These often include decreased affect and decreased life satisfaction. The present study examined sense of mastery - the sense of control one feels they have over the events in their life - as a moderator or mediator for these negative effects of stigma. To examine this, the Life Evaluations Survey was distributed to psychology students at a Southeastern university (N = 392). Participants completed measures of public stigma, self-stigma, sense of mastery, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction. Results revealed experiences of public and self-stigma were associated with a decreased sense of mastery. In addition, sense of mastery was found to partially explain the relationship between stigma and quality of life. By contrast, results did not support a moderating role of mastery. Findings suggests that stigmatized individuals experience a sense of diminished control over their lives, which translates into decreased positive affect and life satisfaction.

Thesis (M.A. (Clinical psychology )) --University of Limpopo, 2009 / This study is aimed at exploring the influence of shame and stigma on the psychological functioning of HIV/AIDS and cancer patients. Four hypotheses were stated and they are: 1. There will be a difference on the scores of shame and stigma and psychological functioning between HIV/AIDS and cancer patients. 2. Patients who experience shame and stigma are more likely to experience psychological dysfunction than those who do not. 3. Females will experience more shame and stigma, and then consequently report more psychological dysfunctions than males. 4. There will be a difference on the scores of shame and stigma and psychological functioning between age groups. Method: This study used a quantitative research design. A convenient sample of 100 HIV and cancer patients from different race, ethnicities, genders and age groups participated in this study. Statistical tests used to measure the results included means and ANOVAs. Results: Results revealed that HIV patients do experience more enacted stigma and anxiety than cancer patients. Enacted stigma and perceived community stigma were associated with anxiety, and depression. Females experienced more enacted stigma than males whiles males and internal felt stigma than females. There were age differences in the experience of somatic symptoms and internal felt stigma. Conclusion: Recommendation included that shame and stigma be addressed through stress management and the community counselling model.

<p>Individer som smittas av Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) och utvecklar Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ställs inte bara inför en livshotande sjukdom utan drabbas dessutom av stigma som är relaterat till fruktan för HIV/AIDS. Stigmatisering är ett globalt problem som kan leda till diskriminering och försämrad livskvalitet för personen i såväl den privata som den offentliga sfären. Orsaken till stigmatiseringen är komplex och problematiken existentiell. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att jämföra påverkan på individen vid sjukdomen HIV i Europa respektive Afrika söder om Sahara. Resultaten i studien baseras på 17 vetenskapliga artiklar där fokus ligger på anledningar till att berätta om eller dölja sin HIV-status och vilka konsekvenser detta val kan få för individens liv. Studien visar att stigmat relaterat till sjukdomen HIV/AIDS skiljer sig något i Europa och Afrika. Vissa likheter mellan de båda världsdelarna kunde skönjas, såsom att valet att berätta om sin sjukdom ofta föll på någon som den smittade individen ansåg sig ha en nära och förtroendefull relation till. Resultaten visar också att stigmatiseringens effekter kan slå hårdare mot den enskilda individen i Afrika än i Europa. I Afrika sker en omfattande forskning kring ämnet, till skillnad mot Europa.</p>

<p>The aim of this essay is to investigate what is burnout and how women who are affected by it manage their condition. Furthermore, we have investigated stigma and whether or not those affected by burnout are in turn stigmatised.</p><p>A qualitative approach has been used to achieve our aims with this project. To support our analysis we have interviewed ten women who all have been diagnosed with fatigue syndrome along with studying relevant literature. The main theories used in this investigation are the symbolic interaktionism by G.H Mead, the term stigma by Erving Goffman and different theories on coping.</p><p>The results show that the majority of women in the study had suffered from burnout due to work related stress and changes in their working environment. How they coped with and recovered from the condition depended on their own activity and how it related to their own support system. Moreover, we can see how nature plays a significant part for many of the affected women to return to a healthy life. We can observe that both the term stigma and how it manifests itself is complex and difficult to define. The majority of the women in this study could not themselves define the term stigma.</p><p>We have discovered that women suffering from burnout experience major changes in their lives and that there is much to learn from these women about both life in general and a person’s working life. From a social worker’s point of view, it is imperative to acknowledge the risks of always meeting the needs of others and the importance of recovery and reflection.</p>

In recent years, a number of reforms have been made regarding the provision of care to people experiencing psychiatric disabilities. The aim of these reforms was to enable these people to participate in society and to ”live as others”. This political ambition, as well as research on recovery, stands to a certain extent in contrast to the message conveyed in the media, where the mentally ill/disabled to a great extent are represented as dangerous and incurable. The aim of the thesis is to analyse if, and how a group of people experiencing psychiatric disabilities create a sense of being like others, and to relate the analysis to the historical emergence of the contemporary conception of mental illness/psychiatric disability. This thesis employs the method of interviews. I highlight the informants encounter with the historically based stereotype that defines the persons as unreasonable, irrational and incapable of taking care of themselves. When the informants face the stereotype, they act to reduce the negative consequences. The informants’ actions can be interpreted in terms of approaches and in this perspective the informants appear as strong actors, who, contrary to the stereotype, are capable of take care of themselves. Three approaches are described: expertise, adaptation, and distancing. In situations where the stereotype is not present, the informants can create a feeling of being like anyone else. Their stories show that the feeling of being like others is individual. The development taking place in the field is “path-dependent”, meaning that the initial activity, the differentiation of persons with mental illness and the subsequent events is a development following a pattern which could explain the failure of the good political intentions. It has progressed from closed institutions to an institutionalized care service.