Specialpedagogernas roll över tid har varit föränderlig och genom denna studie vill vi se vilka likheter och skillnader det finns mellan de olika stadierna F-6, 7-9 och gymnasiet. Även få en bild av vilka arbetsuppgifter som ingår regelbundet i specialpedagogens uppdrag samt se om och i så fall vilka arbetsuppgifter som specialpedagogen har som inte är specificerat i examensordningen. För att komma fram till ett resultat har vi genomfört en kvantitativ studie med online-enkäter ur ett slumpmässigt urval med den teoretiska förankringen i systemteorin. I studien framkommer det att specialpedagogerna oavsett stadie har likvärdiga arbetsuppgifter där alla uttrycker att de deltar i elevhälsan och dess arbete och en del specialpedagoger uttrycker att de skulle vilja vara mer delaktiga i utvecklingsarbetet. Det visar sig även att många av specialpedagogerna har arbetsuppgifter som inte överensstämmer med examensordningen såsom rastvakt och vikarie och detta är inte generellt för ett stadie utan återfinns i alla stadierna. / The special educators role has been changeable over time and in this study we want to see which similarities and differences we can see between the stages F-6, 7-9 and upper secondary school. We also want to get a picture of which assignment's that the special educator does regularly and if the special educator has assignments that is not specified in the education ordinance. To reach our result we have done a quantitative study with online- questionnaire with a random selection with a theoretical support in systems theory. In the study it reveals that the special educators irrespective of which stage they are working in have similar assignments, all of the special educators express that they are a part of the student health and the work they do together. Some special educators also expressed that they want to be more involved in the development of the school. In the result it also shows that many of the special educators has assignments that is not included in the education ordinance as break guard and substitute and we can not only see it in one stage, we can see this emerge in all stages.

Tidigare studier har visat att matematiken i svenska skolan till övervägande del handlar om att räkna i läroboken samtidigt som det också påvisats att dessa i för låg utsträckning innehåller uppgifter som låter eleverna arbeta med problemlösning. Forskning menar att problemlösningsförmågan handlar om att ha en bred repertoar av strategier och en förståelse för hur dessa hänger samman och hur de kan användas. Förmågan förklaras som att kunna tänka kreativt och värdera sina kunskaper för att på bästa sätt angripa ett problem. För att utveckla detta måste eleverna få diskutera, konstruera egna problem och lösa problem på många sätt. De måste också få lösa många problem under en lång period. Denna studie har jämfört två läroböcker i årskurs fem som används i skolor och tittat på deras innehåll och uppbyggnad för att se hur de möjliggör utvecklingen av problemlösningsförmågan. Studien visade att båda läromedlen innehåller en låg andel matematiska problem och eleverna uppmanas att diskutera mycket lite. Eleverna ombeds aldrig att lösa ett problem på fler än ett sätt och bara i det ena läromedlet får eleverna träna på att skapa egna problem. Slutsatsen blev att båda läromedlen behöver kompletteras med annan undervisning om eleverna ska utveckla problemlösningsförmågan i matematik. / Previous studies have shown that mathematics in Swedish school for most part consists of calculating in the textbook when it at the same time has been proven that the textbooks in a too low extent contains tasks that allow the pupils to work with problem solving. Research mean that the problem-solving ability is about having a broad repertoire of strategies and an understanding for how these are associated and how they can be used. The ability is described as being able to think creatively and to evaluate one’s knowledges to tackle a problem as good as possible. To develop this, the pupils need to get the opportunity to discuss, create own problems and solve problems in many ways. They also must get to solve many problems during a long period of time. This study has compared two textbooks for grade five which are used in Swedish schools and has looked at their content and structure to see how they enable the development of the problem-solving ability. The study showed that both textbooks contain a low proportion of mathematical problems and the pupils are encouraged to discuss very little. The pupils are never asked to solve a problem in more than one way and only in one of the teaching materials the pupils get to practice making own problems. The conclusion was that both teaching materials need to be complemented by other education if the pupils are to develop the problem-solving ability in mathematics.

