L’acquisition de la lecture, au-delà du décodage, nécessite la maîtrise d’un ensemble complexe de processus qui conduisent à la compréhension. Pour certains enfants, l’étape du décodage est imparfaitement franchie à cause d’un trouble spécifique de la lecture, communément nommé dyslexie. Les sujets dyslexiques représenteraient 5% de la population. Si la recherche a permis de mieux comprendre l’étiologie du trouble, la question de la prise en charge des élèves dyslexiques n’a pas donné lieu à beaucoup de travaux. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mesurer si d’une part, la modalité a un effet significatif sur les performances en compréhension de textes narratifs pour des élèves de CM2, d’autre part si la mise en relief de morphèmes peut avoir aussi un effet significatif. Trois expériences ont été menées sur la modalité de présentation des textes (présentation orale/écrite). Les résultats montrent que la modalité orale n’améliore pas les performances en compréhension des élèves dyslexiques. De plus, dans les trois expériences, les dyslexiques ont des performances inférieures aux normo-lecteurs, quelle que soit la modalité de présentation utilisée. Une expérience concernant la morphologie et manipulant le format de présentation des lettres écrites a donné les mêmes résultats non significatifs : la mise en relief des éléments saillants des mots n’améliore pas la compréhension. Le résultat principal de ces études est de mettre en évidence l’importance du paramètre temporel dans la réalisation des tâches de compréhension pour les enfants dyslexiques. Ces résultats corroborent certaines données issues des recherches menées dans le cadre de la théorie de la charge cognitive et sur la mémoire de travail, notamment le modèle TBRS (Time-Based Resource Sharing, modèle de partage temporel des ressources) de Barrouillet, Bernardin et Camos (2004). Des pistes de recommandations pédagogiques sont envisagées. / Reading comprehension, beyond decoding, is based on a complex set of processes. For some students, decoding is impaired because of specific reading disorder commonly called dyslexia. Dyslexic people represent approximatively 5% of the population. Many studies allow to better understand etiology of dyslexia but only few ones are devoted to the compensation or to circumvent the difficulties associated with reading. The aim of this research is, on one hand, to evaluate if spoken presentation improves narrative texts comprehension, and, on the other hand, to evaluate if highlighting some morphemes can also improve reading comprehension of narrative texts for students in grade 5. Three experiments compared spoken vs. visual presentations. Results show that oral modality doesn’t improve reading comprehension. However, in the three experiments, dyslexic students perform less than control group, regardless of the modality. One experiment manipulated the color of morphemes written letters presentation. The same non-significant results were obtained: highlighting the salient elements of the words does not improve text comprehension. The main element of these studies is to highlight the importance of time in achieving comprehension tasks for dyslexic children: reading time of dyslexic students is longer than control group’s and seems to compensate comprehension much more than document presentation. These results confirm some data from research conducted in the framework of Cognitive Load Theory and working memory, including TBRS model (Time-Based Resource Sharing model) of Barrouillet, Bernardin and Camos (2004). Instructional recommendations are considered.

This is a descriptive study of the therapeutic relationship between Thando, who has been diagnosed with dyslexia and Ilze, an intern counseling psychologist. During our therapeutic relationship Thando’s view of herself and her diagnosed dyslexia improved remarkably. The improvement came without any specifically planned strategies or interventions. This study attempts to describe what happened in the therapeutic relationship to bring about the changes that occurred and attempts to give meaning to the changes. The study describes the impact that a diagnosis can have on the life of the diagnosed individual. It also suggests that the discovery of the person behind the label may be a therapeutic antidote to the negative affects that may result from such a diagnosis. A qualitative approach is taken and the data is presented through a case study and unstructured interviews. The interviews provide valuable information about Thando’s experience of the changes that occurred in her as well as her experience of someone who lives with a diagnostic label like dyslexia. / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted

Sculptor Eric McGehearty incorporates dyslexia, a learning disability, into his artwork to express his challenges with his limited ability to recognize and understand the written word. The film Access Denied focuses on Eric and his disability. Recognized in 1896, dyslexia has been studied and researched by scientists and educators. New assistive technology is now available to aid dyslexics in reading and writing. Specialized schools provide techniques to improve student learning. However, some options are not readily available to the general public; therefore, information about how to deal with the disability is not easily accessed. The aims of this documentary are to raise awareness of available resources to assist with learning as well as to demonstrate a relationship between art and dyslexia.

