I dagens samhälle finns det ett antal arbetstagare som har anställning på begränsad tid. Denna uppsats utreder regleringarna kring visstidsanställningar samt vilket förhållande som finns mellan visstidsanställningar och samhället. Fokus i detta arbete är att undersöka hur visstidsanställningar regleras och hur dessa inverkar på individer i Sverige. För att få full förståelse behandlar uppsatsen vidare EU:s syn på Sveriges reglering av visstidsanställda. Samhällets utveckling behandlas kort för att nå en djupare kännedom om behovet av visstidsanställningar i Sverige. I anslutning till samhällsutvecklingen undersöks konsekvenser för arbetstagare och arbetsgivare vid tillämpning av visstidsanställningar. Slutligen kartläggs fördelningen av visstidsanställningar bland grupper av individer i samhället. Underlaget för denna uppsats baseras främst på berörda lagrum, förarbeten, rättsfall och doktrin. Materialet kompletteras med statistik på antalet visstidsanställningar i samhället samt fördelning av visstidsanställningar i samhället.I uppsatsen har det framkommit att det är enkelt för arbetsgivare att anställa en arbetstagare på begränsad tid. Uppsatsen belyser att det finns två typer av visstidsanställningar där den ena är mer fördelaktig än den andra för anställda. Av uppsatsen framgår det att främst kvinnor har den mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som inte är frivilligt vald. Män är något överrepresenterade vad gäller den mer fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som är frivilligt vald och har positiv inverkan på löneutvecklingen. En slutsats från detta resonemang är att många visstidsanställda kvinnor missgynnas. För att uppnå jämställdhet på den svenska arbetsmarknaden borde kvinnor och män vara lika representerade även i de mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningarna. / In today’s society there are a number of employees who are hired for a limited time. This paper investigates the regulations regarding fixed-term employment and the relationship between this type of employments and the society. To focus on this work regulation regarding fixed-term employments must be investigated and also how these affect the individuals in Sweden. To gain a full understanding the paper also deals with how other countries within EU relate to how Sweden handles the regulation of the fixed-term employments. The development of the society is shortly treated to reach a deeper understanding about the needs of temporary employments in Sweden. In connection with the development of the society, the consequences are investigated how the application of fixed-term employments will affect the employees and the employers. Finally, the distributions of temporary employments among groups of individuals in the society are mapped. The foundation of this paper is mainly based on the relevant section of law, preparation work, legal cases and doctrines. The material will be completed with statistics on the number of fixed-term employments and the distribution of these in the society.The paper shows that it is easy for employers to hire an employee for a limited time. The paper also shows that there are two types of fixed-term employments for employees, where one is more favorable than the other. It is mostly women who have less favorable fixed-term employments, and most of these jobs are not freely chosen. Men are slightly over-represented in terms of more favorable fixed-term employments which are often freely chosen and have a positive impact on the wages. The conclusion of this reasoning is that many temporary employed women are mistreated. In order to achieve equality on the Swedish labor market, both women and men should be equally represented even in the less favorable fixed-term employments.