O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um dos transtornos de maior prevalência na infância e adolescência. Pesquisas recentes demonstram que, ao menos do ponto de vista cognitivo, existem diferenças importantes no desenvolvimento de crianças com TDAH quando comparadas com crianças sem qualquer diagnóstico psiquiátrico. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o campo de pesquisa sobre o TDAH, buscando uma compreensão mais dinâmica deste transtorno, ultrapassando o nível descritivo dos sintomas, incorporando aspectos da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento. Acreditamos que a teoria de Piaget acerca do desenvolvimento psicológico, do processo de transição do estágio pré-operatório para o estágio operatório concreto de desenvolvimento, é um subsídio teórico importante para a compreensão deste transtorno, em especial a construção operatória da noção de tempo. A hipótese geral foi a de que crianças com TDAH apresentariam déficits no desenvolvimento de noções operatórias, como a conservação, reversibilidade e apreensão temporal. Foram entrevistadas 62 crianças, com idades entre 6 a 12 anos, subdividas em dois grupos: uma amostra clínica de crianças diagnosticadas com TDAH (n=32), e uma amostra de crianças sem diagnóstico (grupo controle, n=30). A amostra clínica foi também dividida entre crianças que faziam uso de metilfenidato, e crianças não medicadas, com o intuito de observar se a medicação exerceria alguma influência no desempenho das crianças em provas piagetianas. Para a composição dos grupos, foi utilizada a K-SADS-PL, elaborada segundo os critérios do DSM-IV. Com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis de desatenção e hiperatividade, os pais e/ou responsáveis responderam a dois questionários: a versão abreviada do questionário de Conners, e o Inventário dos Comportamentos de Crianças e Adolescentes entre 6 e 18 anos (CBCL). Tendo como referência a entrevista clínica de Piaget, foram aplicadas as seguintes provas piagetianas: Conservação das quantidades discretas; Mudança de critério dicotomia; as provas de Sucessão dos Acontecimentos Percebidos e da Simultaneidade, e O tempo da ação própria e a duração interior. Os resultados demonstram haver diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o desempenho das crianças dos diferentes grupos, para as provas piagetianas como um todo (p < 0,001), e, quando analisadas separadamente, para as provas de Conservação de Quantidades Discretas (p = 0,003), Simultaneidade (p = 0,004), e O tempo da ação própria e a duração interior (p < 0,001). Crianças com TDAH apresentaram uma tendência a terem suas respostas classificadas em níveis inferiores ao esperado, quando comparadas ao grupo controle. Em relação ao uso do metilfenidato na amostra clínica, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos. Apesar importante no tratamento, o metilfenidato não demonstrou ser suficiente para potencializar o desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças com TDAH, superando os déficits observados. Esses achados corroboram a hipótese de déficit na aquisição das noções operatórias em crianças com TDAH. Assim, são necessárias novas reflexões a respeito do TDAH, considerando alternativas de intervenções que considerem os déficits observados, ultrapassando o tratamento medicamentoso. / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in childhood and adolescence. Recent research shows that, at least from a cognitive level, there are important differences in the development of children with ADHD when compared with children without any psychiatric diagnosis. This work aims to contribute to the field of research on ADHD, seeking a more dynamic understanding of this disorder, surpassing the descriptive level of symptoms, incorporating aspects of Developmental Psychology. We believe that Piaget´s theory about the psychological development, the process of transition from pre-operative stage to concrete operative stage of development, is important for the theoretical understanding of this disorder, especially the construction of the operative notion of time. The general hypothesis was that children with ADHD present deficits in the development of operational concepts, such as conservation, reversibility and temporal seizure. Sixty two children, aged 6 to 12 years, were interviewed, and subdivided into two groups: a clinical sample of children diagnosed with ADHD (n = 32) and a sample composed by children without diagnosis (control group, n = 30). The clinical sample was divided between children who made use of methylphenidate, and children non-medicated, in order to see if the medication did some influence on the children´s performance in piagetian tasks. For the composition of groups, the K-SADS-PL was utilized, prepared according to the DSM-IV criteria. To assess the levels of inattention and hyperactivity, the parents and / or guardians answered two questionnaires: Conners´ Abbreviated Parents Rating Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). According to the Piaget´s clinical interview, the following tasks were applied: Conservation of discrete quantities; Change of criteria - dichotomy; the tasks Succession of Events Perceived; Simultaneity, and The time of the action and the internal duration. Results show statistically significant differences between the performance of children from different groups, for piagetians tasks as a whole (p <0001) and, when analyzed separately, for the tasks Conservation of Discrete Quantities (p = 0003), Simultaneity, (p = 0004), and The time of the action and the internal duration. (p <0001). Children with ADHD showed a tendency to take their responses classified at levels lower than expected when compared to the control group. Regarding the use of methylphenidate in the clinical sample, there was no significant difference between groups. Although necessary of treatment, methylphenidate has not be sufficient to enhance the cognitive development of children with ADHD, overcoming the deficits observed. These findings support the hypothesis of deficits in the acquisition of concepts operative in children with ADHD. This calls for new thinking about the ADHD, considering alternatives for interventions that consider the deficits observed, surpassing the drug treatment.