Orientador: Sylvia Maria Ciasca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T02:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_TaisdeLima_D.pdf: 3092398 bytes, checksum: 39acfb8174f073f0cefbf025b1eeb6f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo geral deste estudo foi verificar o processamento fonológico, leitura e escrita em crianças com dislexia do desenvolvimento e em crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade. O objetivo específico foi comparar o desempenho de processamento fonológico, leitura, escrita entre a dislexia do desenvolvimento e o transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e levantar quais os aspectos diferenciam os sujeitos entre si. Participaram 51 crianças, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 8 e 14 anos, divididas em três grupos: GDD ¿ 17 crianças com o diagnóstico de Dislexia do Desenvolvimento; GTH ¿ 17 crianças com o diagnóstico de Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade; GC ¿ 17 crianças sem dificuldades de aprendizagem ou atencionais. As crianças de GDD e GTH foram avaliadas no Ambulatório de Neuro-Dificuldades de Aprendizagem do Hospital de Clínicas/UNICAMP e as crianças do GC foram avaliadas em duas escolas públicas na cidade de São Carlos (SP). Foram realizadas avaliações individuais utilizando os instrumentos: Instrumento de Avaliação Sequencial (CONFIAS), Prova de Nomeação Automática Rápida (RAN), Protocolo de Avaliação de Memória de Trabalho (PMT), Prova de Nível de Leitura, Prova de Velocidade de Leitura Oral, Prova de Leitura e Escrita sob Ditado de Palavras Reais e Inventadas. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do Programa SPSS. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que as crianças com Dislexia do Desenvolvimento apresentaram piores médias de desempenho em consciência fonológica e nomeação automática rápida e as crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade apresentaram pior desempenho em memória de trabalho. Em relação à leitura e escrita, as crianças com Dislexia do Desenvolvimento apresentaram piores médias de desempenho em nível de leitura, velocidade de leitura oral, compreensão leitora, leitura e escrita de palavras reais de alta e baixa frequência e pseudopalavras quando comparadas às crianças com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade. As diferenças estatísticas entre GDD e GTH indicaram que no processamento fonológico os grupos se diferenciam em exclusão e transposição fonêmica. Na leitura, GDD e GTH se diferenciam em leitura de palavras reais e irregulares de alta e baixa frequência, leitura de palavras regulares de alta frequência e em leitura de palavras inventadas. Na escrita, GDD e GTH se diferenciam em escrita de palavras reais de alta frequência e em palavras inventadas. Conclui-se que as crianças com dislexia do desenvolvimento e as crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção tem semelhanças e diferenças no desempenho em processamento fonológico, leitura e escrita e neste estudo elas puderam ser diferenciadas pelo desempenho em exclusão e transposição fonêmica e em leitura, leitura e escrita de palavras reais e inventadas de alta e baixa frequência. Ressalta-se a importância da avaliação multidisciplinar e do olhar clínico aguçado para a realização da análise dos dados e do diagnóstico diferencia / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate phonological processing, reading, and writing in children with developmental dyslexia (DD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Its objective was to compare these activities across the study groups and indicate relevant distinctions. Participants were 51 children, of both genders, ages 8 to 14. Subjects were categorized by three groups: 17 children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia, 17 children diagnosed with ADHD, and a control group (CG) comprising 17 children without learning disabilities or attentional deficits. The DD and ADHD groups were evaluated at the Neurological Learning Disabilities Clinic of the Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, and the CG subjects were evaluated in two public schools in São Carlos, SP. Individual evaluations were performed using the following instruments: sequential evaluation instrument (CONFIAS), rapid automatized naming test, working memory assessment protocol, reading level test, oral reading speed test, and test of reading and writing dictated words and non-words. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. Study results indicate that children with developmental dyslexia and those with attention-deficit disorder present different profile changes in phonological processing, reading, and writing. Children with developmental dyslexia had worse performance averages in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming, and children with ADHD exhibited worse performance averages in working memory. In regard to reading and writing, children with developmental dyslexia had worse performance averages in reading level, oral reading speed, reading comprehension, and reading and writing high- and low-frequency words and non-words compared to children with ADHD. The statistical deviations between the DD and ADHD groups indicate that they differ in phonological processing concerning phonemic exclusion and transposition. In reading, the DD and ADHD subjects differ in reading irregular words of high and low frequency, regular words of high frequency, and non-words. In writing, they differ in writing high-frequency words and non-words. Children with DD and ADHD present both similarities and differences in phonological processing, reading, and writing. The study¿s findings of distinctions in exclusion and phonemic transposition, as well as reading and writing words and non-words of high and low frequency, underscore the importance of multidisciplinary assessment and a keen clinical eye in conducting data analysis and differential diagnosis / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