In dieser Arbeit werden planare plasmonische Schichtsysteme unter Verwendung der transparenten leitfähigen Oxide (TCOs) Zinkgalliumoxid (GZO) und Indiumzinnoxid (ITO) untersucht, die mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie realisiert werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass solche hochdotierten Schichten aus GZO und ITO sich wie ein Drude-Metall mit einer einstellbaren Plasmafrequenz verhalten und Oberflächenplasmon-Polaritonen (SPPs) aufweisen, die über einen breiten NIR-Spektralbereich abstimmbar sind. Die TCOs können in mehreren Schichten mit unabhängig voneinander einstellbaren Dicken und Dotierungen der einzelnen Schichten gezüchtet werden. Diese abstimmbaren Mehrschichtstrukturen ermöglichen die Realisierung plasmonischer Konfigurationen, die für eine Vielzahl komplexer hybridisierter SPP-Zustände maßgeschneidert sind. Unter anderem wird unter Ausnutzung der Photon-Plasmon-Hybridisierung ein Stopped-Light-Resonator auf Basis von ITO demonstriert. Das Mehrschichtenregime kann zu einem Übergitter aus periodisch abwechselnd dotierten und undotierten TCO-Schichten erweitert werden, das ein hyperbolisches Metamaterial (HMM) darstellt. Die Parameter dieses HMM können nach Bedarf eingestellt werden, was HMMs mit einer maßgeschneiderten Zusammensetzung ihrer einzigartigen spektralen Permittivitätsintervalle ermöglicht. Mithilfe von GZO wird ein HMM in eine planare optische Mikrokavität monolitisch eingebettet. Dieser neuartige NIR-Resonator weist eine anomale Modendispersion auf, einschließlich einem Kontinuum von Moden hoher Ordnung und einer von der Resonatorlänge unabhängigen Mode nullter Ordnung, welche Subwellenlängen-Resonanzen ermöglichen können. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Mode nullter Ordnung bei einer Kavitätslänge deutlich unterhalb ihrer Wellenlänge fortbesteht und ihre Dispersion durch den Füllfaktor des HMM steuerbar ist. Die Ergebnisse stellen somit ein neues allgemeines Konzept für die Realisierung eines Subwellenlängenresonators auf der Basis eines abstimmbaren HMM dar. / In this work, planar, layered plasmonic systems utilizing the transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) zinc gallium oxide (GZO) and indium tin oxide (ITO) facilitated by molecular beam epitaxy are investigated. It is shown that such highly doped layers of GZO and ITO prepared with behave as a Drude metal with a tunable plasma frequency and feature surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) that are tunable over a broad NIR spectral range. TCOs can be grown in the multilayer regime with independently adjusted thicknesses and doping levels of the individual layers. These tunable multilayer structures allow for the realization of plasmonic configurations tailored to support a variety of intricate hybridized SPP states. Particularly, exploiting photon-plasmon hybridization, a stopped-light cavity is demonstrated using highly doped ITO. The multilayer regime can be extended into a superlattice of periodically alternating doped and undoped TCO layers that constitutes a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM). The parameters of such an HMM can be set on-demand, thus allowing HMMs with a tailored composition of its unique spectral permittivity intervals. Utilizing GZO, an HMM is embedded in a planar optical microcavity monolithically. This novel type of a NIR optical resonator exhibits an anomalous resonant mode dispersion, including features like a high-order mode continuum and a cavity size independent zeroth-order mode, which can enable subwavelength resonances. It is demonstrated that the zeroth-order mode persists at cavity sizes significantly below its wavelength and its dispersion can be controlled by the fill factor of the HMM. Thus, the results propose a novel general concept for the realization of a subwavelength resonator on the basis of a tunable HMM.

There are many sustainability issues related to products, services, and business processes. For example, the production, usage, and disposal of IT equipment all impact sustainability. Therefore, buying more sustainable IT equipment can make a difference. More sustainable IT equipment can be acquired by selecting IT equipment with sustainability certification, such as TCO Certified. TCO Certified makes sustainable purchasing easier, which is useful in public procurement. Public procurement is complex to guarantee objectivity and transparency. Transparency in public procurement also means many public procurement documents are available, which can be analyzed. We hypothesized that the sustainability focuses in these public procurement documents (what the text is about) reflect the sustainability priorities of professional buyers (in their minds, which is indirectly observable). With this link, we investigated differences in sustainability priorities by using a machine learning model for predicting sustainability focuses in public procurement documents. By using a large language model, we automatically extracted sustainability focuses in procurement documents from the e-procurement platform TED. Thereby, we measured the sustainability focus of countries all over the globe. Through interviews with experts, we saw several indications that the used method is a good way of pinpointing sustainability priorities. We provide maps of sustainability focuses around the world (in section 4.12). Moreover, we analyze the results in-depth. One interesting finding includes indications that countries generally do not prioritize an issue more if the issue is of a larger concern. Counterintuitively, countries prioritize an issue more if the issue is of lesser concern. One example of this is circularity focus, which we note is generally less in countries with worse waste management. To our knowledge, analyzing sustainability focuses in procurement documents has not been done on this scale before. We believe these novel results can lead the way for a better understanding of sustainability priorities around the world. / Det finns många hållbarhetsproblem relaterade till produkter, tjänster och affärsprocesser. Till exempel finns det en hållbarhetspåverkan i produktion, användning och avfallshantering av IT-utrustning. Inköp av hållbarare IT-utrustning kan därför göra skillnad. Mer hållbar IT-utrustning kan erhållas genom att välja hållbarhetscertifierad IT-utrustning som exempelvis TCO Certified. TCO Certified gör hållbara inköp enklare och är särskilt användbart inom offentlig upphandling. Offentlig upphandling är komplext i objektivitet- och transparenssyfte. Transparens inom offentlig upphandling innebär också att många offentliga upphandlingsdokument finns tillgängliga och kan analyseras. Vi antog att hållbarhetsfokusen inuti dessa offentliga upphandlings-dokument (vad texten handlar om) hänger ihop med de professionella inköparnas hållbarhetsprioriteringar (deras tankar/känslor/intressen). Med denna länk undersökte vi skillnader i hållbarhetsprioriteringar genom att använda en maskininlärningsmodell för att uppskatta hållbarhetsfokus i offentliga upphandlingsdokument. Med en storskalig språkmodell extraherade vi automatiskt hållbarhetsfokus i dokument från Tenders Electronics Daily. Därigenom mätte vi hållbarhetsfokus för länder över hela världen. Genom intervjuer med experter såg vi flera indikationer på att den använda metoden är ett bra sätt att uppskatta hållbarhetsprioriteringar på. Vi presenterar kartor över hållbarhetsfokus runt om i världen (i avsnitt 4.12). Dessutom analyserar vi resultaten på djupet. En intressant upptäckt är att länder generellt inte prioriterar ett problem mer om problemet är allvarligare i det landet utan snarare tvärtom. Länder prioriterar ett problem mer om problemet är av lägre allvarlighetsgrad i det landet. Till exempel ser vi att cirkularitetsfokuset i offentliga upphandlingar är mindre i länder med sämre avfallshantering. Att analysera hållbarhetsfokus i upphandlingsdokument har inte tidigare gjorts på denna skala såvitt vi känner till. Vi tror våra resultat kan bidra till en bättre förståelse av hållbarhetsprioriteringar runt om i världen.