Um tema pouco estudado na literatura, mas frequentemente encontrado por empresas prestadoras de serviço, é o Problema de Escalonamento de Técnicos de Campos (Field Technician Scheduling Problem). O problema consiste em associar um número de tarefas - em diversos locais, com diferentes prioridades e com janelas de tempo - a uma quantidade de técnicos - com diferentes horários de expediente e com habilidades distintas - que saem no início do horário de trabalho da sede da empresa, para onde devem retornar antes do fim do expediente. Cada tarefa é atendida por um único técnico. Esse problema é estudado neste trabalho. A primeira parte do trabalho apresenta um modelo de programação linear inteira mista (PLIM) e, dada a complexidade do problema, heurísticas construtivas e meta-heurísticas foram desenvolvidas. Na função objetivo, procura-se principalmente maximizar o número ponderado de tarefas executadas em um dia de trabalho, de acordo com as suas prioridades. Em linhas gerais, as heurísticas construtivas ordenam as tarefas de acordo com um critério pré-estabelecido e, em seguida, designam cada uma a um dos técnicos capazes de realiza-la sem violar as restrições do problema. Tendo em conta o bom desempenho obtido em outros problemas semelhantes, foi adotado um Algoritmo Genético denominado Biased Random-Key Genetic Algorithms (BRKGA), que utiliza chaves aleatórias para codificar e decodificar as soluções. Codificadores e decodificadores adaptados ao problema foram desenvolvidos e testes computacionais são apresentados. As soluções obtidas em problemas de pequenas dimensões são comparadas com as soluções ótimas conhecidas e, para aprimorar a avaliação do desempenho nas instâncias médias e grandes, quatro procedimentos para obter limitantes superiores foram propostos. Testes computacionais foram realizados em 1040 instâncias. O BRKGA encontrou 99% das 238 soluções ótimas conhecidas e, nas 720 instâncias de dimensões médias e grandes, ficou em média a 3,8% dos limitantes superiores. As heurísticas construtivas superaram uma heurística construtiva da literatura em 90% das instâncias. A segunda parte do trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para o Problema de Escalonamento de Técnicos de Campo: um modelo biobjetivo, onde uma segunda função objetivo buscará que as tarefas prioritárias sejam realizadas o mais cedo possível. Uma versão multiobjectivo do BRKGA foi desenvolvida, considerando diversas estratégias para classificar a população do algoritmo e escolher as melhores soluções (estratégias de elitismo). Codificadores e decodificadores foram criados para o problema multiobjectivo. Os resultados computacionais obtidos são comparados com os resultados de um Algoritmo Genético conhecido na literatura, o Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). Para instâncias de pequenas dimensões, os resultados da meta-heurística proposta também são comparados com a fronteira ótima de Pareto de 234 instâncias, obtidas por enumeração completa. Em média, o BRKGA multiobjectivo encontrou 94% das soluções da fronteira ótima de Pareto e, nas instâncias médias e grandes, superou o desempenho do NSGA-II nas medidas de avaliação adotadas (porcentagem de soluções eficientes, hipervolume, indicador epsílon e cobertura). / An important topic in service companies, but little studied until now, is the field technician scheduling problem. In this problem, technicians have to execute a set of jobs or service tasks. Technicians have different skills and working hours. Tasks are in different locations within a city, with different time windows, priorities, and processing times. Each task is executed by only one technician. This problem is addressed in this thesis. The first part of the research presents the mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) and, due to the complexity of this problem, constructive heuristics and metaheuristics were proposed. The