INTRODUÇÃO: A Dislexia do Desenvolvimento é um transtorno específico da aprendizagem, caracterizado como um comprometimento apresentado pelo indivíduo ao realizar a leitura, mesmo com inteligência, motivação e instrução escolar adequadas. Possui base neurobiológica de origem genética. Embora a literatura disponibilize muitos estudos sobre a dislexia que enfocam a elaboração e o uso de instrumentos de avaliação da compreensão leitora, consciência fonológica, entre outros, ainda são pouco divulgados os programas de intervenção em compreensão de leitura para essa população. A Técnica de Cloze, que consiste na organização de um texto curto com lacunas, tem sido caracterizada como um método eficaz na mensuração e na remediação da compreensão leitora. OBJETIVOS: Elaborar um Programa Fonoaudiológico em Compreensão Leitora e Ortografia e verificar seus efeitos na compreensão de leitura de escolares com dislexia. MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte dessa pesquisa onze indivíduos diagnosticados com dislexia do desenvolvimento, entre 09 e 11 anos, desses, 8 eram meninos. O programa foi composto por 16 sessões divididas em quatro níveis de complexidade. Todas as sessões contaram com um texto adaptado com a Técnica de Cloze, atividades de compreensão leitora e ortografia. Os sujeitos foram submetidos ao pré e pós-teste, com a avaliação da compreensão leitora e da ortografia. RESULTADOS: Os achados demonstraram que os sujeitos apresentaram melhor desempenho de compreensão leitora no pós em comparação ao pré-teste, tanto na porcentagem de acertos no Cloze e nas perguntas de compreensão textual, quanto no nível de compreensão de leitura atingido. Além disso, foram observadas generalizações dos ganhos de compreensão leitora para outros contextos. CONCLUSÕES: O Programa Fonoaudiológico de Compreensão Leitora e Ortografia foi um instrumento relevante na remediação da compreensão de leitura dos participantes dessa pesquisa, por desenvolver melhora na compreensão leitora tanto de textos com Cloze quanto em perguntas de compreensão e por produzir leitores mais motivados. Além disso, concluiu-se que tanto a Técnica de Cloze quanto as perguntas de compreensão textual são instrumentos precisos para avaliar a compreensão de leitura dos indivíduos com dislexia. Esse estudo foi inovador por elaborar e verificar os efeitos de um programa específico de remediação para crianças com dislexia com uma proposta de atuação conjunta em compreensão de leitura de textos com a Técnica de Cloze, tarefas de perguntas e respostas e ortografia / INTRODUCTION: Developmental dyslexia is a specific learning disorder, typified as an impairment showed by the individual while reading, even with intelligence, motivation and proper school instruction. It has neurobiological basis with genetic inheritance. Although the literature provides several studies about dyslexia which focus on the elaboration and use of evaluation instruments of the reading comprehension, phonological awareness, and others, there is almost no published studies of reading comprehension intervention programs for this population. Cloze\"s Technique, which consists on the organization of a short text with blanks, is been characterized as an effective method on the measurement and remediation of reading comprehension. OBJECTIVES: Elaborate a Speech Therapy Program of Reading Comprehension and Orthography and verify its effects on reading comprehension of dyslexic students. METHODS: There were part of this research eleven individuals diagnosed with developmental dyslexia, in ages between 09 and 11 years old, which, 8 of them where boys. The program was comprised of 16 sessions split into four levels of complexity. All of the sessions relied on an adapted text with Cloze\"s Technique, activities of reading comprehension and orthography. The subjects underwent pre-tests and post-tests, with the evaluation of reading comprehension and orthography. RESULTS: Findings showed that the subjects had better performance on reading comprehension at the post-test in comparison to the pre-test, in the percentage of right answers on Cloze\"s and in the comprehension questions as well as in the level of reading comprehension. Apart from that, generalizations of the gains in reading comprehension could be observed in another contexts. CONCLUSIONS: The Speech Therapy Program of Reading Comprehension and Orthography was a relevant instrument in remediation of reading comprehension on the subjects of this study, by increasing reading comprehension in texts with Cloze´s Technique as well in the comprehension questions, and by producing more motivated readers. Besides, this study concluded that Cloze´s Technique and comprehension questions were precise instruments for evaluating reading comprehension of dyslexic children. This study was innovative because of the elaboration of a specific remediation program for children with dyslexia and the verification of its effects allied with a purpose of joint work among reading comprehension of texts using Cloze\"s Technique, questions and answers tasks and orthography