The modern supply chain is long, complex, interconnected and global, and plays a fundamental role in business competitiveness. These conditions, along with various supply chain management trends in recent years have increased risks in supply chains which threaten supply chain performance. Greater impact, especially on cost, from an increased threat of supply disruptions is one area of particular concern. Companies today are struggling to find effective means to manage this increased risk and avoid adverse financial impacts. An approach to managing supply disruption risk in supply chains based on the minimization of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the supply chain is explored in this thesis. Insights are provided into an appropriate view of supply chain risk and a general four step risk management process to guide the design and evaluation of a new risk management tool based on such an approach. A prototype of the new total cost-based, modeling and simulation tool was created in partnership with ProModel Corporation and a government contractor that requested to remain anonymous. A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of this tool in minimizing TCO and providing an interface useable by non-modelers is provided. This study also reviews and compares a sample set of current supply chain risk management methods and tools and compares them with the new tool for relevance in aiding users in managing supply disruption risk. Based on literature findings and preliminary feedback from pilot contextual demonstrations of the tool, the total cost approach to risk modeling appears promising, although the execution needs to be improved with further enhancements made to the prototype tool. In this preliminary study and evaluation, sufficient evidence is not available to determine that the new prototype tool is any more effective than other currently available risk management tools to provide necessary information to make supply chain risk management decisions that minimize TCO of a supply chain. Suggestions for further development of the tool, especially for improvement of the total cost approach, are provided as well as a preliminary evaluation procedure and survey instruments for a more robust evaluation of the new tool.

O processo de tratamento de efluentes por lodos ativados é um dos processos de tratamento mais difundido em todo o mundo, devido principalmente a qualidade do efluente obtido. Entretanto, trata-se de um processo biológico dependente da atividade bacteriana para a estabilização da matéria orgânica proveniente dos esgotos e com isso, se faz necessária a manutenção das condições ideais para a sobrevivência e proliferação das bactérias e dos outros microrganismos envolvidos neste processo. Efluentes salinos causam um grande distúrbio na atividade celular dos microrganismos presentes neste processo. A análise biológica do lodo e a taxa de consumo de oxigênio são testes rápidos, práticos, baratos e sem geração de resíduos químicos e que foram adotados neste trabalho para acompanhar a eficiência do processo. Esses dois parâmetros são amplamente utilizados em pesquisas, porém ainda é sub-utilizado para efetivo monitoramento de Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos. Este presente trabalho investigou a influência da salinidade nos processos de lodos ativados através de parâmetros que levam em consideração a atividade metabólica dos organismos aeróbios e através do monitoramento da comunidade de protozoários indicadores biológicos do lodo ativado, os testes de respirometria e os testes da análise biológica do lodo, respectivamente. Os resultados da atividade metabólica são apresentados em forma de gráficos, em termos de taxa de consumo de oxigênio específico e porcentagem de inibição. Os resultados da qualidade biológica são apresentados em números de 0 a 10 de acordo com o Índice de Madoni (1994). Os resultados demonstraram a imediata intoxicação dos lodos ativados em concentrações de sal a partir da concentração mínima utilizada neste trabalho, que foi de 5 gL de NaCl. Para entender melhor o processo de intoxicação foi realizado experimentos de 96 horas de monitoramento após o choque de cloreto de sódio nos reatores com lodos ativados, os resultados não demonstraram melhoria no processo. Os resultados sugerem que os testes de taxa de consumo de oxigênio em consonância com os testes da qualidade biológica são eficientes e complementares para a avaliação da influência da salinidade no processo de lodos ativados. / Effluent treatment process by sludge activated is one of the most used processes of treatment all over the world, mainly because of the quality of the final effluent. However, this process is a biological one, and so, it depends on the bacterial activity to the stabilization of the organic matter of the sewage. Considering this, it is necessary to maintain the ideal conditions to the survival and proliferation of the bacteria responsible for the process. This work considered two parameters to evaluate the influence of the salinity in the sludge activated processes; these parameters are widely used in research, however, little used for the monitoring of the Wastewater Treatment Plants. The objectives of this work are to investigate the influence of the salinity through the respirometry test and the biological quality of the sludge. The results of the metabolic activity are presented in graphics, in terms of Oxygen Uptake Rate and percentage of inhibition. The results of the biological quality are presented in numbers by 0 to 10 according to the Mandonis Index (1994). The results show the intoxication of the sludge activated in saline concentrations higher than 5 g/L of NaCl in the saline shock, and it seems that efficiency do not get better even after 96 hours. The results suggests that the respirometry test and the biological quality test are efficient and complementary to the evaluation of salinity in the sludge activated processes.