objective function is to maximize the sum of the weighted performed tasks in a day, based on the priority of tasks. In general terms, in the proposed constructive heuristics, jobs are ordered according to a criterion and, after that, tasks are assigned to technicians without violating constraints. A Genetic Algorithm (the Biases Randon Key Genetic Algorithm - -RKGA) is applied to the problem, based on its success in similar problems; the BRKGA uses random keys and a decoder transforms each chromosome of the Genetic Algorithm into a feasible solution of the problem. Decoders and encoders adapted to the problem were developed and computational tests are presented. A comparison between the solutions of the heuristic methods and optimal solutions values was also conducted for small instances and, to analyze medium and large instances, four upper bound models were proposed. Computational experiments with 1040 instances were carried out. The BRKGA reached 99% of the 238 optimal solutions and, for 720 medium and large instances, the average upper bound gap was 3,8%. Constructive heuristics overcame a heuristic of the literature in 90% of the instances. The second part of this research presents a new approach of the Field Technician Scheduling Problem: a multiobjective model, with a second objective function to execute the priority tasks as soon as possible. A multiobjective BRKGA was developed, with different strategies to classify the Genetic Algorithm population and to select the elite solutions (elite strategies). Decoders and encoders were developed for the multiobjective problem too. The results were compared with a known Genetic Algorithm, the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). For 234 small instances, the results were compared with the Pareto optimal solutions, obtained by complete enumeration. On average, the BRKGA found 94% of the Pareto optimal solutions and, for 720 medium and large instances, outperformed the NSGA-II by means of the measures adopted (percentage of efficient solutions, hypervolume, epsilon and coverage).

O desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle em plataformas de tempo real é uma tarefa que envolve Engenharia de Controle e Ciência da Computação. Nas últimas décadas, estas áreas se desenvolveram como áreas independentes. Este trabalho busca diminuir distância entre as áreas propondo a utilização de métodos de Engenharia de Software em uma fase de modelagem do software de controle. Uma das propostas apresentadas no trabalho é a utilização de frameworks orientados a objetos no processo de Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) para substituir a geração automática de código, eliminar os problemas de integração com código legado e tornar o processo RCP mais interativo. Outra proposta é a utilização de plataformas para RCP composta por uma camada de hardware real, uma camada SOTR e uma camada de aplicação formada pelo framework para análise e desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle centralizado ou distribuído. / The development of real-time platform control systems is a task that involves Control Engineering and Computer Science. In the last decade, these areas have developed independent from each other. This paper seeks to decrease the distance between this areas, by proposing the use of Software Engineering methods in a software control modeling phase. One of the propositions in this paper is the use of object orientated frameworks in the Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) process to substitute the automatic code generation, thus eliminating the problems with the legacy code and making the RCP process more interactive. Another proposition is the use of RCP directed platforms composed by a real hardware layer, a RTOS layer and an application layer formed by the framework for the analysis and development of the centralized or distributed control systems.