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NEUZINHA_DISSERTA_26_01_08_resumo.pdf: 180707 bytes, checksum: f4f2eefdf499d4f6475b6c11c279a559 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-05 / The aim of this essay is to determine how learning impairments, especially dyslexia, are perceived by teachers and whether they possess knowledge to serve students special needings, mainly those who present that disorder. A case study, as a qualitative exploratory research was developed and took place at a private school in Presidente Prudente. From the 28 questionnaires that were sent to the group of teachers, 17 returned, having been answered by 15 women and 2 men. Data analyses have pointed out that during their college years teachers are not prepared to cope with learning impairments. Although teachers are able to detect when a student has a problem, they do not have theory bases which allow them to identify and understand it, in order to make an appropriate timely intervention. Nonetheless, the research has also revealed some teachers, aware of that gap in their professional studies, who try to search for information which could be useful to help students overcome their learning impairments. Having accepted the researcher s presence in their school is a clue that teachers are eager for information and, as a result, they might start considering learning impairments from a new point of view. / O estudo apresentado nesta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar como as dificuldades de aprendizagem são percebidas pelos professores e se eles demonstram ter os conhecimentos imprescindíveis para atender às necessidades de seus alunos, especificamente sobre a dislexia, nosso foco principal. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa exploratória qualitativa, delineada como Estudo de Caso, que teve como objeto de investigação a equipe docente de uma escola da rede particular de ensino da cidade de Presidente Prudente. Dos 28 questionários entregues, 17 retornaram, tendo sido 15 respondidos por professoras e 2, por professores. A análise dos dados revelou a existência de uma lacuna nos cursos de formação de professores no que concerne ao estudo das dificuldades de aprendizagem. Embora os docentes sejam capazes de perceber os problemas apresentados pelos alunos, faltam-lhes conhecimentos que lhes permitam identificá-los e compreendê-los para que possam, enfim, proporem o encaminhamento adequado a cada caso. No entanto, a pesquisa apontou também existirem alguns professores, conscientes dessa falha em sua formação, que procuram buscar informações visando superar os obstáculos que impedem o desenvolvimento pleno de seus alunos. O simples fato de instituições escolares estarem abertas à pesquisa já demonstra haver um interesse por novos conhecimentos e, conseqüentemente, a possibilidade de um novo olhar para as dificuldades de aprendizagem, entre elas, a dislexia.

The main purpose of this study was to increase knowledge on the views of students with reading and writing difficulties when it comes to their perception of their difficulties, school experiences and future aspirations. The second aim was to increase knowledge about some differences and similarities between Malta and Sweden in the subject field. The research questions concerned students’ descriptions of their diagnostic processes, perception of their difficulties, strengths and coping strategies, school experience and future aspirations. A qualitative interview study was conducted with five Swedish and six Maltese upper secondary school students. The Ecological systems theory and Didactic theory together with previous research were used to analyse the results. To summarise the results, almost all of the students diagnosed with dyslexia showed a positive attitude towards having the report. The Maltese students described the absolute necessity of a diagnosis to receive support. No student in the study described having received support and structured phonological training as recommended by previous research. The students described a wide range of difficulties, strengths and coping strategies mainly in line with previous research. The importance of concentration when learning and taking tests was accentuated. Listening to a skilled teacher was emphasised as one of the best ways of learning, and the importance of willpower was highlighted. The students showed the importance of communicating with teachers, finding own methods, and make the most of one’s strengths to close the gaps in the areas in which one experiences difficulties. For all the Maltese students, private lessons have been a source of support, while none of the Swedish mentioned any private training. For the majority, both parents and a hobby played an important role when it comes to support and well-being. All students described school as difficult, but students’ experiences of school ranged from humiliating to somehow supportive. Some of the Maltese students described that they were afraid of being judged for using dyslexia as an excuse, while some of the Swedish students described they felt the right to support and adjustments. All students but one described that they had lowered their future aspirations due to their difficulties. All students seem to rely on their own strategies for school success. In the light of the theoretical framework – the Ecological systems theory, Didactic theory and previous research – the results could imply both a need for improving teachers’ literacy and didactic skills within the existing systems as well as a need for curriculum development and change of examinations systems.