O processo de tratamento de efluentes por lodos ativados é um dos processos de tratamento mais difundido em todo o mundo, devido principalmente a qualidade do efluente obtido. Entretanto, trata-se de um processo biológico dependente da atividade bacteriana para a estabilização da matéria orgânica proveniente dos esgotos e com isso, se faz necessária a manutenção das condições ideais para a sobrevivência e proliferação das bactérias e dos outros microrganismos envolvidos neste processo. Efluentes salinos causam um grande distúrbio na atividade celular dos microrganismos presentes neste processo. A análise biológica do lodo e a taxa de consumo de oxigênio são testes rápidos, práticos, baratos e sem geração de resíduos químicos e que foram adotados neste trabalho para acompanhar a eficiência do processo. Esses dois parâmetros são amplamente utilizados em pesquisas, porém ainda é sub-utilizado para efetivo monitoramento de Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos. Este presente trabalho investigou a influência da salinidade nos processos de lodos ativados através de parâmetros que levam em consideração a atividade metabólica dos organismos aeróbios e através do monitoramento da comunidade de protozoários indicadores biológicos do lodo ativado, os testes de respirometria e os testes da análise biológica do lodo, respectivamente. Os resultados da atividade metabólica são apresentados em forma de gráficos, em termos de taxa de consumo de oxigênio específico e porcentagem de inibição. Os resultados da qualidade biológica são apresentados em números de 0 a 10 de acordo com o Índice de Madoni (1994). Os resultados demonstraram a imediata intoxicação dos lodos ativados em concentrações de sal a partir da concentração mínima utilizada neste trabalho, que foi de 5 gL de NaCl. Para entender melhor o processo de intoxicação foi realizado experimentos de 96 horas de monitoramento após o choque de cloreto de sódio nos reatores com lodos ativados, os resultados não demonstraram melhoria no processo. Os resultados sugerem que os testes de taxa de consumo de oxigênio em consonância com os testes da qualidade biológica são eficientes e complementares para a avaliação da influência da salinidade no processo de lodos ativados. / Effluent treatment process by sludge activated is one of the most used processes of treatment all over the world, mainly because of the quality of the final effluent. However, this process is a biological one, and so, it depends on the bacterial activity to the stabilization of the organic matter of the sewage. Considering this, it is necessary to maintain the ideal conditions to the survival and proliferation of the bacteria responsible for the process. This work considered two parameters to evaluate the influence of the salinity in the sludge activated processes; these parameters are widely used in research, however, little used for the monitoring of the Wastewater Treatment Plants. The objectives of this work are to investigate the influence of the salinity through the respirometry test and the biological quality of the sludge. The results of the metabolic activity are presented in graphics, in terms of Oxygen Uptake Rate and percentage of inhibition. The results of the biological quality are presented in numbers by 0 to 10 according to the Mandonis Index (1994). The results show the intoxication of the sludge activated in saline concentrations higher than 5 g/L of NaCl in the saline shock, and it seems that efficiency do not get better even after 96 hours. The results suggests that the respirometry test and the biological quality test are efficient and complementary to the evaluation of salinity in the sludge activated processes.