Les architectures reconfigurables à base de FPGA sont capables de fournir des solutions adéquates pour plusieurs applications vu qu'elles permettent de modifier le comportement d'une partie du FPGA pendant que le reste du circuit continue de s'exécuter normalement. Ces architectures, malgré leurs progrès, souffrent encore de leur manque d'adaptabilité fasse à des applications constituées de tâches matérielles de taille différente. Cette hétérogénéité peut entraîner de mauvais placements conduisant à une utilisation sous-optimale des ressources et par conséquent une diminution des performances du système. La contribution de cette thèse porte sur la problématique du placement des tâches matérielles de tailles différentes et de la génération efficace des régions reconfigurables. Une méthodologie et une couche intermédiaire entre le FPGA et l'application sont proposées pour permettre le placement efficace des tâches matérielles de tailles différentes sur des partitions reconfigurables de taille prédéfinie. Pour valider la méthode, on propose une architecture basée sur l'utilisation de la reconfiguration partielle afin d'adapter le transcodage d'un format de compression vidéo à un autre de manière souple et efficace. Une étude sur le partitionnement de la région reconfigurable pour les tâches matérielles de l'encodeur entropique (CAVLC / VLC) est proposée afin de montrer l'apport du partitionnement. Puis une évaluation du gain obtenu et du surcoût de la méthode est présentée / FPGA-based reconfigurable architectures can deliver appropriate solutions for several applications as they allow for changing the performance of a part of the FPGA while the rest of the circuit continues to run normally. These architectures, despite their improvements, still suffer from their lack of adaptability when confronted with applications consisting of variable size material tasks. This heterogeneity may cause wrong placements leading to a sub-optimal use of resources and therefore a decrease in the system performances. The contribution of this thesis focuses on the problematic of variable size material task placement and reconfigurable region effective generation. A methodology and an intermediate layer between the FPGA and the application are proposed to allow for the effective placement of variable size material tasks on reconfigurable partitions of a predefined size. To approve the method, we suggest an architecture based on the use of partial reconfiguration in order to adapt the transcoding of one video compression format to another in a flexible and effective way. A study on the reconfigurable region partitioning for the entropy encoder material tasks (CAVLC / VLC) is proposed in order to show the contribution of partitioning. Then an assessment of the gain obtained and of the method additional costs is submitted

Die vorliegende Dissertation umfasst vier Essays, in denen die Rolle von technologischem Fortschritt für die Beschäftigungs- und Lohnentwicklung in Deutschland in den vergangenen 30 Jahren untersucht wird. Die empirische Analyse nutzt die räumliche Variation in der Verteilung der Beschäftigungsanteile von Routinetätigkeiten, die durch Informationstechnologien substituierbar sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Arbeitsmärkte, die besonders durch Automatisierung betroffen sind, eine stärkere Polarisierung der Berufsstruktur zwischen 1979 und 2006 erfahren haben, d.h. eine Verschiebung der Beschäftigung von Routineberufen (Büro- und Produktionsberufe) hin zu kognitiven und manuellen Nicht-Routineberufen (Fach- und Führungskräfte bzw. Dienstleistungsberufe). Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen zeigt der zweite Aufsatz, dass technologischer Fortschritt positiv zu intra- und interregionaler Lohnungleichheit beiträgt. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem durch technologischen Wandel getriebenen Beschäftigungsanstieg am unteren Ende der Lohnverteilung und Beschäftigungschancen von Arbeitnehmern mit Migrationshintergrund. Die Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit der Hypothese, dass der technologisch bedingte Rückgang in der Nachfrage nach Routinetätigkeiten und die damit verbundene Reallokation in Berufe mit geringem Qualifikationslevel zu einem Anstieg des Wettbewerbsdrucks im Niedriglohnsektor führt, in dem ausländische Arbeitnehmer oftmals Beschäftigung finden. Der vierte Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der langfristigen Entwicklung der Zeitarbeit in den regionalen Arbeitsmärkten in Deutschland in den vergangenen 30 Jahren und zeigt, dass die anfängliche Verteilung der Beschäftigungsanteile für manuelle Nicht-Routinetätigkeiten und insbesondere für Routinetätigkeiten eine starke Vorhersagekraft für das regionale Beschäftigungswachstum von Zeitarbeit in Deutschland besitzt. / This thesis studies the role of technological change as a determinant of employment and wage trends in Germany over the past 30 years. The econometric analysis exploits spatial variation in the exposure to technological progress which arises due to initial regional specialization in routine task-intensive activities. The empirical evidence suggests that the occupational structure of labor markets that were particularly susceptible to technological change has polarized, as employment shifted from middle-skilled routine clerical and production occupations not only to high-paying professional occupations but also to low-paying service and construction occupations. Building on these results, the second essay explores whether and to what extent increasing labor market inequality within and across regions is driven by technological change and establishes a positive link between intra-regional wage inequality and computerization. Because of substantial variation in the degree of technology exposure across German regions, technological change can also in part explain rising inter-regional wage inequality. The third essay investigates the interaction between polarization in the native labor market and employment opportunities of immigrant workers in Germany. The findings are consistent with a technology induced reallocation of labor from middle-paying routine tasks towards lower-paying non-routine manual tasks inducing additional competitive pressure in this labor market segment in which immigrant workers are typically employed. Finally, the fourth essay provides an empirical analysis of the diverging patterns of employment in temporary help services across labor markets in Germany over the last 30 years. The differential growth pattern both at the level of occupations and across regional labor markets are found to be related to the initial intensity of routine and non-routine manual tasks.