Läs- och skrivsvårigheter är inte enbart ett växande problem i skolan utan även ett samhällsproblem. Den ökande kravbilden på läsförmåga i samhället bidrar till betydelsen av att utarbeta verkningsbara läs- och skrivstrategier bland elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Samtidigt visar forskning att allt fler lärare känner en oro i att undervisa i lässtrategier, en oro som i mångt och mycket grundar sig i okunskap. Eftersom utvecklingen av lässtrategier utgör ett bedömningsunderlag i nationella provet i svenska och dessutom betonas i läroplanen (Lgy11) är det ett aktuellt forskningsämne som både belyses nationellt som internationellt. Forskning visar att det råder en slags konsensus kring vad som elever med god läsförmåga och läsförståelse har jämfört med vad elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter inte har. Till exempel saknar de sistnämnda eleverna kompetens att göra inferenser och förutsäga kommande information i det de läser. Däremot går meningarna ibland isär vilka läs- och skrivstrategier som kan ha effekt för läs- och skrivutveckling och det är inte sällan brist på kunskap när det gäller att tillämpa läs- och skrivstrategier i praktiken.

abstract: Temporal adverbial clauses are present in many forms of writing. These clauses can impact the complexity of a sentence. Sentence complexity can have some effect on how readers with a diagnosed reading disability, such as dyslexia, process language. This study incorporated Hawkins’ (1994) theories about Early Immediate Constituency into a self-paced reading task designed to evaluate whether or not temporal adverbial clause positioning caused the main clause of the sentence to become more difficult to understand. Hawkins theorized that main clauses appearing at the beginning of a sentence would create an environment where a reader could reach sentence comprehension faster (CITE). The experiment used software called Linger to present the self-paced reading task. Eight participants – four with dyslexia and four without – volunteered to read sentence items from a college level textbook that had temporal adverbial clauses appearing before and after the main clause of sentences. Statistical significance in the findings show that participants read sentences more quickly when the temporal adverbial clause appeared before the main clause; however, more research is required to determine the difference between sentences fronted by adverbial clauses and sentences fronted by main clauses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2020

Dyslexi är ett allmänt förekommande funktionshinder med läs- och skrivsvårigheter som primära symtom. Tidigare forskning har visat att studenter med dyslexi stöter på en rad utmaningar i skolan, att det finns brister i lärares kompetens och tillgängligt stöd samt att dyslexi kan leda till ett flertal emotionella och sociala negativa bieffekter. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka högskolestudenters upplevelser av att studera med dyslexi. För att undersöka ämnet genomfördes sju semistrukturerade intervjuer vilka analyserades med en tematisk analys. I studien deltog sju studenter mellan 20 och 23 år varav fem kvinnor och två män. Analysen resulterade i fem teman: Att få diagnosen, I skolan, Stöd, Strategier och Syn på dyslexi. Resultatet visade att det finns en risk för underidentifiering av dyslexi och att få en diagnos kan hjälpa att förklara svårigheter. Läsning och skrivning beskrevs vara utmaningar i skolan, vissa upplevde även koncentrationssvårigheter. Lärare beskrevs ofta vara bristfälligt informerade. Tre av deltagarna ansåg stödet de fick vara tillräckligt, samtidigt beskrev andra det som bristfälligt och otillräckligt. Informanterna nämnde egna önskningar om hur stödet skulle kunna förbättras, något särskilt viktigt och önskvärt var att all kurslitteratur ska finnas tillgänglig i ljudformat. Strategier under studier innefattade planering och strukturering av läsning och skrivning. Deltagarna såg dyslexi som en funktionsnedsättning med ett spektrum av svårighetsgrader på symtom medan de beskrev samhället ha missuppfattningar och fördomar om diagnosen och de med den. / Dyslexia is a common disability with reading and writing difficulties as primarysymptoms. Previous research has shown that students with dyslexia encounter a number of challenges in school, that there exist shortcomings regarding the competence of teachers and available support and that dyslexia can lead to a number of emotional and social side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate college students’ experiences of studying with dyslexia. To investigate this seven semi-structured interviews were conducted which were analyzed through a thematic-analysis. The study involved seven students between the ages of 20 and 23 of whom five were women and two men. The analysis resulted in five main themes: Receiving the Diagnosis, In School, Support, Strategies and Perspective on Dyslexia. The result showed that there is a risk of under-identification of dyslexia and that receiving a diagnosis may help explain difficulties. Reading and writing were described as challenges in school, some also experienced concentration difficulties. Teachers were frequently described as being inadequately informed. Three of the participants regarded the support they received as sufficient, while others described it as flawed and insufficient. The participants mentioned their own wishes on how the support could be improved, something of particular importance and desire was that all course literature should be available in audio format. Strategies during studies included planning and structuring of reading and writing. The participants regarded dyslexia as a disability with a spectrum of severity of symptoms while society was described as having misconceptions and prejudices about the diagnosis and those with it.