My thesis contains description of the selection process of an information system for the company VAŠ hotel B & B Ltd., which runs VV hotel in Brno. The chosen information system aims to improve current processes which leads to increase the number of accommodated persons. The first part of this thesis describes theoretical background, which I implemented in analytical and practical part of this thesis. The following chapter describes the current situation. As a part of this thesis I did analysis of specified budget for the selection of the information system. The last chapter describes the selection of the information system. In this chapter I’ve specified system requirements and described the whole selection process. The end of this thesis, identifies benefits that comes with it, and this chapter also contains an economic evaluation of the entire proposal.

This diploma thesis deals with the selection of an appropriate information system which should help to make the company processes more effective. It should also save time and enable faster adaptation to new changes in the company PORTABELL. The first part describes the essential theory to get the reader acquainted with the issues, the second part is dedicated to the analysis of corporate environment and its trouble spots. The last part deals with the selection of the information system. The information system is chosen based on the predetermined criteria and requirements.

Thin transparent conductive layers containing ATO nanoparticles are a modern material that has found use in a wide range of optoelectronic applications. For liquid phase deposition there were designed and prepared compositions using a „brick and mortar“ approach combined templating agents. A sol-gel solution formed of inorganic precursors of tin chloride and antimony trichloride in the presence of ATO nanoparticles was mixed with a surfactant to improve the structure and wettability of applied films. Polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene (20)cetylether, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as templating agents. Thin layers of these compositions were applied by the spin-coating method. Characterized parameters were resistivity, thickness and turbidity. A resul compositions showed relatively good electrical properties and high transparency and a potencial to be used for material printing.

There has been an increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the last 3 decades. A large share of these emissions is produced by the transport sector. In 2010 alone, global transport accounted for 7 GtCO2 eq and approximately 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. In order for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, one of the most important strategies is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel consumption can be reduced by rolling out more battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on public roads. This is one of the methods by which the concept of electromobility is promoted. In order to increase the share of EVs, many countries have implemented different policies that promote the electrification of the transport sector. With respect to freight transport, electric commercial vans are one of the feasible choices.  This Master thesis involves a quantitative study which focus on the “total cost of ownership” (TCO) of light commercial vehicles (LCVs). Two diesel vans currently used in Curitiba, Brazil were selected - the Sprinter van by Mercedes-Benz and the Master van by Renault. In addition, their electric counterparts were also chosen; in conjunction, a sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel prices and annual distance driven was conducted. The results showed that the TCO of the electric LCVs is around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than their diesel versions. As far as the two van model types were concerned, the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter had a higher TCO than the Renault Master over the chosen vehicle lifetime for both the diesel and electric versions, with the difference around 7.5% for the diesel versions and approximately 13% for the electric versions.  Based on the results of the TCO study, possible economic policies and fiscal instruments were recommended with regards to light commercial freight transport for Curitiba. / Det har skett en ökning av koldioxidutsläppen (CO2) under de senaste 3 decennierna. En stor del av dessa utsläpp produceras av transportsektorn. Bara 2010 svarade, global transport för 7 GtCO2 ekvivalenter och cirka 23% av de totala energirelaterade koldioxidutsläppen. För att avkolning av transportsektorn är en av de viktigaste strategierna att minska användningen av fossila bränslen. Fossil bränsleförbrukning kan minskas genom att rulla ut fler elektriska fordon (EF) på allmänna vägar när det gäller transportsektorn i allmänhet. Detta är en av metoderna som begreppet elektromobilitet främjas. För att öka andelen elbilar har många länder genomfört olika policyer som främjar elektrifiering av transportsektorn. När det gäller godstransport, är elektriska kommersiella lastbilar och skåpbilar två av de möjliga valen.  Detta examensarbete involverar en kvantitativ studie som fokuserar på “totala ägandekostnaderna” (TÄK) för lätta nyttofordon. Två dieselbilar som för närvarande används i Curitiba, Brasilien valdes - Sprinter-skåpbilen från Mercedes-Benz och Master-skåpbilen av Renault. Dessutom valdes deras elektriska motsvarigheter; i samband med detta genomfördes en känslighetsanalys avseende bränslepriser och årlig körd distans. Resultaten visade att T för elektriska LCV är cirka 1.6 till 1.7 gånger högre än deras dieselversioner. När det gäller de två typerna av skåpbilar hade Mercedes-Benz Sprinter en högre TCO än Renault Master under den valda fordonstiden för både diesel - och elektriska versioner, med skillnaden cirka 7.5% för dieselversionerna och cirka 13% för de elektriska versionerna.  Baserat på resultaten av TCO-studien rekommenderades möjlig ekonomisk politik och finanspolitiska instrument när det gäller lätt kommersiell godstransport för Curitiba.