Die drei Aufsätze dieser Dissertation liefern einen Beitrag zur empirischen Literatur bezüglich der Lohnbildung mit besonderem Fokus auf die Rolle von Arbeitsinhalten. Der erste Aufsatz analysiert das Lohngefälle zwischen Männern und Frauen in Hinblick auf die geschlechtspezifischen Tätigkeitsinhalte. Mit Hilfe eines neu zusammengestellten Datensatzes, der deutsche administrative Paneldaten mit individuellen Tätigkeitsinhalten kombiniert, wird der Zusammenhang zwischen ausgeübten Tätigkeiten und Löhnen sowie die Entstehung von Lohnunterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern in Deutschland zwischen 1986 und 2004 geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl Arbeitsinhalte, als auch deren Erträge geschlechtspezifisch sind. Außerdem tragen relative Preise für Tätigkeitseinheiten wesentlich zur Entwicklung des Lohngefälles zwischen den Geschlechtern bei, wobei sich Heterogenitäten entlang der Lohnverteilung zeigen. Der zweite Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der strukturellen Veränderung in der Nachfrage nach unterschiedlichen Berufsgruppen und nutzt die deutsche Wiedervereiningung als Quasi-Experiment. Die Berücksichtigung der Charakteristiken der Nachfrage nach bestimmten Berufen ermöglicht die Schätzung des kausalen Effekts eines erzwungenen Berufswechsels auf Löhne. Der abschließende Aufsatz fokussiert sich auf die Veränderungen der Arbeitsinhalte und deren Relation zu Individuallöhnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lohndifferenziale bei einem Berufswechsel stark mit der Ähnlichkeit der Inhalte zwischen dem Ausgangs- und Zielberuf zusammenhängen. Außerdem liefert dieser Aufsatz neue Evidenz hinsichtlich der positiven Relation zwischen den sich verändernden Arbeitsinhalten und den Löhnen von Arbeitnehmern, die keinen Berufswechsel erleben. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass wachsende Kompetenz in Tätigkeiten einen Teil des positiven Zusammenhanges zwischen Löhnen und der Dauer des Beschäftigungsverhältnisses erklärt. / This thesis consists of three essays that contribute to the empirical literature on wage formation regarding job contents. The first essay analyzes the formation and the closing of the gender pay gap with respect to gender-specific task inputs in 1986-2004 in Germany. Using a newly constructed data set that combines administrative panel data on wages with individual-level task information, I am able to estimate the association of individual task profiles with wages and their contribution to the formation of the pay gap. The results document that task contents and returns to them are gender-specific. In particular, relative prices for task-specific units are substantially related to the formation of the wage gap, though the evidence exhibits heterogeneity along the wage distribution. The second essay is devoted to the shifts in the demand for occupations based on the quasi-experimental case of occupational demand shifts in East Germany after reunification. Taking the parameters of the demand for particular occupations into account helps to identify the causal effect of imposed occupational change on wages. The magnitude of the estimated wage effect is huge and persistent, though it points towards a positive selection of the group of employees who experienced an occupational change due to reunification. The third essay focuses on the changes of job contents and their relation to individual wages. The estimation results show that the wage differential due to an occupational change correlates significantly with the degree of similarity between the source and the target occupation. Moreover, the essay provides novel evidence on the positive relation of changing occupational contents with wages for employees who stay in their occupation, which implies that a part of the effect of tenure on wages is due to the increasing proficiency in job tasks.

Diese Dissertation untersucht individuelle Unterschiede in der Adaptation von Jugendlichen und fokussiert auf jugendliche Immigranten. Sie postuliert ein übergreifendes Rahmenmodell, das entwicklungs-, akkulturations-, und intergruppenpsychologische Ansätze integriert, um ein umfassendes Verständnis der Adaptationsprozesse zu erlangen. Von diesem Rahmenmodell werden zwei Forschungsfragen abgeleitet. Die erste Frage lautet, wie ist das Zusammenspiel von Entwicklungs- und Akkulturationsaufgaben? Die zweite Frage lautet, wie ist das Zusammen-spiel dieser Aufgaben mit den Beziehungen zu der Familie und den Gleichaltrigen? Die Dissertation basiert auf drei empirischen Studien, die längsschnittliche Daten von Schülern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund verwendeten. Studie 1 zeigte, dass eine gut funktionierende Familie und die Beteiligung an der Herkunfts- und Aufnahmekultur Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen und ethnische Identität vorhersagten. Studie 2 ergab, dass soziometrische Beliebtheit in der In- aber nicht der Outgroup Selbstwert von Jugendlichen vorhersagte, was durch selbstwahrgenommene Beliebtheit mediiert wurde. Studie 3 zeigte, dass soziometrische Beliebtheit bei Klassenkameraden ohne, aber nicht bei solchen mit, Migrationshintergrund ein geringes persönliches Diskriminationserleben in jugendlichen Migranten vorhersagte. Zusammenfassend hat diese Dissertation das Rahmenmodell erfolgreich angewendet, in dem sie gezeigt hat, dass positive Beziehungen mit der Familie und Gleichaltrigen Ressourcen für das Bewältigen von Entwicklungs- und Akkulturations-aufgaben darstellten, die miteinander verwoben waren. Die wesentliche Implikation ist, dass jede der beiden Kulturen und sozialen Gruppen eine Quelle unterschiedlicher Risiken und Ressourcen ist, die alle wichtige Aspekte der Adaptation sind. Diese Dissertation ist ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung eines kontextualisierten und integrativen Verständnisses der Adaptation von Jugendlichen in einer modernen Gesellschaft. / This dissertation examines individual differences in the adaptation of adolescents and focuses on the case of immigrant adolescents. It proposes a guiding framework that integrates developmental, acculturative, and intergroup approaches in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the processes underlying adaptation. From this framework, I derive two core research questions that guide the three empirical studies of this dissertation. First, what is the longitudinal interplay of developmental tasks and acculturative tasks? Second, what is the longitudinal interplay of either of these two tasks and the quality of adolescents’ relationships with family and peers? This dissertation is based on three studies that used the same longitudinal data set of immigrant and host-national students. Study 1 showed that family functioning and involvement in host and ethnic cultures predicted immigrant adolescents’ self-efficacy and ethnic identity. Study 2 revealed that sociometric peer likability by ingroup but not outgroup classmates predicted self-esteem of both immigrants and host-nationals, which was fully mediated by their self-perceived likability. Study 3 demonstrated that sociometric peer likability by host-national but not by immigrant classmates predicted low perceptions of personal discrimination in immigrant adolescents. In summary, this dissertation successfully applied the proposed integrative framework by demonstrating that positive relationships with family and peers represented resources for adolescents’ mastery of their acculturative and developmental tasks, which in turn were intertwined. The main implication is that each of the two cultures and societal groups presents immigrant adolescents with different risks and resources that are all important aspects of their adaptation. In sum, this dissertation is an important step toward a more contextualized and integrative understanding of the adaptation of adolescents in a modern society.

Title: The differences in skating performance by training of changes of directional speed and partial skating tasks in U12 ice hockey players Objectives: The main objective of the thesis is to compare the effectivity of training of ice skating while using exercises of changes of directional speed and training of partial skating tasks and its influence on speed-skilful test within players of senior school age (U12). At the same time, I am trying to compare which of methods regarding the development of ice skating's skill is more effective whether it is a method in whole (skilful exercises) or a method in parts (development of skating elements). Methods: Method of quantitative analysis of results of eight ice-skating tests performed on players of senior school age was utilized in the thesis. The tested sample was formed by thirteen players from sixth grade of the HC Slavia Praha team. The study includes three test measurements. First test measurement is the entry one, the second follows after the intervention from training of changes of directional speed and the third test measurement is performed after the intervention from partial skating tasks. The obtained data was recorded in charts and afterwards statistically processed by a method "A scale of magnitudes". This method enables to calculate...